2. GUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONS
How and why did theHow and why did the
Constitution replace theConstitution replace the
Articles of Confederation?Articles of Confederation?
To what extent was theTo what extent was the
Constitution a radicalConstitution a radical
departure from the Articles ofdeparture from the Articles of
Confederation?Confederation?
3. Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
““Founding Fathers”Founding Fathers”
Virginia PlanVirginia Plan
Great CompromiseGreat Compromise
SlaverySlavery
Three-FifthsThree-Fifths
CompromiseCompromise
Slave tradeSlave trade
Fugitive SlavesFugitive Slaves
IndependenceIndependence
Hall, Phila-Hall, Phila-
delphia in 1800delphia in 1800
"Scene at the Signing of"Scene at the Signing of
the Constitution." Bythe Constitution." By
Howard Chandler Christy.Howard Chandler Christy.
4. Features of the ConstitutionFeatures of the Constitution
1.1. Concern aboutConcern about
Concentrated PowerConcentrated Power
• ““Federal” systemFederal” system
– Problem of sovereigntyProblem of sovereignty
• Separation of powerSeparation of power
• Checks and balancesChecks and balances
6. Features of the ConstitutionFeatures of the Constitution
2.2. Concern about the Power ofConcern about the Power of
the Peoplethe People
• ““filters”filters”
• Electoral CollegeElectoral College
ConstitutionConstitution
LEGISLATIVELEGISLATIVE
SenateSenate
EXECUTIVEEXECUTIVE
PresidentPresident
JUDICIALJUDICIAL
Supreme CourtSupreme Court
HouseHouse
7. ARTICLES vs. THE CONSTITUTIONARTICLES vs. THE CONSTITUTION
ARTICLESARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONOF CONFEDERATION CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION
Sovereignty Sovereignty StatesStates PeoplePeople
Representation of states Representation of states EqualEqual Population & equalPopulation & equal
Executive Executive NoneNone PresidentPresident
Federal courtsFederal courts NoneNone Supreme Ct & systemSupreme Ct & system
Passing laws Passing laws 2/3 approval2/3 approval Majority ea. house + Pres.Majority ea. house + Pres.
Amending documentAmending document UnanimousUnanimous
2/3 ea. House Congress +2/3 ea. House Congress +
¾ states¾ states
Interstate commerceInterstate commerce
(Regulation of trade)(Regulation of trade) No powerNo power CongressCongress
Levying taxesLevying taxes States onlyStates only CongressCongress
Raising an army Raising an army StatesStates CongressCongress
Disputes between states Disputes between states StatesStates Supreme CourtSupreme Court
8. Ratification of the ConstitutionRatification of the Constitution
& the Bill of Rights& the Bill of Rights
RatificationRatification
FederalistsFederalists
Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists
Federalist PapersFederalist Papers
Bill of RightsBill of Rights
Cover page fromCover page from
The Federalist, 1788The Federalist, 1788
10. Votes of State Ratifying ConventionsVotes of State Ratifying Conventions
11. ANALYZING THEANALYZING THE
CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION
Did the Constitution reflect theDid the Constitution reflect the
goals of the American Revolution?goals of the American Revolution?
OR: Was it a counter-revolutionaryOR: Was it a counter-revolutionary
document established to benefit thedocument established to benefit the
traditional political and economictraditional political and economic
elites?elites?
14. SHAPING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENTSHAPING THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
George WashingtonGeorge Washington
The “indispensable man”The “indispensable man”
Enormous statureEnormous stature
Revolution, ConstitutionRevolution, Constitution
““virtue”virtue”
Stayed above the frayStayed above the fray
First President – precedentsFirst President – precedents
Stature to office of PresidentStature to office of President
CabinetCabinet (Hamilton, Jefferson)(Hamilton, Jefferson)
Two termsTwo terms
Restrained use of power:Restrained use of power:
legislation; vetolegislation; veto
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
George WashingtonGeorge Washington
Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860), oil on canvas, 1795Rembrandt Peale (1778-1860), oil on canvas, 1795
National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian InstitutionNational Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
15. SHAPING THESHAPING THE
NATIONALNATIONAL
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, 1792
(Courtesy of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Collection of(Courtesy of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Collection of
Americana)Americana)
16. Hamilton’s Financial PlanHamilton’s Financial Plan
1)1) “Funding the Debt”“Funding the Debt” – at face value– at face value ($50M)($50M)
2)2) Assumption of state debtsAssumption of state debts ($25M)($25M)
3)3) National BankNational Bank – (First) Bank of the United States– (First) Bank of the United States
4)4) High Protective TariffHigh Protective Tariff
5)5) Sources of Revenue:Sources of Revenue: tariff, public land sales, excise tax ontariff, public land sales, excise tax on
whiskeywhiskey
Purposes:Purposes:
a)a) Place national gov’t on firm financial standing,Place national gov’t on firm financial standing,
b)b) Give wealthy stake in success of new national gov’tGive wealthy stake in success of new national gov’t
c)c) Promote growth of industrial activity and urban areasPromote growth of industrial activity and urban areas
20. EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIESEMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
How did differing views of what theHow did differing views of what the
nation should become lead to thenation should become lead to the
rise of America’s first politicalrise of America’s first political
parties?parties?
21.
22. Emergence Of Political PartiesEmergence Of Political Parties
Founders’ dislike of partiesFounders’ dislike of parties
Democratic-Republicans – usually “Republicans”Democratic-Republicans – usually “Republicans”
FederalistsFederalists
““First Party System”:First Party System”: Feds & Reps (1790s-c. 1816)Feds & Reps (1790s-c. 1816)
23. International ProblemsInternational Problems
War Between France andWar Between France and
BritainBritain (1793-1815)(1793-1815)
Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty (1795)(1795)
Attacks on US shipsAttacks on US ships
FortsForts
TradeTrade
Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty (1796)(1796)
Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell
AddressAddress (Sept 1796)(Sept 1796)
24. International Issues Lead toInternational Issues Lead to
Domestic DiscordDomestic Discord
Election of 1796Election of 1796
John AdamsJohn Adams (Pres. 1797-1801)(Pres. 1797-1801)
XYZ AffairXYZ Affair
Quasi WarQuasi War with Francewith France (1797-1801)(1797-1801)
Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts (1798)(1798)
Virginia and KentuckyVirginia and Kentucky
ResolutionsResolutions (fall 1798)(fall 1798)
John AdamsJohn Adams
(Library of Congress)(Library of Congress)
25. Conflict in the Northwest Territory 1790-96Conflict in the Northwest Territory 1790-96
Independence Hall - http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail97.html Description: "Scene at the Signing of the Constitution." By Howard Chandler Christy. http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail78.html
Description: First page of the constitution. Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail67.html
Description: First page of the constitution. Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail67.html
Description: First page of the constitution. Credit: Library of Congress http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail67.html
Henretta, America’s History 5e from http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral
Divine, America Past & Present 7e The first ratifying convention in North Carolina (July 21, 1788) voted not to consider approval of the Constitution. A second convention (November 21, 1789) voted approval. Only after the United States Senate threatened to sever commercial ties with Rhode Island, which had refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention, did the state agreed to hold a ratifying convention. On May 29, 1790, the convention reluctantly and by the narrowest of votes approved the Constitution.
