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Professionals of the New MillenniumAugust 2010   NCDA Delegation Rich Feller, Ph. DProfessor, Colorado State University 	and NASA IPAfeller@cahs.colostate.edu           
Topics Your View of New Millennium Work Observations about Today’s Work Advice about Success Implications for Learning Career Development Provides Hope
New Millennium Change is the new status quo… New Millennium workers can no longer rely on habits from the past need to become motivated lifelong learners who “focus on monitoring and interpreting change” more than ever
Change doesn’t destroy JOB opportunitiesIt ________them! Relocates
Careers?Tape Measure or Slinky
1. Your View of New Millennium Work Is the world . . . Flat? Spiky?
Friedman’s Big Concept Globalized “level playing field” driven by 	“triple convergence” Technological advances (wireless) Business figured out ‘horizontal value”  	(teams collaborate across the globe) China and India can manufacture & design Recognition that “everyone wants everything” Half the world’s population < $3/day      Sick, Disempowered, Frustrated/Disengaged      Tension within Flat World
Light Emissions Population “location still matters…activity is very concentrated in a relatively few locations”
Patents Scientific Citations “location still matters…activity is very concentrated in a relatively few locations”
2. Observations about Today’s Work
Throw away the briefcase, you’re not going to the office. You can kiss your benefits goodbye too.  And your new boss won’t look much like your old one. There’s no longer a ladder, and you may never get to retire, but there’s a world of opportunity  if you figure  out a new path.
New Economy and Workplace More Demanding Customers/Greater Competition/Excess Capacity Quality (consistency/no defects) Variety (more choices) Mass markets to customization (extreme variety) Convenience (built in/invisible/friendly) “Consumer is King/Queen”…Walmart … 		Lowest-Cost Operations Service exceeding expectations Rule based Jobs face the “new automation”
Rule Based Jobs Face the “New Automation” $249  $49 More  e-books than print books
New Workplace  Quality (consistency/no defects) Variety (more choices) Mass markets to customization (extreme variety) Convenience (built in/invisible/friendly) Service exceeding expectations “Consumer is King/Queen”…Walmart … 		Low-Cost Operations Rule based Jobs face the “new automation” Time based competition
So What Does this Mean for Workers of the New Millennium?
3. Advice for Success… Special Specialized Anchored Adaptable MSI$ STP
What Makes “a STAR Worker”? How is an “excellent” worker different then an “average” worker?
3 Keys to STAR BehaviorsKelley *Go beyond job description to 	find value added ideas *Plug into “guru  networks” 	 find and learn from	 knowledge/skill experts
*Organizational “savvy”	navigate competing 			       		interests	promote cooperation	move from conflict to 	 		“getting things done”
1.  Can someone overseas do it cheaper? 2.  Can a computer do it faster? Is what you’re selling in demand in an age of abundance?
Push to Outer Space (STEM) global competitiveness, the slowing economy, need for innovation and creativity demands we ask ?’s to inform policy, practice and producing STEM talent technology is used across and within all careers,  we need to understand the knowledge and skills that effective professional, technical and service workers must have to create  technology enriched STEM work environments
What’s STEM? 		Science 		Technology 		Engineering 		Math
Aerospace : “would involve spacecraft design and construction, military 	defense systems like missiles and rockets, satellite and telecommunication 	technologies and GPS.” Biosciences: “would involve agricultural feedstock and chemicals; drugs and 	pharmaceuticals; medical devices and equipment; and research, testing and 	medical laboratories.” Energy: “would involve mining; oil and gas exploration, development and 	production; alternative and renewable energy research and development; 	including solar and wind power; and various green projects like hybrid and 	hydrogen engines.” Information Technology: “would involve computers and computer networks, including the Internet; wireless and cellular communications; and computer hardware and software development and support.”
Why STEM, Why Now In the last 50 years, more than half of US sustained economic growth was fueled by engineers, scientists and advanced-degree technologists, a mere 5% of US 132 M person workforce.  The Talent Imperative: Diversifying America’s Science and Engineering Workforce http://bestworkforce.org/pdfdocs/BestTalentImperative_FullReport.pdf
Top 10 Knowledge and Skills Expected to Increase in Importance over the Next Five Years Casner-Lotto and Barrington’s research (cited in Schramm, 2007)
6 Keys to Success in New Millennium Workplace
Not just argument, but also . . .  STORY “Google” facts are FREE and of lesser value! 	     Stories touch emotion
Not just focus, but also . . .  SYMPHONY               Synthesize rather than analyze! 	     See in the “white space” 	                     1 + 1 = 3
Not just logic, but also . . .  EMPATHY      It can’t be outsourced or automated!    	Great salespeople score high
      Not just seriousness, but also . . .  PLAY If they are laughing good things are happening!
Not just function, but also . . .  DESIGN Function can be done by computers… “0’s and 1’s”
      Not just accumulation, but also . . . MEANING The Slow Movement…The SF Compact…Voluntary Simplicity…The New American Dream…Affluenza
Implications for Learning 3 Professors/ Educators can  no longer “own” content, nor compete with technology’s appealing dissemination of information.
5. Career Development Provides Hope Career Development informs Decision Making HOPE…Hope lets you Imagine
Hope = Goals and Pathways
Only 2 Kinds of Workers Owners  _________  _________ Temps
“Knowledge Nomad” or “Nervously Employed” Person A: Knowledge Nomad Person B: Nervously Employed List traits you think of when hearing the terms “Knowledge Nomad” or “Nervously Employed”
Success  Traits  of the Knowledge Nomad
Professionals of the New Millennium August 2010 NCDA Delegation Rich Feller, Ph. DProfessor, Colorado State University 	and NASA IPAfeller@cahs.colostate.edu           
Workforce Change Asia Automation Abundance
Globalization Capital Mobility Direct Foreign Investments Instant (and free) Communication Technology Diffusion
Diamond Shaped Global Workplace 5%- 10% FreeAgents 1. Project to Project Talent 2. Temp 3. Microbusiness 4. Entrepreneur Innovation & Creativity 50% - 80 %  15% - 40%
“Reprofessionalization of Workers”- High Performance Expect behaviors from all workers formerly expected of professionals *Abstract systems thinking “making sense of what needs to be done” 		“fit into broader effort” *Autonomy  *Learning as a job requirement
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs? Walmart-Target-Best Buy Amazon.com and itunes Chain Restaurants Engineers
Where are the jobs? Many governments are promoting growth, competitiveness, and employment. But hoping that advanced “clean” technologies can create work on a large scale will probably be disappointed, because these sectors are just too small to make an economy-wide difference. The local-business and household-services sectors are a much better bet: from 1995 to 2005, services generated all net job growth in high-income economies. Low-tech “green” activities, such as improving the insulation of buildings and replacing obsolete heating and cooling equipment, could generate more jobs than renewable technologies can. To learn more, read “Where the US will find growth and jobs” (March 2010). McKinsey
“Renewable energy technologies — what I call “ET” — are going to constitute the next great global industry. They will rival and probably surpass “IT” — information technology. The country that spawns the most ET companies will enjoy more economic power, strategic advantage and rising standards of living. We need to make sure that is America.”Tom Friedman, NY Times 9.2.08
What Tasks Are Performed at work? Expert Thinking . . . 				 diagnosing an illness or 	auto problem beyond computer analysis NO Complex Communication . . . NO 					           managers 	motivating workers Routine Cognitive Tasks . . . 					          evaluating 	mortgages YES Routine Manual Tasks . . . 					      counting and 	packing products YES Non-routine Manual Tasks . . . 						    truck driving NO Out/auto The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (2004) Levy and Murnane
Key Global Trends Defining Future Work (stress & opportunities for innovate and change) 1. Great Rebalancing     Emerging market countries (BRIC &P) creating more growth than developed ones.(innovation in product design, market infrastructure, value chains) 2.  Productivity or LostDeveloped economies must increase productivity to see growth. (labor costs)
3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid 	Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people  use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet 	Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid 	Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people  use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet 	Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
5. “Market-State” Tension     Demands of economic growth  + necessary safety nets to maintain social stability = extraordinary pressure on governments.  THEN  + add globalization’s impact and WE ask  “how can national governments govern in increasingly global world?
So What Does this Mean for Workers of the New Millennium?
Time Based Competition 3 Races New ideas Drawing board to customer Up the organizational learning curve
What Tasks Are Performed at Work? Expert Thinking . . . diagnosing an illness or 	auto problem beyond computer analysis NO Complex Communication . . . NO managers 	motivating workers Routine Cognitive Tasks . . . evaluating 	mortgages YES Routine Manual Tasks . . . counting and 	packing products YES Non-routine Manual Tasks . . . truck driving NO Out/auto The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (2004) Levy and Murnane
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs? Walmart-Target-Best Buy Amazon.com and itunes Chain Restaurants Engineers
? Where are the jobs? Many governments are promoting growth, competitiveness, and employment. But hoping that advanced “clean” technologies can create work on a large scale will probably be disappointed, because these sectors are just too small to make an economy-wide difference. The local-business and household-services sectors are a much better bet: from 1995 to 2005, services generated all net job growth in high-income economies. Low-tech “green” activities, such as improving the insulation of buildings and replacing obsolete heating and cooling equipment, could generate more jobs than renewable technologies can. To learn more, read “Where the US will find growth and jobs” (March 2010). McKinsey
“Renewable energy technologies — what I call “ET” — are going to constitute the next great global industry. They will rival and probably surpass “IT” — information technology. The country that spawns the most ET companies will enjoy more economic power, strategic advantage and rising standards of living. We need to make sure that is America.”Tom Friedman, NY Times 9.2.08
Global Trends Defining Future Work (stress & opportunities for innovate and change) 1. Great Rebalancing     Emerging market countries (BRIC &P) creating more growth than developed ones.(innovation in product design, market infrastructure, value chains) 2.  Productivity or LostDeveloped economies must increase productivity to see growth. (labor costs)
3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid 	Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people  use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet 	Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
5. “Market-State” Tension     Demands of economic growth  + necessary safety nets to maintain social stability = extraordinary pressure on governments.  THEN  + add globalization’s impact and WE ask  “how can national governments govern in increasingly global world?
4. Implications for Learning  The best jobs are filled by those who can manipulate symbols, scan and comprehend reading material quickly, and write (communicate) persuasively and technically; are part Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) expert and part marketing specialist; are technically savvy; are those who see challenges as problems to be solved; and have convincing intrapersonal and interpersonal skills that can attract, motivate, and inspire followers.
Implications for Learning 2 Opportunities to learn are everywhere.  The obstacles of time and place no longer exist as learners can access educational opportunities anytime and anyplace in multiple formats.
Implications for Learning 4 Technological dissemination means that instruction is becoming more student-centric, encourages cooperative learning, stimulates (ironically) student/teacher interaction, and helps students take greater responsibility for learning.
Implications for Learning 5 Since information drives the workplace, the timeliness of workers’ information impacts their ability to add value.  Accessing, evaluating and disseminating information via the Internet provides unlimited “learning on demand” opportunities.
Implications for Learning 6 Flexible, efficient, readily accessible and customer friendly learning opportunities are typically becoming competency based and partnership dependent.
Implications for Learning 7 In the 21st century, scientific and technological innovations have become increasingly important as we face the benefits and challenges of both globalization and a knowledge-based economy. To succeed in this new information-based and highly technological society, all students need to develop their capabilities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to levels much beyond what was considered acceptable in the past. (NSF, p. 1)

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Peru Professionals Of The New Millennium 8 16 10

  • 1. Professionals of the New MillenniumAugust 2010 NCDA Delegation Rich Feller, Ph. DProfessor, Colorado State University and NASA IPAfeller@cahs.colostate.edu           
  • 2. Topics Your View of New Millennium Work Observations about Today’s Work Advice about Success Implications for Learning Career Development Provides Hope
  • 3. New Millennium Change is the new status quo… New Millennium workers can no longer rely on habits from the past need to become motivated lifelong learners who “focus on monitoring and interpreting change” more than ever
  • 4. Change doesn’t destroy JOB opportunitiesIt ________them! Relocates
  • 6. 1. Your View of New Millennium Work Is the world . . . Flat? Spiky?
  • 7. Friedman’s Big Concept Globalized “level playing field” driven by “triple convergence” Technological advances (wireless) Business figured out ‘horizontal value” (teams collaborate across the globe) China and India can manufacture & design Recognition that “everyone wants everything” Half the world’s population < $3/day Sick, Disempowered, Frustrated/Disengaged Tension within Flat World
  • 8. Light Emissions Population “location still matters…activity is very concentrated in a relatively few locations”
  • 9. Patents Scientific Citations “location still matters…activity is very concentrated in a relatively few locations”
  • 10. 2. Observations about Today’s Work
  • 11. Throw away the briefcase, you’re not going to the office. You can kiss your benefits goodbye too. And your new boss won’t look much like your old one. There’s no longer a ladder, and you may never get to retire, but there’s a world of opportunity if you figure out a new path.
  • 12. New Economy and Workplace More Demanding Customers/Greater Competition/Excess Capacity Quality (consistency/no defects) Variety (more choices) Mass markets to customization (extreme variety) Convenience (built in/invisible/friendly) “Consumer is King/Queen”…Walmart … Lowest-Cost Operations Service exceeding expectations Rule based Jobs face the “new automation”
  • 13. Rule Based Jobs Face the “New Automation” $249 $49 More e-books than print books
  • 14. New Workplace Quality (consistency/no defects) Variety (more choices) Mass markets to customization (extreme variety) Convenience (built in/invisible/friendly) Service exceeding expectations “Consumer is King/Queen”…Walmart … Low-Cost Operations Rule based Jobs face the “new automation” Time based competition
  • 15. So What Does this Mean for Workers of the New Millennium?
  • 16.
  • 17. 3. Advice for Success… Special Specialized Anchored Adaptable MSI$ STP
  • 18. What Makes “a STAR Worker”? How is an “excellent” worker different then an “average” worker?
  • 19. 3 Keys to STAR BehaviorsKelley *Go beyond job description to find value added ideas *Plug into “guru networks” find and learn from knowledge/skill experts
  • 20. *Organizational “savvy” navigate competing interests promote cooperation move from conflict to “getting things done”
  • 21. 1. Can someone overseas do it cheaper? 2. Can a computer do it faster? Is what you’re selling in demand in an age of abundance?
  • 22.
  • 23. Push to Outer Space (STEM) global competitiveness, the slowing economy, need for innovation and creativity demands we ask ?’s to inform policy, practice and producing STEM talent technology is used across and within all careers, we need to understand the knowledge and skills that effective professional, technical and service workers must have to create technology enriched STEM work environments
  • 24. What’s STEM? Science Technology Engineering Math
  • 25. Aerospace : “would involve spacecraft design and construction, military defense systems like missiles and rockets, satellite and telecommunication technologies and GPS.” Biosciences: “would involve agricultural feedstock and chemicals; drugs and pharmaceuticals; medical devices and equipment; and research, testing and medical laboratories.” Energy: “would involve mining; oil and gas exploration, development and production; alternative and renewable energy research and development; including solar and wind power; and various green projects like hybrid and hydrogen engines.” Information Technology: “would involve computers and computer networks, including the Internet; wireless and cellular communications; and computer hardware and software development and support.”
  • 26. Why STEM, Why Now In the last 50 years, more than half of US sustained economic growth was fueled by engineers, scientists and advanced-degree technologists, a mere 5% of US 132 M person workforce. The Talent Imperative: Diversifying America’s Science and Engineering Workforce http://bestworkforce.org/pdfdocs/BestTalentImperative_FullReport.pdf
  • 27. Top 10 Knowledge and Skills Expected to Increase in Importance over the Next Five Years Casner-Lotto and Barrington’s research (cited in Schramm, 2007)
  • 28. 6 Keys to Success in New Millennium Workplace
  • 29. Not just argument, but also . . . STORY “Google” facts are FREE and of lesser value! Stories touch emotion
  • 30. Not just focus, but also . . . SYMPHONY Synthesize rather than analyze! See in the “white space” 1 + 1 = 3
  • 31.
  • 32. Not just logic, but also . . . EMPATHY It can’t be outsourced or automated! Great salespeople score high
  • 33. Not just seriousness, but also . . . PLAY If they are laughing good things are happening!
  • 34. Not just function, but also . . . DESIGN Function can be done by computers… “0’s and 1’s”
  • 35. Not just accumulation, but also . . . MEANING The Slow Movement…The SF Compact…Voluntary Simplicity…The New American Dream…Affluenza
  • 36. Implications for Learning 3 Professors/ Educators can no longer “own” content, nor compete with technology’s appealing dissemination of information.
  • 37. 5. Career Development Provides Hope Career Development informs Decision Making HOPE…Hope lets you Imagine
  • 38. Hope = Goals and Pathways
  • 39.
  • 40. Only 2 Kinds of Workers Owners _________ _________ Temps
  • 41. “Knowledge Nomad” or “Nervously Employed” Person A: Knowledge Nomad Person B: Nervously Employed List traits you think of when hearing the terms “Knowledge Nomad” or “Nervously Employed”
  • 42. Success Traits of the Knowledge Nomad
  • 43. Professionals of the New Millennium August 2010 NCDA Delegation Rich Feller, Ph. DProfessor, Colorado State University and NASA IPAfeller@cahs.colostate.edu           
  • 44.
  • 45. Workforce Change Asia Automation Abundance
  • 46. Globalization Capital Mobility Direct Foreign Investments Instant (and free) Communication Technology Diffusion
  • 47. Diamond Shaped Global Workplace 5%- 10% FreeAgents 1. Project to Project Talent 2. Temp 3. Microbusiness 4. Entrepreneur Innovation & Creativity 50% - 80 % 15% - 40%
  • 48. “Reprofessionalization of Workers”- High Performance Expect behaviors from all workers formerly expected of professionals *Abstract systems thinking “making sense of what needs to be done” “fit into broader effort” *Autonomy *Learning as a job requirement
  • 49. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs? Walmart-Target-Best Buy Amazon.com and itunes Chain Restaurants Engineers
  • 50. Where are the jobs? Many governments are promoting growth, competitiveness, and employment. But hoping that advanced “clean” technologies can create work on a large scale will probably be disappointed, because these sectors are just too small to make an economy-wide difference. The local-business and household-services sectors are a much better bet: from 1995 to 2005, services generated all net job growth in high-income economies. Low-tech “green” activities, such as improving the insulation of buildings and replacing obsolete heating and cooling equipment, could generate more jobs than renewable technologies can. To learn more, read “Where the US will find growth and jobs” (March 2010). McKinsey
  • 51. “Renewable energy technologies — what I call “ET” — are going to constitute the next great global industry. They will rival and probably surpass “IT” — information technology. The country that spawns the most ET companies will enjoy more economic power, strategic advantage and rising standards of living. We need to make sure that is America.”Tom Friedman, NY Times 9.2.08
  • 52. What Tasks Are Performed at work? Expert Thinking . . . diagnosing an illness or auto problem beyond computer analysis NO Complex Communication . . . NO managers motivating workers Routine Cognitive Tasks . . . evaluating mortgages YES Routine Manual Tasks . . . counting and packing products YES Non-routine Manual Tasks . . . truck driving NO Out/auto The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (2004) Levy and Murnane
  • 53. Key Global Trends Defining Future Work (stress & opportunities for innovate and change) 1. Great Rebalancing Emerging market countries (BRIC &P) creating more growth than developed ones.(innovation in product design, market infrastructure, value chains) 2. Productivity or LostDeveloped economies must increase productivity to see growth. (labor costs)
  • 54. 3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
  • 55. 3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
  • 56. 5. “Market-State” Tension Demands of economic growth + necessary safety nets to maintain social stability = extraordinary pressure on governments. THEN + add globalization’s impact and WE ask “how can national governments govern in increasingly global world?
  • 57. So What Does this Mean for Workers of the New Millennium?
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61. Time Based Competition 3 Races New ideas Drawing board to customer Up the organizational learning curve
  • 62. What Tasks Are Performed at Work? Expert Thinking . . . diagnosing an illness or auto problem beyond computer analysis NO Complex Communication . . . NO managers motivating workers Routine Cognitive Tasks . . . evaluating mortgages YES Routine Manual Tasks . . . counting and packing products YES Non-routine Manual Tasks . . . truck driving NO Out/auto The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (2004) Levy and Murnane
  • 63. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs? Walmart-Target-Best Buy Amazon.com and itunes Chain Restaurants Engineers
  • 64. ? Where are the jobs? Many governments are promoting growth, competitiveness, and employment. But hoping that advanced “clean” technologies can create work on a large scale will probably be disappointed, because these sectors are just too small to make an economy-wide difference. The local-business and household-services sectors are a much better bet: from 1995 to 2005, services generated all net job growth in high-income economies. Low-tech “green” activities, such as improving the insulation of buildings and replacing obsolete heating and cooling equipment, could generate more jobs than renewable technologies can. To learn more, read “Where the US will find growth and jobs” (March 2010). McKinsey
  • 65. “Renewable energy technologies — what I call “ET” — are going to constitute the next great global industry. They will rival and probably surpass “IT” — information technology. The country that spawns the most ET companies will enjoy more economic power, strategic advantage and rising standards of living. We need to make sure that is America.”Tom Friedman, NY Times 9.2.08
  • 66. Global Trends Defining Future Work (stress & opportunities for innovate and change) 1. Great Rebalancing Emerging market countries (BRIC &P) creating more growth than developed ones.(innovation in product design, market infrastructure, value chains) 2. Productivity or LostDeveloped economies must increase productivity to see growth. (labor costs)
  • 67. 3. Social Networks Drive Global Grid Geo matters less…capital, goods, info, people use social networks to create large scale interactions at any moment. 4. Pricing the Planet Collision: rising demand for resources-limited supplies-environ attitudes = inc. focus on resource productivity + clean tech industries +regulation initiatives
  • 68. 5. “Market-State” Tension Demands of economic growth + necessary safety nets to maintain social stability = extraordinary pressure on governments. THEN + add globalization’s impact and WE ask “how can national governments govern in increasingly global world?
  • 69. 4. Implications for Learning The best jobs are filled by those who can manipulate symbols, scan and comprehend reading material quickly, and write (communicate) persuasively and technically; are part Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) expert and part marketing specialist; are technically savvy; are those who see challenges as problems to be solved; and have convincing intrapersonal and interpersonal skills that can attract, motivate, and inspire followers.
  • 70. Implications for Learning 2 Opportunities to learn are everywhere. The obstacles of time and place no longer exist as learners can access educational opportunities anytime and anyplace in multiple formats.
  • 71.
  • 72. Implications for Learning 4 Technological dissemination means that instruction is becoming more student-centric, encourages cooperative learning, stimulates (ironically) student/teacher interaction, and helps students take greater responsibility for learning.
  • 73. Implications for Learning 5 Since information drives the workplace, the timeliness of workers’ information impacts their ability to add value. Accessing, evaluating and disseminating information via the Internet provides unlimited “learning on demand” opportunities.
  • 74. Implications for Learning 6 Flexible, efficient, readily accessible and customer friendly learning opportunities are typically becoming competency based and partnership dependent.
  • 75. Implications for Learning 7 In the 21st century, scientific and technological innovations have become increasingly important as we face the benefits and challenges of both globalization and a knowledge-based economy. To succeed in this new information-based and highly technological society, all students need to develop their capabilities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to levels much beyond what was considered acceptable in the past. (NSF, p. 1)