1. Urinary System Ann Marie Vlainich

2. Genitourinary Of or relating to the genital and urinary organs and their functions: Breast Adrenal Kidney Ureter Bladder Male genial tract Female genital tract

3. BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen Blood test ordered to: Evaluate kidney function Diagnose kidney disease Monitor patients with kidney disease Evaluate general health Where increased BUN levels suggest impaired kidney function. Low BUN levels are uncommon and usually not cause for concern.

4. Retrograde Pyelogram An x-ray to evaluate the bladder, ureters and renal pelvis. Contrast dye is introduced to enhance the x-ray images. Procedure is usually done on persons suspected of having an obstruction. It evaluates the lower portion of the ureter. Procedure can be done on persons with impaired kidney function and also persons who are allergic to dye because the dye used is minimally absorbed.

5. Acute Renal Failure The sudden loss of kidney function where fluids and waste begin to accumulate in the body. Usually occurs after surgery, severe injury or when blood flow to the kidneys is disrupted. May be reversible! Signs include—fluid retention, chest pain and shortness of breath due to fluid retention, drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, Decreased urine output and in severe cases seizures and coma. Is caused by prerenal , renal or postrenal conditions where prerenal disrupts blood flow on its way to the kidneys, renal damages structures of the kidneys and postrenal interferes with excretion of waste from the kidneys.

6. Chronic Renal Failure The gradual loss of the kidney’s ability to function, usually due to high blood pressure or diabetes. Early stages show no signs. Signs usually appear when kidney function is decreased to 25% of normal. Symptoms may include high blood pressure, decreased urine output, anemia, nausea/vomiting, dark colored urine, loss of appetite, malaise, fatigue, sudden weight change, headaches, sleep problems, swelling, decreased acuity, pain along side or mid to lower back, muscle cramps/twitches, bloody/tarry stool, Itching, yellow/brown cast to the skin. Causes are mostly due to chronic illness such as diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, kidney artery stenosis, toxins and obstructions such as enlarged prostate, stones, tumors.

7. http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/bun/test.html http://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/RelatedItems/92,P07713 http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/index/5.html Mayo clinic