SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 47
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Landscapes,
Hydrology, and Mass Movements




                        Interlude F & Chapter
                                          16
Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
   -uplift vs. erosion
   -describing the surface: relief, contours
   -factors controlling landscape development

• Hydrologic cycle

• Mass movements
   -Basics
   -Various types
   -Submarine mass movements

• Weakening the surface
   -Slope stability
   -Failure surfaces and triggers
   -Link to plate tectonics
   -Hazard and prevention
                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                Interlude F & Chapter 16
                                                                   16
Shaping the Earth Surface




•   Result of competition between uplift and erosion.
    •   Adding or subtracting elevation.
         •   Driven by tectonics:
         •   Uplift- vertical surface motion upwards
         •   Subsidence-vertical motion downwards
         •   Driven by surface processes:
         •   Erosion- surface lowering by mass removal
         •   Deposition- surface rising by mass addition   Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                             16
Shaping the Earth Surface




                        Interlude F & Chapter
                                          16
Describing the Earth Surface
•   Relief
    •   Elevation difference between 2 points.




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Describing the Earth Surface

Contour
maps:




                              Interlude F & Chapter
                                                16
Factors Controlling
       Landscape Development
Agents of transport & erosion
• Water, ice wind

Elevation distribution
• Relief, slope angle

Climate
• Mean temp and precipitation amount

Life
• Ecology/ biota can weaken/stabilize the surface

Exposed material type (substrate)
• Erodibility

Time                                          Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                16
Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
   -uplift vs. erosion
   -describing the surface: relief, contours
   -factors controlling landscape development

• Hydrologic cycle

• Mass movements
   -Basics
   -Various types
   -Submarine mass movements

• Weakening the surface
   -Slope stability
   -Failure surfaces and triggers
   -Link to plate tectonics
   -Hazard and prevention
                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                Interlude F & Chapter 16
                                                                   16
Hydrologic Cycle
Water plays major role in surface erosion & deposition.
Hydrologic cycle- describes never ending water flow
  between various reservoirs




                                                Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                  16
Hydrologic Cycle
                          Average time spent
The reservoirs:           in each reservoir:




                                               Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                 16
Extraterrestrial (water) flow!?!?
Mars                  Other?




                      Enceladus (Saturn moon)
                                   Interlude F & Chapter
                                                     16
Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
   -uplift vs. erosion
   -describing the surface: relief, contours
   -factors controlling landscape development

• Hydrologic cycle

• Mass movements
   -Basics
   -Various types
   -Submarine mass movements

• Weakening the surface
   -Slope stability
   -Failure surfaces and triggers
   -Link to plate tectonics
   -Hazard and prevention
                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                Interlude F & Chapter 16
                                                                   16
Intro to Mass Movements
•   Most humans consider Earth to
    be
•   Earth’s surface, however, is
    mostly unstable
•   Due to
    weathering/erosion/gravity




                                    Interlude F & Chapter
                                                      16
What is a Mass Movement?
•   Downslope motion of earth materials by gravity
•   Type of natural hazard
    • Natural landscape process
    These hazards can produce catastrophic losses




                                                    Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                      16
Intro to Mass Movements
•   Mass movements are important to rock cycle
•   Initial step in sediment transportation
•   Significant landscape change agent
•   All slopes are unstable, they change continously
•   Mass movements are often




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Types of Mass Wasting
Classified based on 4 factors:
   1. Material type (rock, regolith (loose debris), snow, ice)
   2. Rate of movement (fast, intermediate or slow)
   3. Nature of moving mass (cloud, slurry, or distinct blocks)
      slurry-liquid with suspended soilds
   4. Surroundings (subaerial or submarine)




                                                          Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                            16
Types of Mass Wasting
Creep, solifluction, rock glaciers (not shown) slumping
Flows (mud) avalanches, falls (rock)




                                                   Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                     16
Types of Mass Wasting
Creep –slow downhill movement of regoith
Due to expansion and contraction
  via wetting and drying, freezing and thawing
Grain moves:
  perpendicular to slope upon expansion
Verically by gravity upon contraction




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Types of Mass Wasting
Creep tilts trees, gravestones, and walls




                                            Interlude F & Chapter
                                                              16
Types of Mass Wasting
Solifluction –slow downhill movement of tundra
  melted permafrost slowly flows over deeper, frozen soil
  generates hillsides with solifluction lobes
Rock glaciers – mix of rocks fragments and ice
  rocks added faster than ice accumulation
Behave like glacial ice, flowing slowly downhill




                                                Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                  16
Types of Mass Wasting
Slumping – sliding of regolith as coherent blocks
Slip occurs along a spoon-shaped failure surface
Variety of sizes and rates of motion
Distinctive features
   head scarp, bulging toe




                                                Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                  16
Types of Mass Wasting
Mud & debris flows – h20 rich mass movement
Mudflow- slurry of water and fine sediment
Debris flow- mudflow with large rocks




                                              Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                16
Types of Mass Wasting
Lahar – a volanic mud or debris flow
  volcanic ash from recent/ongoing eruption
  water from heavy rain or melted glacial ice




                                                Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                  16
Types of Mass Wasting
Landslides – movement down nonvertical slope
  • Rock slide – consists of rock only
  • Debris slide – mostly reoglith

  Movement down failure surface is quick
  Debris can move 300 km/hr on cushion of air




                                                Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                  16
Landslide Case Study
•   Vaiont Dam disaster – illustrates need to evaluate geology when
    siting structures
    •   Built in 1960 in a deep gorge in Italian Alps.
    •   Limestone over shale dipped toward valley center.
    •   On 10/9/63, 600 million tons of limestone fell into the reservoir.
    •   A wave crested the dam, destroyed villages, and killed 2,600.




                                                                   Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                                     16
Types of Mass Wasting
Avalanches – turbulent clouds of debris and air
   •   Snow avalanche – over-steepened snow detaches
   •   Debris avalanche – rock and dust fragment
   •   Move up to 250 km/hr on a cushion of air




                                                       Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                         16
Types of Mass Wasting
•   Rock & debris falls – vertical freefall
    •   Bedrock/regolith that falls rapidly
    •   Block impact, fragment and keep moving
    •   Talus blocks pile up at slope base




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Types of Mass Wasting
Submarine mass movements.
• 3 types – based on degree of disintegration
   1. Submarine slumps – coherent blocks break and sip
   2. Submarine debris flows – moving material breaks apart
   3. Turbidity currents – sediement moves as a turbulent cloud
   Usually well-perserved




                                                        Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                          16
Types of Mass Wasting
Submarine mass movements.
  •   Gigantic submarine slope failures are widespread
       • Large than land-based failures
       • Important process sculpting adjacent land
       • Create catastrophic tsunamis




                                                         Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                           16
Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
   -uplift vs. erosion
   -describing the surface: relief, contours
   -factors controlling landscape development

• Hydrologic cycle

• Mass movements
   -Basics
   -Various types
   -Submarine mass movements

• Weakening the surface
   -Slope stability
   -Failure surfaces and triggers
   -Link to plate tectonics
   -Hazard and prevention
                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                Interlude F & Chapter 16
                                                                   16
Weakening the Surface
•   Mass movements require earth materials



•   Fragmentation & weathering.




                                             Interlude F & Chapter
                                                               16
Weakening the Surface
•   Slope stability is a trade-off between 2 forces:
    1. Downslope force – gravitational pull
    2. Resisting force – material properties that resist motion
•   Movement occurs when downslope forces win




                                                           Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                             16
Slope Stability
1. Downslope forces (Fd) = gravity
Weight of earth materials
2. Resisting forces (Fr) = material strength
3. Cohesion friction




                                               Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                 16
Slope Stability
• Loose material assumes an “angle of repose”.
• Maximum stable angle
• Due to material properties

Particle size, shape, surface roughness
• Typical repose angles:
• Fine sand:35
• Coarse sand: 40
• Angular pebbles: 45




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Failure Surfaces
•   Weak subsurface layers can initiate motion
•   Failure surface- types include
    •   Saturated sand/clay layers
    •   Joints parallel to surface
    •   Weak sedimentary bedding (shale)
    •   Metamorphic foliation




                                                 Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                   16
Failure Triggers
•   Destabilizing event usually triggers slopes failure
•   Triggers are natural & anthropogenic:
    •   Shocks or vibration
    •   Changes in slope characteristics
    •   Changes in slope strength




                                                    Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                      16
Failure Triggers
•   A triggering event is not necessary for movement
    •   Slope materials slowly weaken over time
    •   Gravity



•   Result: movements often




                                                  Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                    16
Failure Triggers
•   Shocks & vibrations.
•   Vibrations decrease material friction
•   On unstable slope, downslope force takes over
•   Many sources of vibration are common:
       • Motion of heavy machinery, vehicles




                                                    Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                      16
Failure Triggers
•   Vibrations cause saturated sediments to liquefy
    •   Quick clay – pore water slurries clay flakes when shaken
    •   Saturated sand – fluidized by increase in pore pressure




                                                          Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                            16
Failure Triggers
•   Changes in characteristics can destabilize a slope
    •   Angle – steepening slope beyond angle of repose
    •   Loading –add weight to top of slope
         • Water – as rain or via humans




                                                          Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                            16
Failure Triggers
•   Changes in slope strength
    •   Weathering – creates weaker regolith
    •   Vegetation – stabilizes slope. Removing it..
         • Shows excess water removal
         • Destroys




                                                       Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                         16
Link to Plate Tectonics
•   Tectonic processes influence mass movements
    •   Create uplift – topo and relief leads to steep slopes
    •   Fragment crust – joints and faults ease disintegration
    •   Generate earthquakes – trigger




                                                            Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                              16
Identifying Slope Hazards
•   Geologic mapping can identify risk regions
•   Past failures
•   Currently unstable slopes:
    • Cracked and bulging ground
    • Measureable changes in surveyed land features

    GPS can detect slow movements




                                                      Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                        16
Prevention
•   Action can reduce mass movement hazards
    •   Revegetation – adding plants has 2 positive effects
         • Removes water
         • Roots




                                                              Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                                16
Prevention
•   Action can reduce mass movements hazards
    •   Slowing or eliminating undercutting- increases stability
         • Removing erosion agent at slope base
         • Reducing effect of erosion agent




                                                            Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                              16
Prevention
•   Engineered structures.
       • Rock staples – rods drilled into rock to hold steep face




                                                               Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                                 16
Prevention
•   Engineered structures.
    •   Avalanche sheds – structures that shunt avalanche snow
    •   Controlled blasting – surgical removal of dangerous rock




                                                          Interlude F & Chapter
                                                                            16

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Phosphates group mineral
Phosphates group mineralPhosphates group mineral
Phosphates group mineralayadadil
 
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
 
Volcanism plutonism
Volcanism plutonismVolcanism plutonism
Volcanism plutonismNINA DAEP
 
Endogenic and exogenic processes
Endogenic and exogenic processesEndogenic and exogenic processes
Endogenic and exogenic processesKemberly Lee
 
Erosion and transportation
Erosion  and transportationErosion  and transportation
Erosion and transportationMarsamkayee
 
Evolution of magma
Evolution of magmaEvolution of magma
Evolution of magmaPramoda Raj
 
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Evidence of Sea-Floor SpreadingEvidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreadingdwinter1
 
Chapter 4 igneous rocks
Chapter 4   igneous rocksChapter 4   igneous rocks
Chapter 4 igneous rocksjjones0227
 
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-Domingo
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-DomingoPhilippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-Domingo
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-DomingoNo to mining in Palawan
 
Exogenic processes
Exogenic processesExogenic processes
Exogenic processesJohnEun4
 
Types and characteristics of magma
Types and characteristics of magmaTypes and characteristics of magma
Types and characteristics of magmaAdithya Shettar
 
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7Romavin Guillermo
 
Top and bottom criteria
Top and bottom criteria Top and bottom criteria
Top and bottom criteria parag sonwane
 
Petrologi 2-genesis magma
Petrologi 2-genesis magmaPetrologi 2-genesis magma
Petrologi 2-genesis magmaOvan Geovano
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Phosphates group mineral
Phosphates group mineralPhosphates group mineral
Phosphates group mineral
 
Chapter 5 minerals
Chapter 5 mineralsChapter 5 minerals
Chapter 5 minerals
 
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...
 
Volcanism plutonism
Volcanism plutonismVolcanism plutonism
Volcanism plutonism
 
Endogenic and exogenic processes
Endogenic and exogenic processesEndogenic and exogenic processes
Endogenic and exogenic processes
 
Erosion and transportation
Erosion  and transportationErosion  and transportation
Erosion and transportation
 
Evolution of magma
Evolution of magmaEvolution of magma
Evolution of magma
 
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Evidence of Sea-Floor SpreadingEvidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
 
Chapter 4 igneous rocks
Chapter 4   igneous rocksChapter 4   igneous rocks
Chapter 4 igneous rocks
 
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-Domingo
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-DomingoPhilippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-Domingo
Philippine Mineral Exploration Perspective - Sajona-Domingo
 
Lecture 5 hydrothermal ore deposits
Lecture 5 hydrothermal ore depositsLecture 5 hydrothermal ore deposits
Lecture 5 hydrothermal ore deposits
 
Exogenic processes
Exogenic processesExogenic processes
Exogenic processes
 
Classification of Sandstone
Classification of SandstoneClassification of Sandstone
Classification of Sandstone
 
Minerals
MineralsMinerals
Minerals
 
Types and characteristics of magma
Types and characteristics of magmaTypes and characteristics of magma
Types and characteristics of magma
 
NEO
NEONEO
NEO
 
Joints (Geology)
Joints (Geology)Joints (Geology)
Joints (Geology)
 
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
Shs11 earth and life science lesson 7
 
Top and bottom criteria
Top and bottom criteria Top and bottom criteria
Top and bottom criteria
 
Petrologi 2-genesis magma
Petrologi 2-genesis magmaPetrologi 2-genesis magma
Petrologi 2-genesis magma
 

Destacado

6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets
6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets
6th Grade Earth Science Learning TargetsLaura Chambless
 
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...Ke Wu
 
Presentation on mass wasting
Presentation on mass wastingPresentation on mass wasting
Presentation on mass wastingUmer Bhatti
 
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoesMountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoesharvey09
 
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass MovementPhysical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movementtudorgeog
 
Understanding Risk & Uncertainty
Understanding Risk & UncertaintyUnderstanding Risk & Uncertainty
Understanding Risk & UncertaintyKelvin Stott
 

Destacado (8)

6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets
6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets
6th Grade Earth Science Learning Targets
 
1226496192masa2
1226496192masa21226496192masa2
1226496192masa2
 
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...
A coupled SPH-DEM model for fluid-structure interaction problems with free-su...
 
Presentation on mass wasting
Presentation on mass wastingPresentation on mass wasting
Presentation on mass wasting
 
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoesMountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes
 
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass MovementPhysical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement
Physical Causes And Consequences Of Mass Movement
 
Understanding Risk & Uncertainty
Understanding Risk & UncertaintyUnderstanding Risk & Uncertainty
Understanding Risk & Uncertainty
 
Standard Penetration Test
Standard Penetration TestStandard Penetration Test
Standard Penetration Test
 

Similar a 14 hydro landslides_forstudents

Similar a 14 hydro landslides_forstudents (20)

Mass Movement
Mass MovementMass Movement
Mass Movement
 
Landforms unit 11
Landforms unit 11Landforms unit 11
Landforms unit 11
 
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE EROSION AND DEPOSITION
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE EROSION AND DEPOSITIONEARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE EROSION AND DEPOSITION
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE EROSION AND DEPOSITION
 
Slops
SlopsSlops
Slops
 
Erosion & weathering change
Erosion & weathering changeErosion & weathering change
Erosion & weathering change
 
External geological processes and landscapes
External geological processes and landscapesExternal geological processes and landscapes
External geological processes and landscapes
 
Mass-Wasting(original).ppt
Mass-Wasting(original).pptMass-Wasting(original).ppt
Mass-Wasting(original).ppt
 
Landslideing
LandslideingLandslideing
Landslideing
 
landslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.pptlandslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.ppt
 
landslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.pptlandslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.ppt
 
landslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.pptlandslides_ce242.ppt
landslides_ce242.ppt
 
landslides_ce242 (1).ppt
landslides_ce242 (1).pptlandslides_ce242 (1).ppt
landslides_ce242 (1).ppt
 
landslides
landslideslandslides
landslides
 
Geomorphology Presentation 1.pptx
Geomorphology Presentation 1.pptxGeomorphology Presentation 1.pptx
Geomorphology Presentation 1.pptx
 
Geo-morphology notes
Geo-morphology notes Geo-morphology notes
Geo-morphology notes
 
Landslides
LandslidesLandslides
Landslides
 
Landslides
LandslidesLandslides
Landslides
 
Ch20 shaping the earths surface
Ch20 shaping the earths surfaceCh20 shaping the earths surface
Ch20 shaping the earths surface
 
Lecture 11 landslides
Lecture 11 landslidesLecture 11 landslides
Lecture 11 landslides
 
Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه
Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه
Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه
 

Más de Alex Puszczynski

18 atmosphere climate_forstudents
18 atmosphere climate_forstudents18 atmosphere climate_forstudents
18 atmosphere climate_forstudentsAlex Puszczynski
 
13 geologictime forstudents
13 geologictime forstudents13 geologictime forstudents
13 geologictime forstudentsAlex Puszczynski
 
16 oceans coasts_forstudents
16 oceans coasts_forstudents16 oceans coasts_forstudents
16 oceans coasts_forstudentsAlex Puszczynski
 
12 mtnbuilding forstudents
12 mtnbuilding forstudents12 mtnbuilding forstudents
12 mtnbuilding forstudentsAlex Puszczynski
 

Más de Alex Puszczynski (6)

18 atmosphere climate_forstudents
18 atmosphere climate_forstudents18 atmosphere climate_forstudents
18 atmosphere climate_forstudents
 
19 deserts forstudents
19 deserts forstudents19 deserts forstudents
19 deserts forstudents
 
13 geologictime forstudents
13 geologictime forstudents13 geologictime forstudents
13 geologictime forstudents
 
15 rivers forstudents
15 rivers forstudents15 rivers forstudents
15 rivers forstudents
 
16 oceans coasts_forstudents
16 oceans coasts_forstudents16 oceans coasts_forstudents
16 oceans coasts_forstudents
 
12 mtnbuilding forstudents
12 mtnbuilding forstudents12 mtnbuilding forstudents
12 mtnbuilding forstudents
 

Último

Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostMatt Ray
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6DianaGray10
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.YounusS2
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 

Último (20)

Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCostKubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
KubeConEU24-Monitoring Kubernetes and Cloud Spend with OpenCost
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 6
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 

14 hydro landslides_forstudents

  • 1. Landscapes, Hydrology, and Mass Movements Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 2. Outline • Shaping the Earth surface -uplift vs. erosion -describing the surface: relief, contours -factors controlling landscape development • Hydrologic cycle • Mass movements -Basics -Various types -Submarine mass movements • Weakening the surface -Slope stability -Failure surfaces and triggers -Link to plate tectonics -Hazard and prevention Interlude F & Chapter Interlude F & Chapter 16 16
  • 3. Shaping the Earth Surface • Result of competition between uplift and erosion. • Adding or subtracting elevation. • Driven by tectonics: • Uplift- vertical surface motion upwards • Subsidence-vertical motion downwards • Driven by surface processes: • Erosion- surface lowering by mass removal • Deposition- surface rising by mass addition Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 4. Shaping the Earth Surface Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 5. Describing the Earth Surface • Relief • Elevation difference between 2 points. Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 6. Describing the Earth Surface Contour maps: Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 7. Factors Controlling Landscape Development Agents of transport & erosion • Water, ice wind Elevation distribution • Relief, slope angle Climate • Mean temp and precipitation amount Life • Ecology/ biota can weaken/stabilize the surface Exposed material type (substrate) • Erodibility Time Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 8. Outline • Shaping the Earth surface -uplift vs. erosion -describing the surface: relief, contours -factors controlling landscape development • Hydrologic cycle • Mass movements -Basics -Various types -Submarine mass movements • Weakening the surface -Slope stability -Failure surfaces and triggers -Link to plate tectonics -Hazard and prevention Interlude F & Chapter Interlude F & Chapter 16 16
  • 9. Hydrologic Cycle Water plays major role in surface erosion & deposition. Hydrologic cycle- describes never ending water flow between various reservoirs Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 10. Hydrologic Cycle Average time spent The reservoirs: in each reservoir: Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 11. Extraterrestrial (water) flow!?!? Mars Other? Enceladus (Saturn moon) Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 12. Outline • Shaping the Earth surface -uplift vs. erosion -describing the surface: relief, contours -factors controlling landscape development • Hydrologic cycle • Mass movements -Basics -Various types -Submarine mass movements • Weakening the surface -Slope stability -Failure surfaces and triggers -Link to plate tectonics -Hazard and prevention Interlude F & Chapter Interlude F & Chapter 16 16
  • 13. Intro to Mass Movements • Most humans consider Earth to be • Earth’s surface, however, is mostly unstable • Due to weathering/erosion/gravity Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 14. What is a Mass Movement? • Downslope motion of earth materials by gravity • Type of natural hazard • Natural landscape process These hazards can produce catastrophic losses Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 15. Intro to Mass Movements • Mass movements are important to rock cycle • Initial step in sediment transportation • Significant landscape change agent • All slopes are unstable, they change continously • Mass movements are often Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 16. Types of Mass Wasting Classified based on 4 factors: 1. Material type (rock, regolith (loose debris), snow, ice) 2. Rate of movement (fast, intermediate or slow) 3. Nature of moving mass (cloud, slurry, or distinct blocks) slurry-liquid with suspended soilds 4. Surroundings (subaerial or submarine) Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 17. Types of Mass Wasting Creep, solifluction, rock glaciers (not shown) slumping Flows (mud) avalanches, falls (rock) Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 18. Types of Mass Wasting Creep –slow downhill movement of regoith Due to expansion and contraction via wetting and drying, freezing and thawing Grain moves: perpendicular to slope upon expansion Verically by gravity upon contraction Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 19. Types of Mass Wasting Creep tilts trees, gravestones, and walls Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 20. Types of Mass Wasting Solifluction –slow downhill movement of tundra melted permafrost slowly flows over deeper, frozen soil generates hillsides with solifluction lobes Rock glaciers – mix of rocks fragments and ice rocks added faster than ice accumulation Behave like glacial ice, flowing slowly downhill Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 21. Types of Mass Wasting Slumping – sliding of regolith as coherent blocks Slip occurs along a spoon-shaped failure surface Variety of sizes and rates of motion Distinctive features head scarp, bulging toe Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 22. Types of Mass Wasting Mud & debris flows – h20 rich mass movement Mudflow- slurry of water and fine sediment Debris flow- mudflow with large rocks Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 23. Types of Mass Wasting Lahar – a volanic mud or debris flow volcanic ash from recent/ongoing eruption water from heavy rain or melted glacial ice Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 24. Types of Mass Wasting Landslides – movement down nonvertical slope • Rock slide – consists of rock only • Debris slide – mostly reoglith Movement down failure surface is quick Debris can move 300 km/hr on cushion of air Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 25. Landslide Case Study • Vaiont Dam disaster – illustrates need to evaluate geology when siting structures • Built in 1960 in a deep gorge in Italian Alps. • Limestone over shale dipped toward valley center. • On 10/9/63, 600 million tons of limestone fell into the reservoir. • A wave crested the dam, destroyed villages, and killed 2,600. Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 26. Types of Mass Wasting Avalanches – turbulent clouds of debris and air • Snow avalanche – over-steepened snow detaches • Debris avalanche – rock and dust fragment • Move up to 250 km/hr on a cushion of air Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 27. Types of Mass Wasting • Rock & debris falls – vertical freefall • Bedrock/regolith that falls rapidly • Block impact, fragment and keep moving • Talus blocks pile up at slope base Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 28. Types of Mass Wasting Submarine mass movements. • 3 types – based on degree of disintegration 1. Submarine slumps – coherent blocks break and sip 2. Submarine debris flows – moving material breaks apart 3. Turbidity currents – sediement moves as a turbulent cloud Usually well-perserved Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 29. Types of Mass Wasting Submarine mass movements. • Gigantic submarine slope failures are widespread • Large than land-based failures • Important process sculpting adjacent land • Create catastrophic tsunamis Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 30. Outline • Shaping the Earth surface -uplift vs. erosion -describing the surface: relief, contours -factors controlling landscape development • Hydrologic cycle • Mass movements -Basics -Various types -Submarine mass movements • Weakening the surface -Slope stability -Failure surfaces and triggers -Link to plate tectonics -Hazard and prevention Interlude F & Chapter Interlude F & Chapter 16 16
  • 31. Weakening the Surface • Mass movements require earth materials • Fragmentation & weathering. Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 32. Weakening the Surface • Slope stability is a trade-off between 2 forces: 1. Downslope force – gravitational pull 2. Resisting force – material properties that resist motion • Movement occurs when downslope forces win Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 33. Slope Stability 1. Downslope forces (Fd) = gravity Weight of earth materials 2. Resisting forces (Fr) = material strength 3. Cohesion friction Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 34. Slope Stability • Loose material assumes an “angle of repose”. • Maximum stable angle • Due to material properties Particle size, shape, surface roughness • Typical repose angles: • Fine sand:35 • Coarse sand: 40 • Angular pebbles: 45 Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 35. Failure Surfaces • Weak subsurface layers can initiate motion • Failure surface- types include • Saturated sand/clay layers • Joints parallel to surface • Weak sedimentary bedding (shale) • Metamorphic foliation Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 36. Failure Triggers • Destabilizing event usually triggers slopes failure • Triggers are natural & anthropogenic: • Shocks or vibration • Changes in slope characteristics • Changes in slope strength Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 37. Failure Triggers • A triggering event is not necessary for movement • Slope materials slowly weaken over time • Gravity • Result: movements often Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 38. Failure Triggers • Shocks & vibrations. • Vibrations decrease material friction • On unstable slope, downslope force takes over • Many sources of vibration are common: • Motion of heavy machinery, vehicles Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 39. Failure Triggers • Vibrations cause saturated sediments to liquefy • Quick clay – pore water slurries clay flakes when shaken • Saturated sand – fluidized by increase in pore pressure Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 40. Failure Triggers • Changes in characteristics can destabilize a slope • Angle – steepening slope beyond angle of repose • Loading –add weight to top of slope • Water – as rain or via humans Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 41. Failure Triggers • Changes in slope strength • Weathering – creates weaker regolith • Vegetation – stabilizes slope. Removing it.. • Shows excess water removal • Destroys Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 42. Link to Plate Tectonics • Tectonic processes influence mass movements • Create uplift – topo and relief leads to steep slopes • Fragment crust – joints and faults ease disintegration • Generate earthquakes – trigger Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 43. Identifying Slope Hazards • Geologic mapping can identify risk regions • Past failures • Currently unstable slopes: • Cracked and bulging ground • Measureable changes in surveyed land features GPS can detect slow movements Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 44. Prevention • Action can reduce mass movement hazards • Revegetation – adding plants has 2 positive effects • Removes water • Roots Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 45. Prevention • Action can reduce mass movements hazards • Slowing or eliminating undercutting- increases stability • Removing erosion agent at slope base • Reducing effect of erosion agent Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 46. Prevention • Engineered structures. • Rock staples – rods drilled into rock to hold steep face Interlude F & Chapter 16
  • 47. Prevention • Engineered structures. • Avalanche sheds – structures that shunt avalanche snow • Controlled blasting – surgical removal of dangerous rock Interlude F & Chapter 16