Upland Farming Systems Development in West Sumatra, Indonesia

1. Interventions and Development Strategies for Sustainable Transformation of Upland Agricultural Systems in West Sumatra, Indonesia Astia Dendi November 28, 2003

3. Background Food Insecurity Poverty Land Resources Degradation Challenges

9. Analytical Framework (P) Physical characteristics of resource (P) External Framework Conditions: Knowledge& Tech. characteristics of the resource users (K) Institutional characteristics (I) SoEc of the resource users (Ec) Market environments Policy-Inst. environment Physical infrastructure Outputs: Human Behavior & Interactions Agricultural Knowledge & Information (E) Outcomes Sustainability Performance

10. Main Steps Households interviews (n=137) and Key Persons Interviews Preliminary watersheds surveys Data analysis and presentation: Factor analysis, qualitative methods Case Studies Village s Survey Formulation of research questions & analytical framework

12. Sample Composition 26 households 19 households Agricultural Extension Target Group 49 households 43 households Non Agricultural Extension Target Group Strong Customary Institutions Weak Customary Institutions

13. Households Sample by agricultural extension category 45 92 Total 4 19 Muaro Sungai Lolo 9 30 Silayang 14 20 Pintu Padang 18 23 Lubuak Gadang With AE (hh) Without AE (hh)

14. Population & household sample Nagari (Village) Population Households Number of households interviewed Lubuak Gadang 1256 304 41 Pintu Padang 1301 327 34 Silayang 3146 672 39 Muaro Sungai Lolo 3952 843 23 Total 9655 2146 137

16. Regional Overview

17. Study Area : Sub-district Mapat Tunggul

18. Natural Landscape Hilly-Mountanious Elevation: 250-650 m

19. Rainfall Pattern

20. Settlement pattern & population Village Muaro Sei.Lolo Village Lubuak Gadang Village Silayang Village Pintu Padang

21. Farm households

22. Road condition in rainy season: only 4WD Cars can enter and exit Poor road condition to Silayang & Sungai Lolo

23. Means of Transportation

24. Resource Governance & Land Tenure The Minangkabau Concept on Common Property Resource and Issues

28. Evolution of the Farming Systems and Underlying Factors

29. Swidden rice cultivation system

30. Trend of yield of the swidden rice in the study area Yield in 1811= 1760 kg ha -1 (Marsden, 1811: 77) Yield in 1884=1100-1760 kg ha -1 (Neumann, 1884)

31. The Swidden-fallow cycle Old Bush Lands ( Baluka Tuo ) 6-10 yrs of fallow f allow period Young Bush Lands ( Baluka Mudo ) 4-5 yrs of fallow fallow period Old Forests ( Rimbo ) Swidden fields 1-3 years of cultivation Slash and Burn Bare Land and/or Imperata Grassland ( Padang Lalang )

32. Contrasting view of the baluko tuo and the baluka mudo in the ERW Baluka Tuo Baluka Mudo

38. Recultivation of bush fallow showing a rubber-rice intercropping model

39. Newly Developed Intercropping models Rubber-Cocoa Gambir-Rubber Rubber-patchouli Oil palm-Rubber

40. Shifting cultivation Source: Own field study, 2002 Nagari Total Household Households engaged in shifting cultivation % of all Ha/hh Lubuk Gadang 304 50-60 0.75-1.25 Pintu Padang 327 60-70 0.5-1 Silayang 672 60-75 0.75-1.5 Muaro Sungai Lolo 843 50-60 0.75-1.5 All study area 2122 65 0.5-1.5

41. Tree crops cultivation Source: Own field study, 2002 Nagari House-hold Number Rubber Gambir % Ha/household % Ha/household Lubuk Gadang 304 90 1.5 0 0 Pintu Padang 327 70 1 0 0 Silayang 672 70 1.5 5 2 Muaro Sungai Lolo 843 60 2 30 2 All study area 2122

42. Development of agricultural cultivations during 1994-2002 * ProRLK report, 1994 ** Key persons interviews and own estimate Nagari Total area (ha) Cultivated area (1994)* Cultivated area (2002)** hectare % hectare % Lubuk Gadang 4250 950 22 1500-1600 35-38 Pintu Padang 2100 600 29 850-950 40-45 Silayang 21000 1720 8 2300-2500 11-12 Muaro Sungai Lolo 58300 5198 9 6300-6500 10-11 Total in study area 85650 8468 9.88 10950-11550 12-14

44. Final results of factor analysis Market participation dynamics Labor endowment Effectiveness of CRM Participation in CoLe Customary tenurial dynamics Sustenance of food security 0.67 sawacul -0.68 neworcha 0.68 k-tenur2 0.83 k-tenur3 0.66 busha 0.79 extcat -0.51 alangha 0.67 instcat 0.74 confresco 0.79 hhsize 0.84 activlab 0.50 forestha 0.51 yieldlev2 0.58 oldorcha -0.67 access 0.69 priceset Factor 6 Factor 5 Factor 4 Factor 3 Factor 2 Factor 1 Variable

47. Wetland rice production reduces forest pressure in Silayang?

48. Wetland rice production reduces forest pressure in Sungai Lolo?

49. Conclusions and Discussion Indebtedness Insufficient Food Low Income Low Yield Low Investment Resource-base Degradation Poverty and Resource Degradation Trap Figure: A main perspective of poverty and resource degradation linkages

57. Thank you very much