This two-day course is designed to provide an overall view of wireless communications including commercial and military applications for Program Managers, Engineering Managers, and others that do not have a technical engineering background and who are looking to understand Wireless Communications at a high level to be more effecting in dealing with customers, staff, and those working on these programs. It is also an excellent refresher course for those engineers that want to be more involved with Digital Communications in their careers. This is a very informative class at a high level so managers that are involved or going to be involved with Wireless Communications can understand at a high level what the engineers and programs are developing. It includes high level descriptions, enough detail to understand the concepts with little math or analysis involved. This is focus towards spread spectrum systems, which is nearly all of communications today. It covers a wide range of data link communication techniques, including tradeoffs of cost reduction and size reduction methods using a budget to determine what is needed for the wireless system. Thus the student gains a firm understanding of the processes needed to effectively understand wireless data link communication systems which is vital to their jobs. You will gain an intuitive understanding from all of the experiences of the Instructor who has been working with communications for over 25 years. This seminar has been taught to a number of Program Managers and other Managers at other companies with excellent feedback by those who took the class. Students will receive a copy of the instructor's textbook, Transceiver and Systems Design for Digital Communications, 3rd Edition.

1. High-Level Wireless Digital Communications
for Program and Engineering Managers
Instructor:
Scott R. Bullock

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3. Link Budget
• Link - Connects the Transmitter to the Receiver
• Budget - Allocation of Power and Noise through the Link
• Tracks Signal & Noise Levels from Tx PA to Rx Detector (LNA)
– Power Output (PA), Tx Losses, Channel Losses, Rx Losses
– Signal/Noise at Receiver’s Detector
– Required S/N (or Eb/No for BER)
• Used in Solving Tradeoffs
– Size, cost, data rate, LPI/LPD, waveform, coding, etc.
Rx Antenna
Tx Antenna
Power & Noise Through the Link
Transmitter Receiver
1
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

4. Digital vs. Analog Comms
Digital System
Digital
5V 5V
PSK, FH, etc.
A/D Mod Demod Sampler D/A
5V analog = Digital 101 LO LO Digital 101 = 5V analog
Perfect Reconstruction of the Digital Waveform Assuming No Bit Errors
Analog System
AM/FM etc
Mod Demod
Analog LO LO Analog + Noise 2
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

5. Digital Modulation Creates
Frequency Waveform (Sinc)
Time Domain
t
V Frequency Domain
PdBm
f
2/PW
Null to Null Bandwidth
2 x Bit/Chip Rate
Direct Sequence Digital Modulation
Shifts the phase of the carrier frequency according to the data
3
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

6. Spread Spectrum for Direct
Sequence and Frequency Hop
– Spread Spectrum uses more bandwidth than is required to send data
Signal
Signal
Spread Spectrum
PdBm Frequency Hop
PdBm Spread Spectrum
High Speed PN-code
Narrowband f Narrowband f
Signal Signal
Wideband Wideband
Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum
Faster pseudo-random code spreads the bandwidth Frequency hop spreads the bandwidth
Higher the code rate, wider the bandwidth More frequencies, wider the bandwidth
4
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

7. Multiple User Techniques
System 1 System 2 System 3
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
V Users divided up in time slots.
1 2 3 1 2 3
time
a. Time division multiple access
.
Code 1 System 1
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Code 2 System 2
Users have different codes
Code 3 System 3
b. Code division multiple access.
f1 f2 f3
PdBm
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Users operate on different frequencies
Frequency
System 1 System 2 System 3
c. Frequency division multiple access. 5
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

8. Power Control for
Near/Far Problems
Required in CDMA and other multiplexing schemes
Reduce the effects of Near/Far problems
Goal is to have equal power from users
Used where process gain is inadequate for good separation of users
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

9. Improvements To Eliminate
Errors in QPSK –Increase Symbol S/N
–Bit rate same
–Provides twice the data rate
–Decrease BW
–Same BW
–Decrease Noise
–No Errors
–No Errors
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

10. Antenna Diversity Example
Two or more antennas
Automatic selection of best signal
Theory:when one antenna is in a multipath null, the
other is not
Works very well with only two antennas
Antennas separated a short distance to prevent both
antennas from being in the null
Lab example with 2.4 GHz wireless modem
connection - Separation approximately 5”
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

11. Adaptive Filter with Two
Interfering Signals
9
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

12. Differential GPS
Differential Corrections
between surveyed point vs GPS
Offset from
Surveyed point
N
Surveyed Point E W
S Uses corrections for
Accurate positioning
10
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

13. GPS Landing Systems
D8PSK LPI/Anti-jam Data Link
Sends GPS Corrections
11
Relative GPS for moving platforms (Aircraft Carriers)
Bullock Engineering Research Kinematic Carrier Phase Tracking KCPT for CATIII landing systems Copyright 2010

14. Satellite Two-Way
Communications
Coherent Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
12
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

15. MIMO, MISO, SIMO
Monitor & Control
MIMO
Transmitter Increased Data Rate Receiver
or Robustness
MISO – Transmitter Antenna Diversity
Transmitter Multipath, Noise, Jammer Mitigation Receiver
SIMO – Receiver Antenna Diversity
Transmitter Multipath, Noise, Jammer Mitigation Receiver
13
Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

16. Beam Positioning of
AESAs to Mitigate Multipath
Reflection/Multipath
AESA
Position
Difference
Amp
Null Position
Mitigates Multipath
Distance
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Bullock Engineering Research Copyright 2010

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