An angle kappa occurs when there is a mismatch between the pupillary axis and visual axis. The pupillary axis passes through the center of the pupil perpendicular to the cornea, while the visual axis connects the fovea to the point of fixation. The angle kappa is the angle between the visual axis and the anatomical pupillary axis of the eye. A positive angle kappa occurs when the fovea is temporal to the pupillary axis, simulating exodeviation. A negative angle kappa occurs when the fovea is nasal to the pupillary axis, simulating esodeviation.

1. ANGULO KAPPA EN OFTALMOLOGIA Carlos Azañero Inope Residente 2 año Oftalmología Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

2. Un angulo kappa esdebido a queexisteunafalla en la coincidencia del ejepupilar y visual. The pupillary axis is the line passing through the center of the apparent pupil perpendicular to the cornea. The pupillary axis touches the posterior pole of the globe slightly nasal and inferior to the fovea. The visual axis (or the line of sight) connects the fovea with the fixation point. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

3. Definition of angles. C, center of rotation;F,fovea;N, nodal point; O, point of fixation; P, center of pupil; X, point of cornea thatlies in the central pupillary line;AB, optical axis;AP, central pupillary line; OC, fixation axis; OF, visual axis; angleONA, anglealpha; angleOCA, angle gamma; angleOPA,angle kappa; angleOXA, angle kappa, as measuredclinically. Angle lambda notdefined. (FromLyle TK, Wybar KC: Lyle and Jackson’sPracticalOrthoptics in theTreatment of Squint [and OtherAnomalies of Binocular Vision], ed 5. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1967.) Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

4. ANGULO KAPPA: Es el ángulo que hay entre el eje visual y el eje de la pupila anatómica del ojo. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

5. ANGULO KAPPA POSITIVO: Si la fovea es temporal al eje pupilar, el reflejo luminoso corneal será ligeramente nasal al centro de la cornea. SIMULA EXODESVIACION Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

6. Fovea 2 ANGULO KAPPA NEGATIVO: Si la fovea es nasal al eje pupilar, el reflejo luminoso corneal será ligeramente temporal al centro de la cornea. SIMULA ENDODESVIACION Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

7. Una causa de ángulo kappa positivo es la retinopatía de la prematuridad con arrastre temporal de la mácula. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

8. The angle kappa. The angle is called positive when the light reflex is displaced nasalward and negative when it is displaced templeward. (From Noorden GK von: Atlas of Strabismus, ed 4. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1983, p 33.) Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

9. Angle kappa. A, When the observer places his or her eye in line with the light located on the subject’s line of sight, the reflection of that light appears displaced nasalward on the cornea. B, When the examiner brings his or her eye and the light into line with the patient’s pupillary axis, the reflection of the light appears centered. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com

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