ICT F4

1. COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
1st G ( 1940-1956 ) - computer were huge, slow,
expensive and often unreliable.
1941 – MARK 1 use mechanical switches.
1946 - two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian
Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer). It use vacuumtube. A vacuum
tube which is an electronic tube about the size of light
bulbs, was used as the internal computer components.
Thousands ofthem were used.
1951 – UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic Computer ) could
calculate at rate 10,000 addition p/s
Storage – Punched card and Magnetic tape.
Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It was a faster and
a more compact method of storing data. Using magnetic
tape became more reliable and cost-effective.
Problems
 the vacuumtubes generated a great deal of heat
causing many problems in temperature
regulation and climate control
 the tubes also burnt out frequently
 people operating the computer did not know that
the problem was in the programming machine
3rd G ( 1964-1971 )
- IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It
came in several models and sizes.It was used
for business and scientific programs.
- CDC 7600
- B2500.
*** Development of electronic circuit –
silicone chip in 1961
*** Microchip replace magnetic Core memory
*** First 256 bit RAM was introduced and as
basis for 1 K bit RAM
Advantanges :
 Silicone chips were reliable,
compact and cheaper.
 Sold hardware and software
separately which created the
software industry.
 customer service industry
flourished (reservation and credit
checks)
2nd G ( 1956 -1963 )
Use transistor- It was small devices use to transfer
electronic signals across a resister.
Advantages :
 transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
 they needed no warm up time
 consumed less energy
 generated much less heat
 faster and more reliable
4th G ( 1971 - present )
Comp models introduced : Apple Macintosh,
IBM, DELL, ACER
1971- Intel created 1st microprocessor
1976 – 1st Apple comp introduced.
1981 – 1st IBM PC introduced.
- Hardw tech invented– silicone chips,
microprocessor ( for comp memory and logic ,
circuit that contained thousands oftransistors)
and storage devices.
Advantages : -Comp became 100 times
smaller than ENIAC
- More speed,reliability and storage capability
- Personal n softw industry boomed
5th G ( present & Beyond )
Inventions of new hardw tech such as-----
- silicone chips,processor,robotics, virtual
reality, Intelligent system, program translate
language and expert systemsuch as
- Teleconferencing
- Speech recognition system

2. GENERASI
KOMPUTER
1 G (1940-1956) - komputer sangat besar, lambat, mahal
dan sering tidak boleh dipercayai.
1941 - MARK 1 menggunakan switch mekanikal.
1946 - dua orang Amerika, Presper Eckert dan Mauchly
Willian membina ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
dan Computer). Menggunakan tiub vakum. Sebuah tabung
vakum yang merupakan tabung elektronik bersaiz bola
lampu, digunakan sebagai komponen komputer dalaman.
Ribuan dari mereka digunakan.
1951 - UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) boleh
mengira kadar tambahan 10.000 p / s
Simpanan - kad penekan dan pita magnetik.
Pita magnetik diperkenalkan pada tahun 1957. Ini adalah
lebih cepat dan kaedah yang lebih kompak menyimpan
data. Magnetic tape menjadi lebih sesuai dan kos efektif
Masalah
• tabung vakumyang dihasilkan cepat panas menyebabkan
banyak masalah dalam tatacara suhu dan kawalan iklim
• tabung juga cepat terbakar
• pengoperasi komputer tidak tahu bahawa masalah di
mesin pengaturcaraan
3 G (1964-1971)
- IBM siri 370 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1964.
Itu datang dalam beberapa model dan saiz.
Digunakan untuk program-program perniagaan
dan sains.
- 7600 CDC
- B2500.
*** Pembangunan litar elektronik - cip silikon
pada tahun 1961
*** Microchip menukar memori magnetik
Core
*** RAM 256 bit pertama diperkenalkan dan
sebagaiasas untuk 1 K bit RAM
Kelebihan:
• silikon cip yang sesuai, kompak dan murah.
• Penjualan peranti keras dan peranti perisian
berasingan yang mencipta industri perisian.
• pelanggan industri perkhidmatan berkembang
(tempahan dan kredit cek)
2 G (1956 -1963)
Gunakan transistor - Ini adalah peranti kecil untuk
memindahkan isyarat elektronik di sebuah resister.
Kelebihan:
transistor • lebih kecil daripada tabung vakum
• mereka memerlukan masa pemanasan
• menggunakan sedikit tenaga
• panas yang dihasilkan jauh lebih sedikit
• lebih cepat dan sesuai
4 G (1971 - sekarang)
Model Comp diperkenalkan: Apple Macintosh,
IBM, DELL, ACER
1971 - Intel membuat mikropemproses yang
pertama
1976 - memperkenalkan Apple 1 comp.
1981 - PC pertama IBM diperkenalkan.
- Teknologi Hardware diciptakan-silikon cip,
mikropemproses (untuk memori comp dan
logik, litar yang mengandungi ribuan transistor)
dan peranti simpanan.
Kelebihan:-Comp menjadi 100 kali lebih kecil
daripada ENIAC
- Lebih laju, kebolehpercayaan dan
kemampuan simpanan
- Industri Computer Peribadi meletup
5 G (sekarang & Beyond)
Penemuan teknologi peranti baru seperti -----
- Cip silikon, processor, robotik, virtual reality,
sistem Cerdas, menterjemah program bahasa dan
sistem pakar seperti
- Teleconferencing
- Sistem pengenalan Ucapan