2. Definisi
Pendekatan kualitatif adalah suatu proses
penelitian dan pemahaman yang
berdasarkan pada metodologi yang
menyelidiki suatu fenomena sosial dan
masalah manusia
3. Definisi
Bogdan dan Taylor dalam Moleong (2007:3)
mengemukakan bahwa metodologi
kualitatif merupakan prosedur penelitian
yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa
kata-kata tertulis maupun lisan dari orang-
orang dan perilaku yang diamati.
4. Qualitative Research
Characteristics:
Starts with general Data collected with semi-
question or problem structure & unstructured
instruments
No pre-defined
hypothesis Presents results
descriptively
Uses a purposeful sam- Utilizes researcher’s aware-
ple, not a random one ness of own orientations,
Uses a relatively small biases, experiences that
sample might affect data collection
& interpretation
5. Approaches to Research
Positivist (Quantitatif research)
Tujuan, realitas yang stabil, konteks hubungan
sebab-akibat
Ilmiah, berbasis bukti pengetahuan, deduktif
Metode penelitian terstruktur, dapat
direplikasi, eksperimental; hasil kuantitatif
6. Interpretive (Qualitatif research)
Subyektif , konstruksi sosial, yang harus
ditafsirkan
Pengetahuan dipengaruhi oleh realitas jamak, peka
terhadap konteks, penelitian bertujuan untuk
mengungkap makna fenomena
Peneliti adalah pencipta makna, membawa
pengalaman subyektif sendiri untuk penelitian,
metode mencoba untuk menangkap 'orang dalam'
pengetahuan, penelitian yang dilakukan dalam
pengaturan alam
8. The steps in designing a
qualitative study
1. Menetapkan masalah umum untuk diselidiki
- Menarik bagi peneliti
2. Menyatakan tujuan penelitian
- Berdasarkan analisis masalah
- Muncul dari studi sebelumnya
- Dipandu oleh tinjauan pustaka
- Ditentukan oleh siapa yang akan
menggunakan hasil penelitian
9. 3. Mengembangkan kerangka konseptual /
teoretis untuk studi
4. Merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian umum
dan khusus (tujuan dan sasaran)
5. Pilih desain penelitian kualitatif
6. Pilih strategi sampling
7. Pemilihan peserta
10. 7. Pastikan trustworthiness dari penelitian
8. Menentukan metode pengumpulan data
dan mengembangkan alat-alat
pengumpulan data
9. Menetapkan bagaimana data akan dikelola
dan dianalisis
10. Interpretasi dan diskusi temuan
11. Siapkan laporan penelitian
11. Qualitative Research:
Funnel Approach
General research questions
Collect data
Narrower research questions
Collect data
Narrower
research
questions
Conclusions
15. Elements of the Research Process
DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive thinking (Quantitative)
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
CONFIRMATION
16. Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)
Inductive thinking (Qualitative)
OBSERVATION
PATTERNS
HYPOTHESIS
THEORY
17. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Research process is Research process is
deductive. inductive.
Measure objective facts. Social reality, meaning
is constructed.
Focus on variables. Focus on in-depth
meaning.
Value-free research. Values are present &
explicit (empathy).
Independent of context. Contextual importance.
Many cases, subjects. Few cases, participants.
18. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
Statistical analysis Thematic analysis
Objective instruments of Researcher as the
data collection. central tool for data
collection.
Highly structured Loosely structured
research process. research process.
Researcher is detached Researcher is immersed
(outsider). (insider).
(Adapted from Neuman, 1997: 14)
19. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
result oriented process oriented
particularistic and analytical holistic perspective
objective “outsider view” subjective “insider view”
distant from data and closeness to data
generalized by population generalization by comparison
of properties and
membership contexts of individual
organism
20. Qualitative Research Methods
1. Biografi
2.Fenomenology
3. Grounded Theory
4.Etnografi
5. Case Study
6. Action Reseach
22. Grounded Theory
Rooted in social sciences
Emphasises the development of theory
Which is grounded in data systematically
collected and analysed (constant comparative
analysis to produce substantive theory)
Theory must be faithful to the evidence
Looks for generalisable theory - by making
comparisons across situations
Focus is on patterns of action and interaction
24. Features of Phenomenology
Rooted in philosophy
Central question: what is the meaning,
structure, and essence of the lived
experience of this phenomenon for this
person/group of people?
How is each individual’s subjective reality
applied to make experiences meaningful?
Analysis of the language used
26. Action Research
Build action theories - action science
Aim is to develop effective action, improve
practice, and implement change
Cyclical process, alternating between action
and reflection
27. Action-research groups
Action-learning group – facilitated or self-
directed
Emphasis on individual learning
Reflection-in-action
Reflection-on-action
Action-research team
Focus on operational problems
Facilitated (technical to empowering continuum)
29. Considerations in sampling
Purpose of qualitative research
Produce information-rich data
Depth rather than breadth
Insight rather than generalisation
Conceptual rather than numerical
considerations
Choose information-rich sites and respondents
32. Qualitative Research Methods:
Case Study
Purpose Procedure
To determine the Determine the case
factors, & relationships (individual, group, or
among the factors, that environment) to
study
have resulted in current
Determine data
behavior or status of
collection strategies
subject
& data to be
Focus is on a single collected
subject or unit (could Collect the data
be multiple individuals) Analyze the data
33. Qualitative Research Methods:
Case Study
Potential Problems
Observer
(researcher) bias
Lack of
generalizability
Requires extensive
data collection
36. Example :
Rethinking Interventionist Research: Case Study: Using Baldrige Criteria to Achieve
Navigating Oppositional Networks in a Danish Performance Excellence at the Robert W ood
Hospital Johnson University Hospital Hamilton
37. Case study:W illiam Beaumont Hospital
-- Royal Oak Campus
Fire Detection Projects
38. In-Hospital M anagem of P
ent atients W H
ith yperglycem Transitioning
ia:
FromIV Insulin Therapy to S ubcutaneous Insulin Regim and E
ens ffective
Discharge P lanning to M aintain Glycem Control (An Interactive Case
ic
Study) Bruce
Bode, MD; Michelle Magee, MD; Chris Hogness, MD, MPH
39. Qualitative Research Methods:
Ethnography
Purpose Procedure
To determine the fac- Refine the problem &
tors & relationships setting of interest
among the factors that Decide on most
result in a subject’s appropriate & effective
current status in a level of participation
setting natural to the Develop “working”
subject hypotheses
Relies on extensive & Determine initial data
detailed description collection strategies
Collect data over time
40. Qualitative Research Methods:
Ethnography
Potential Problems
Results can be
difficult to analyze
Findings are nearly
impossible to
replicate
Small sample size
Generally fairly
costly
Time consuming
41. Types of Data Collection
(or “fieldwork”)
Observation
Interviewing
Focus Groups
Document Analysis
42. The Three-Interview Series
(Seidman, 1998)
Interview One: Life History
Interview Two: Details of the Experience
Interview Three: Reflection on the Meaning
44. FGDs often work well by using existing social groups Photo:
Yuan Liping
45. Resources
(Kuh & Andreas, 1991)
• Recording devices
• Transcribing equipment
• Software packages for analyzing
• Member checks participants
• Space
• Time
46. Qualitative Research:
Data Analysis
The Data Analysis
Generally collected in Some form of
the form of… analysis usually
field notes, takes place at the
same time data is
diaries
being collected
audio & video tapes,
Researcher seeks
copies of documents, to identify patterns
narrative descriptions or trends
47. Qualitative Research:
Data Analysis
Qualitative data may be analyzed by a 3-
part strategy:
reducing the data
coding the data
synthesizing the data
48. Qualitative Research:
Data Analysis
• Read and re-read data, become engrossed in it.
• Identify themes: common, conflicting, minority
• Test themes across the data set, where are they common,
under what circumstances are they found, not found. This
sets the parameters on the interpretation and generalisation
of data
• Get more than one person to analyse the data
independently then together
• Demonstrate trustworthiness in data analysis
49. Qualitative Research Methods:
Triangulation
Metode untuk
meningkatkan validitas &
reliabilitas penelitian
kualitatif
Meningkatkan akurasi
interpretasi
Menegaskan bahwa data
yang dikumpulkan bukan
karena kesempatan atau
sikap
50. Qualitative Research Design:
Triangulation
For example:
Collect data from May interview teachers,
multiple sources principals & parents
Collect data in May interview &
multiple ways from observe students
subjects
Collect different May review student
kinds of data in records, interview
multiple ways from teachers, observe
multiple subjects students
51. Qualitative Research Design:
Triangulation
Multiple data
collection strategies
Kinds of
data
Subjects Data collection
Multiple (data sources) strategies Multiple data
kinds of data sources
52. Processes in qualitative data analysis
1. Reading / Data immersion
Read for content
Are you obtaining the types of information you
intended to collect
Identify emergent themes and develop tentative
explanations
Note (new / surprising) topics that need to be
explored in further fieldwork
53. 2. Read noting the quality of the data
Have you obtained superficial or rich and deep responses
How vivid and detailed are the descriptions of
observations
Is there sufficient contextual detail
Problems in the quality of the data require a review of:
How you are asking questions (neutral or leading)
The venue
The composition of the groups
The style and characteristics of the interviewer
How soon after the field activity are notes recorded
Develop a system to identify problems in the data (audit
trail)
54. - Read identifying patterns
- After identifying themes, examine how these are
patterned
Do the themes occur in all or some of the data
Are their relationships between themes
Are there contradictory responses
Are there gaps in understanding – these require further
exploration
55. 3. Coding –
No standard rules of how to code
Emergent
Borrowed
Record coding decisions
Record codes, definitions, and revisions
Usually - insert codes / labels into the margins
Building theme related files
Cut and paste together into one file similarly coded blocks of
text
NB identifiers that help you to identify the original source
Identify sub-themes and explore them in greater depth
56. 3. Displaying data
Capture the variation or richness of each theme
Note differences between individuals and sub-
groups
Return to the data and examine evidence that
supports each sub-theme
57. 4. Developing questioning and verification
Extract meaning from the data
Do the categories developed make sense?
What pieces of information contradict my emerging
ideas?
What pieces of information are missing or
underdeveloped?
What other opinions should be taken into account?
How do my own biases influence the data collection
and analysis process?
58. 5. Data reduction
i.e.distill the information to make visible the most
essential concepts and relationships
Get an overall sense of the data
Distinguish primary/main and secondary/sub-
themes
Separate essential from non-essential data
Use visual devices – e.g. matrices, diagrams
59. 6. Interpretation
i.e. identifying the core meaning of the data, remaining
faithful to to the perspectives of the study participants
but with wider social and theoretical relevance
Credibility of attributed meaning
Consistent with data collected
Verified with respondents
Present multiple perspectives (convergent and
divergent views)
Did you go beyond what you expected to find?