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Requirements Engineering,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Topics covered,[object Object],Types of requirements,[object Object],Requirement Engineering Process,[object Object],Feasibility studies,[object Object],Requirements elicitation and analysis,[object Object],Requirement Specification,[object Object],Requirements validation,[object Object],Requirements management,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements engineering,[object Object],The process of establishing the services that the customer requires from a system and the constraints under which it operates and is developed.,[object Object],Requirement may range from a high-level abstract statement of a service or of a system constraint to a detailed mathematical functional specification.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Types of requirement,[object Object],Based on different level of descriptions:,[object Object],User requirements,[object Object],Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the system provides and its operational constraints. Written for customers.,[object Object],System requirements,[object Object],A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the system’s functions, services and operational constraints. Defines what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between client and contractor.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Distinction between User Requirement and system requirement,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Classification of requirements,[object Object],Functional requirements,[object Object],Statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations.,[object Object],Non-functional requirements,[object Object],constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc.,[object Object],Domain requirements,[object Object],Requirements that come from the application domain of the system and that reflect characteristics of that domain.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Functional requirements,[object Object],Describe functionality or system services.,[object Object],Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system where the software is used.,[object Object],Functional requirement for LIBSYS, used by students and staff to order books and documents.,[object Object],A library system that provides a single interface to a number of databases of articles in different libraries.,[object Object],Users can search for, download and print these articles for personal study.,[object Object],The user shall be able to search either all of the initial set of databases or select a subset from it.,[object Object],The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read documents in the document store. ,[object Object],Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user shall be able to copy to the account’s permanent storage area.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements imprecision,[object Object],Problems arise when requirements are not precisely stated.,[object Object],Ambiguous requirements may be interpreted in different ways by developers and users.,[object Object],Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’,[object Object],User intention - special purpose viewer for each different document type;,[object Object],Developer interpretation - Provide a text viewer that shows the contents of the document.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements completeness and consistency,[object Object],In principle, requirements should be both complete and consistent.,[object Object],Complete,[object Object],They should include descriptions of all facilities required.,[object Object],Consistent,[object Object],There should be no conflicts or contradictions in the descriptions of the system facilities.,[object Object],In practice, it is impossible to produce a complete and consistent requirements document.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Non-functional requirements,[object Object],These define system properties and constraints e.g. reliability, response time and storage requirements. Constraints are I/O device capability, system representations, etc.,[object Object],Process requirements may also be specified mandating a particular CASE system, programming language or development method.,[object Object],Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not met, the system is useless.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Non-functional classifications,[object Object],Product requirements,[object Object],Requirements which specify that the delivered product must behave in a particular way e.g. execution speed, reliability, etc.,[object Object],Organisational requirements,[object Object],Requirements which are a consequence of organisational policies and procedures e.g. process standards used, implementation requirements, etc.,[object Object],External requirements,[object Object],Requirements which arise from factors which are external to the system and its development process e.g. interoperability requirements, legislative requirements, etc.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Non-functional requirement types,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Non-functional requirements examples,[object Object],Product requirement,[object Object],8.1	The user interface for LIBSYS shall be implemented as simple HTML without frames or Java applets.,[object Object],Organisational requirement,[object Object],9.3.2  The system development process and deliverable documents shall conform to the process and deliverables defined in XYZCo-SP-STAN-95.,[object Object],External requirement,[object Object],7.6.5  The system shall not disclose any personal information about customers apart from their name and reference number to the operators of the system.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Functional vs. Non-Functional Requirements,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Domain requirements,[object Object],Derived from the application domain and describe system characteristics and features that reflect the domain.,[object Object],Domain requirements be new functional requirements, constraints on existing requirements or define specific computations.,[object Object],If domain requirements are not satisfied, the system may be unworkable.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Library system domain requirements,[object Object],There shall be a standard user interface to all databases which shall be based on the Z39.50 standard.,[object Object],Because of copyright restrictions, some documents must be deleted immediately on arrival. Depending on the user’s requirements, these documents will either be printed locally on the system server for manually forwarding to the user or routed to a network printer.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Domain requirements problems,[object Object],Understandability,[object Object],Requirements are expressed in the language of the application domain;,[object Object],This is often not understood by software engineers developing the system.,[object Object],Implicitness,[object Object],Domain specialists understand the area so well that they do not think of making the domain requirements explicit.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements engineering processes,[object Object],The processes used for RE vary widely depending on the application domain, the people involved and the organisation developing the requirements.,[object Object],However, there are a number of generic activities common to all processes,[object Object],Feasibility Study,[object Object],Requirements elicitation and analysis;,[object Object],Requirement Specification (in chapter 6 Somerville),[object Object],Requirements Validation;,[object Object],Requirements change and the process to manage challenging requirements (modification to system hadware and software; changes in organizational enviroment) is:,[object Object],Requirements management.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
The requirements engineering process,[object Object],*Primary focus and 3 techniques in this process will be discussed,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
1) Feasibility studies,[object Object],A feasibility study decides whether or not the proposed system is worthwhile.,[object Object],A short focused study that checks,[object Object],Does the system contributes to organisational objectives?,[object Object],Can the system can be engineered using current technology and within budget?,[object Object],Can the system can be integrated with other systems that are used?,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Feasibility study implementation,[object Object],3 activities in this phase are Information assessment, Information collection, Report writing.,[object Object],Based on information assessment (what is required), information collection and report writing.,[object Object],Questions for people in the organisation,[object Object],What if the system wasn’t implemented?,[object Object],What are current process problems?,[object Object],How will the proposed system help?,[object Object],What will be the integration problems?,[object Object],Is new technology needed? What skills?,[object Object],What facilities must be supported by the proposed system?,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
2) Requirements Elicitation and Analysis,[object Object],Sometimes called requirements elicitation or requirements discovery.,[object Object],Involves technical staff working with customers to find out about the application domain, the services that the system should provide and the system’s operational constraints.,[object Object],May involve end-users, managers, engineers involved in maintenance, domain experts, trade unions, etc. These are called stakeholders.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Problems of requirements elicitation and analysis,[object Object],Stakeholders don’t know what they really want.,[object Object],Stakeholders express requirements in their own terms.,[object Object],Different stakeholders may have conflicting requirements.,[object Object],Organisational and political factors may influence the system requirements.,[object Object],The requirements change during the analysis process. New stakeholders may emerge and the business environment change.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements elicitation and analysis process activities,[object Object],Requirements discovery,[object Object],Interacting with stakeholders to discover their requirements. Domain requirements are also discovered at this stage.,[object Object],Requirements classification and organisation,[object Object],Groups related requirements and organises them into coherent clusters.,[object Object],Prioritisation and negotiation,[object Object],Prioritising requirements and resolving requirements conflicts.,[object Object],Requirements documentation,[object Object],Requirements are documented and input into the next round of the spiral.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
Requirements discovery,[object Object],The process of gathering information about the proposed and existing systems and distilling the user and system requirements from this information.,[object Object],Sources of information include documentation, system stakeholders and the specifications of similar systems.,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]
ATM stakeholders,[object Object],Bank customers,[object Object],Representatives of other banks,[object Object],Bank managers,[object Object],Counter staff,[object Object],Database administrators ,[object Object],Security managers,[object Object],Marketing department,[object Object],Hardware and software maintenance engineers,[object Object],Banking regulators,[object Object],Ayaz Ahmed Shariff K,[object Object]

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