1. Modern Systems Analysis
and Design
Prof. David Gadish
Chapter 1
The Systems Development
Environment

2. Learning Objectives
ü Define information systems analysis and design.
ü Describe the different types of information systems.
ü Describe the information Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC).
ü Explain Rapid Application Development (RAD),
prototyping, Joint Application Development (JAD), and
Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE).
ü Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme
programming.
ü Explain Object Oriented Analysis and Design and the
Rational Unified Process (RUP).
Chapter 1 2

3. Introduction
n Information Systems Analysis and Design
¨ Complex organizational process.
¨ Used to develop and maintain computer­
based information systems.
¨ Used by a team of business and systems
professionals.
Chapter 1 3

4. Introduction (Cont.)
Figure 1­1 An organizational approach to systems analysis and
design is driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools
Chapter 1 4

5. A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design
n 1950s: focus on efficient automation of
existing processes
n 1960s: advent of 3GL, faster and more
reliable computers
n 1970s: system development becomes
more like an engineering discipline
Chapter 1 5

6. A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
n 1980s: major breakthrough with 4GL,
CASE tools, object oriented methods
n 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI
applications, client/server platforms,
Internet
n The new century: Web application
development, wireless PDAs, component­
based applications
Chapter 1 6

7. A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
n Application Software
¨ Computer software designed to support
organizational functions or processes.
n Systems Analyst
¨ Organizational role most responsible for
analysis and design of information systems.
Chapter 1 7

8. A Modern Approach to Systems
Analysis and Design (Cont.)
Chapter 1 8

9. Types of Information Systems
and Systems Development
n Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
¨ Automate handling of data about business
activities (transactions)
¨ Process orientation
n Management Information Systems (MIS)
¨ Converts raw data from transaction
processing system into meaningful form
¨ Data orientation
Chapter 1 9

10. Types of Information Systems
and Systems Development (Cont.)
n Decision Support Systems (DSS)
¨ Designed to help decision makers
¨ Provides interactive environment for decision
making
¨ Involves data warehouses, executive
information systems (EIS)
¨ Database, model base, user dialogue
Chapter 1 10

11. Summary of Information
Systems Types
Chapter 1 11

12. Developing Information Systems
n System Development Methodology is a
standard process followed in an
organization to conduct all the steps
necessary to analyze, design, implement,
and maintain information systems.
Chapter 1 12

13. Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)
n Traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems.
n Phases in SDLC:
¨ Planning
¨ Analysis
¨ Design
¨ Implementation
¨ Maintenance
Chapter 1 13

14. Standard and Evolutionary Views
of SDLC
Chapter 1 14

15. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Planning – an organization’s total
information system needs are identified,
analyzed, prioritized, and arranged.
n Analysis – system requirements are
studied and structured.
Chapter 1 15

16. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Design – a description of the
recommended solution is converted into
logical and then physical system
specifications.
n Logical design – all functional features of
the system chosen for development in
analysis are described independently of
any computer platform.
Chapter 1 16

17. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Physical design – the logical
specifications of the system from logical
design are transformed into the
technology­specific details from which all
programming and system construction can
be accomplished.
Chapter 1 17

18. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) (Cont.)
n Implementation – the information system
is coded, tested, installed and supported in
the organization.
n Maintenance – an information system is
systematically repaired and improved.
Chapter 1 18

19. Chapter 1 19

20. The Heart of the Systems Development
Process
Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation
into a single iterative and parallel process of activities
Chapter 1 20

21. Traditional Waterfall SDLC
One phase begins
when another
completes, little
backtracking and
looping
Chapter 1 21

22. Problems with Waterfall Approach
n System requirements “locked in” after
being determined (can't change).
n Limited user involvement (only in
requirements phase).
n Too much focus on milestone deadlines of
SDLC phases to the detriment of sound
development practices.
Chapter 1 22

23. Different Approaches to Improving
Development
n Prototyping
n Computer­Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
n Joint Application Design (JAD)
Chapter 1 23

24. Different Approaches to Improving
Development (Cont.)
n Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
n Agile Methodologies
n eXtreme Programming
Chapter 1 24

25. Prototyping
n Iterative development process:
n Requirements quickly converted to a
working system.
n System is continually revised.
n Close collaboration between users and
analysts.
Chapter 1 25

26. Prototyping (Cont.)
Chapter 1 26

27. Computer­Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools
n Diagramming tools enable graphical
representation.
n Computer displays and report generators
help prototype how systems “look and
feel”.
Chapter 1 27

28. Computer­Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
n Analysis tools automatically check for
consistency in diagrams, forms, and
reports.
n Central repository for integrated storage of
diagrams, reports, and project
management specifications.
Chapter 1 28

29. Computer­Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) Tools (Cont.)
n Documentation generators standardize
technical and user documentation.
n Code generators enable automatic
generation of programs and database
code directly from design documents,
diagrams, forms, and reports.
Chapter 1 29

30. CASE Tools (Cont.)
Figure 1­12 A class diagram from IBM’s Rational Rose
Chapter 1 30

31. CASE Tools (Cont.)
Chapter 1 31

32. Joint Application Design (JAD)
n Structured process involving users,
analysts, and managers.
n Several­day intensive workgroup sessions.
n Purpose: to specify or review system
requirements.
Chapter 1 32

33. Rapid Application Development
(RAD)
n Methodology to radically decrease
design and implementation time.
n Involves: extensive user involvement,
prototyping, JAD sessions, integrated
CASE tools, and code generators.
Chapter 1 33

34. Rapid Application Development
(RAD) (Cont.)
Chapter 1 34

35. Agile Methodologies
n Motivated by recognition of software
development as fluid, unpredictable, and
dynamic.
n Three key principles
¨ Adaptive rather than predictive.
¨ Emphasize people rather than roles.
¨ Self­adaptive processes.
Chapter 1 35

36. Agile Methodologies (Cont.)
Chapter 1 36

37. eXtreme Programming
n Short, incremental development cycles.
n Automated tests.
n Two­person programming teams.
Chapter 1 37

38. eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
n Coding and testing operate together.
n Advantages:
¨ Communication between developers.
¨ High level of productivity.
¨ High­quality code.
Chapter 1 38

39. Object­Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD)
n Based on objects rather than data or
processes.
n Object: a structure encapsulating
attributes and behaviors of a real­
world entity.
Chapter 1 39

40. Object­Oriented Analysis and
Design (OOAD) (Cont.)
n Object class: a logical grouping of
objects sharing the same attributes
and behaviors.
n Inheritance: hierarchical
arrangement of classes enable
subclasses to inherit properties of
superclasses.
Chapter 1 40

41. Rational Unified Process (RUP)
n An object­oriented systems development
methodology.
n RUP establishes four phase of
development: inception, elaboration,
construction, and transition.
n Each phase is organized into a number of
separate iterations.
Chapter 1 41

42. Phases of OOSAD­based
Development
Figure 1­14 Phases of OOSAD­based development
Chapter 1 42

43. Our Approach to Systems
Development
n The SDLC is an organizing and guiding
principle in this book.
n We may construct artificial boundaries or
artificially separate activities and
processes for learning purposes.
n Our intent is to help you understand all the
pieces and how to assemble them.
Chapter 1 43

44. Summary
n In this chapter you learned how to:
ü Define information systems analysis and
design.
ü Describe the different types of information
systems.
ü Describe the information Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
Chapter 1 44

45. Summary (Cont.)
ü Explain Rapid Application Development
(RAD), prototyping, Joint Application
Development (JAD), and Computer Aided
Software Engineering (CASE).
ü Describe agile methodologies and eXtreme
programming.
ü Explain Object Oriented Analysis and
Design and the Rational Unified Process
(RUP).
Chapter 1 45