Integration of temporal and semantic components into the Geographic Information through mark-up languages. Part I: Definition Willington Siabato, Miguel-Angel Manso-Callejo – Technical University of Madrid

1. Willington Siabato
Miguel Ángel Manso-Callejo
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

2. • Presentation and general overview
• What do we expect? Our vision
• How can we achieve this?
• GI and Time
• GI and Semantics (Geosemantics)
• What have we done?
• Conclusions (Pseudo)
• Ongoing works and next steps
• References

3. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

4. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Presentation and general overview
• Traditional spatial data modelling
Presentation • Fixed
Our vision
How to do this? • Static
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
• Monolithic
Have done!!
Conclusion
References • ¿New Entity?
• ¿New relationship?
• ¿New “behaviour”?
TO CHANGE
TO UPDATE
http://support.esri.com/en/downloads/datamodel/detail/14
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11th International Conference on Computational Science and Applications
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Mercator Research Group

5. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Presentation and general overview
Presentation
Our vision
New paradigm to store data taking
How to do this?
GI and Time
into account the temporal and
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
semantic components…..
Conclusion
References
…… a new milestone in the geographic
analysis capabilities.
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6. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Presentation and general overview
Presentation
This paper and this presentation are just and introduction. Our project is
Our vision divided into four parts.
How to do this?
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!! • Part I: definition.
Conclusion
References • Part II: geosemantic component.
• Part III: temporal component.
• Part IV: integration.
So, we are going to present the definition of the project
today .
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7. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

8. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
What do we expect?
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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9. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
What do we expect?
I am a River
I was born
Presentation
Our vision in 1992
How to do this?
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
.....
.....
I am a highway
I was born in
2005
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10. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
What do we expect?
So, our vision, in a very utopian
Presentation
world, is be able to see how data can
Our vision
How to do this?
interact in a system just
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
incorporating them into it.
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
We want to provide data with the capability
of interact without having to be immersed in
a static model.
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11. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
What do we expect?
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
Spatial Time Meaning
..... .....
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12. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

13. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Three main components of GI (Sinton)
Presentation
Atributtes
Our vision
Spatial
Time
• The represented • This component is needed • The simple observation
How to do this?
GI and Time
geographic feature to locate the geographic of a phenomenon
GI and Semantics should contain a feature at a specific time. without registering the
Have done!! minimum amount of Because of the dynamism location of the feature
Conclusion data describing it to of natural phenomena does not generate useful
References know about its and the activities information. It is
nature. The registered on the Earth necessary to locate the
description should be surface, the temporal phenomenon so as to
made in qualitative or label is needed to locate match the represented
quantitative units. data at the corresponding geographic feature and
• Databases. specific time. its derived information.
• Tables. • Temporal references. • Representation of
• External files. • Metadata. geographic features.
• Topology.
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14. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
How can we achieve this?
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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15. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
How can we achieve this?
By using Mark-Up Languages and related technologies such as:
Presentation
Our vision •Geographic Mark-Up Languages.
How to do this? • GML, KML and SpatialML.
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!! • Time Mark-Up Languages.
Conclusion
References • TimeML and Timex
• Semantic Languages.
• OWL, RDF, DARPA Agent Mark-up Language, SPARQL Query
Language for RDF.
In addition to other de facto or ad hoc standards related to semantic,
temporal, and/or GI storage aspects.
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16. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
How can we achieve this?
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
GI and Time This piece of work is primarily based on
GI and Semantics
Have done!! concepts and studies related to space and
Conclusion
References time; semantic and semantic interoperability,
annotation of temporal expressions, work
related to space and time labelling as well as
GI retrieval.
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17. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
The ultimate objective
Presentation To enrich GI storing and to improve the spatial
Our vision
How to do this? and temporal analyses.
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
Now I am able to
interact with other
data-
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18. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
The ultimate objective
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The ultimate objective is the modelling and
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
representation of the dynamic nature of geographic
Have done!!
Conclusion
features (which are dynamic by definition),
References establishing mechanisms to store geometries
enriched with a temporal structure and a set of
semantic descriptors detailing and clarifying the
nature of the represented features and their
temporality.
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19. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

20. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Description of the problem
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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21. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Description of the problem
• Lack of a binding historical geometric, semantic and temporal register of
Presentation the represented features.
Our vision
How to do this? • Users do not achieve directly (or even indirectly in some cases) the
The Problem
The Proposal desired answers from the spatiotemporal analyses carried out.
GI and Time
GI and Semantics • Inability to develop real spatiotemporal analyses.
Have done!!
Conclusion • Attribute  space  time relationships without one-to-one matching.
References
• Inability to find other related levels of information or associated
geographic features.
• The intrinsic need to manage versions.
• Information duplication in zones not going through changes.
• Inability to develop real spatiotemporal analyses.
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22. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

23. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Framework
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this? “Geographic entities, like everything else in the world,
The Problem
The Proposal exist in time as well as in space;...... Spatio-temporal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics reasoning is not reasoning about some abstract
Have done!!
Conclusion (x,y,z,t) framework: it is mainly reasoning about the
References
appearance, change, and disappearance of things in
space and over time.” (Couclelis, 1998)
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24. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Description of the problem
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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25. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Hypothesis
The lack of the semantic and temporal components in the current
Presentation
Our vision structures of Geographic Information storage causes the spatiotemporal
How to do this? analyses to be deficient. The proposal of a new model incorporating an
The Problem
The Proposal independent temporal structure and a semantic meaning would optimise
GI and Time such storage and would allow improving GI retrieval, processing and
GI and Semantics
Have done!! analysis capability.
Conclusion
References
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26. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Three new layers to empower the main components
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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27. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Semantic-Temporal Layer
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal This layer will let to identify temporal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics expressions into Attributes, Metadata
Have done!!
Conclusion and user-query sentences.
References
To process this sentences as NLP.
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28. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Geosemantic Layer
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal This layer will let to provide data with
GI and Time
GI and Semantics the capability of knowing who they
Have done!!
Conclusion are.
References
Based on Gazetteer services it will be
also possible to discover the historical
linage of data.
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29. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Incremental Spatio-Temporal Layer
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this? This layer will let to store data
The Problem
The Proposal following the incremental model
GI and Time
GI and Semantics avoiding data (geometries)
Have done!!
Conclusion duplication.
References
The first proposal will consider an
independent (self- contained) format.
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30. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

31. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Related jobs
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem ¿What?
The Proposal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Atributte
Have done!!
Conclusion
References .
¿When? ¿Where?
Time Spatial
Triadic model of space, time and attributes (Peuquet:1998)
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32. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Related jobs
Presentation
Our vision • Snodgrass and their work in data bases.
How to do this?
The Problem • Langran’s time and GIS concepts.
The Proposal
GI and Time • Yuan models.
GI and Semantics
Have done!! • Ott and Swiaczny time in GIS concepts.
Conclusion
References
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33. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

34. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Related jobs
Presentation • Natural Language Processing methods and techniques.
Our vision
How to do this? • Geographic Information Retrieval.
The Problem • Computational processing of temporal expressions.
The Proposal
GI and Time
GI and Semantics
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
The analysis of temporal expressions allows
placing data, facts and events on timelines
subjectively, correlating and arranging them
chronologically.
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35. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

36. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
What have we done?
• We have developed the core of the semantic-temporal layer. The
Presentation tests show reliability in the process. Now we must integrate it.
Our vision
How to do this? • We have create a very basic time-ontology. We must define a
The Problem
The Proposal comprehensive one.
GI and Time
GI and Semantics • We have developed a GML Scheme for incorporating incremental
Have done!!
Conclusion
geometric data.
References • We have evaluated the possibilities of mark-up languages to
store data and describe time into GIS:
I can see you are experts on this
topic, I hope to keep in touch to
“improve” the ontology.
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37. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

38. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Conclusion
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem
The Proposal By adding three new layers to GI it will possible to
GI and Time
GI and Semantics improve spatio-temporal geographic data analysis.
Have done!!
Conclusion
References
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39. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

40. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
Ongoing and next steps
Presentation
Our vision
How to do this?
The Problem • Implementation of the three layers.
The Proposal
GI and Time • Integration of layers.
GI and Semantics
Have done!! • Incorporation of this layer into a system.
Conclusion
References • Proof of concept.
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41. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

42. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
References
1. Armstrong MP (ed.): Temporality in spatial databases. Falls Church - USA: The Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (1988)
3. Bates MJ, Wilde DN, Siegfried S: An analysis of search terminology used by humanities scholars: the Getty Online Searching Project Report
Number 1. The Library Quarterly , 63(1): 1-39. (1993)
4. Berry BJ: Approaches to regional analysis: a synthesis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 54(1): 2-11. (1964)
Presentation 7. Brandeis University and Universität Osnabrück, Annotating, Extracting and Reasoning about Time and Events,
Our vision http://www.dagstuhl.de/de/programm/kalender/semhp/?semnr=05151
How to do this? 9. Corporation TM: Time Expression Recognition and Normalization Evaluation. In: TERN-2004 Evaluation Workshop, MITRE, (2004)
The Problem 10. Couclelis H: Aristotelian Spatial Dynamics in the Age of Geographic Information Systems. In: Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic
The Proposal information systems. Edited by Egenhofer MJ, Colledge RG, vol. 54, 1st edn. New York - USA: Oxford University Press: 109-118 (1998)
11. DARPA's InformationExploitation Office, The DARPA Agent Markup Language Homepage, http://www.daml.org
GI and Time 12. Defense AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency-InformationTechnology Office, Conference on Message Understanding,
GI and Semantics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Understanding_Conference
Have done!! 13. Dipartimento diInformaticai Comunicazione, TIME International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning,
Conclusion http://time.dico.unimi.it/TIME_Home.html
References 14. Ellen Voorhees, The Retrieval Group, http://www.itl.nist.gov/iaui/894.02/
18. Galton A (ed.): Qualitative spatial change: Oxford University Press (2001)
19. Galton A, Worboys M: Processes and events in dynamic geo-networks. In: GeoSpatial Semantics. Edited by Rodríguez A, Cruz IF, Egenhofer MJ,
Levashkin S, vol. 3799. Berlin - Germany: Springer-Verlag: 45-59 (2005)
20. Galton A: Desiderata for a Spatio-temporal Geo-ontology. In: Spatial Information Theory. Foundations of Geographic Information Science,
International Conference -COSIT 2003-. Edited by Kuhn W, Worboys M, Timpf S, vol. 2825. Berlin - Germany: Springer-Verlag: 1-12 (2003)
21. Galton A: Dynamic collectives and their collective dynamics. In: Spatial Information Theory. International Conference -COSIT 2005-. Edited by
Cohn AG, Mark DM, vol. 3693. Berlin - Germany: Springer-Verlag: 300-315 (2005)
22. Galton A: Fields and objects in space, time, and space-time. Spatial Cognition and Computation , 4(1): 39-68. (2004)
23. Galton A: Space, time, and the representation of geographical reality. Topoi , 20(2): 173-187. (2001)
24. Hornsby KS, Yuan M: Understanding Dynamics of Geographic Domains, 1st edn. Boca Raton - USA: CRC Press (2008)
25. International OrganizationforStandardization -ISO-: Language resource management – Semantic Annotation Framework (SemAF) – Part1: Time
and events. Technical Report. Geneva - Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization -ISO- (2007)
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43. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
References (i)
26. Iowa State University and National Science Foundation, CHRONOS, http://chronos.org/index.html
28. James Pustejovsky, Time and Event Recognition for Question Answering Systems - TERQAS, http://www.timeml.org/site/terqas/index.html
32. Jim Castagneri, Temporal GIS explores new dimensions in time, http://www.gisworld.com/gw/1998/0998/998tmp.asp
33. Jones CB, Abdelmoty AI, Finch D, Fu G, Vaid S: The SPIRIT spatial search engine: Architecture, ontologies and spatial indexing. In: Geographic
Presentation
Information Science. Edited by Egenhofer MJ, Freksa C, Miller HJ, vol. 3234. Berlin - Germany: Springer-Verlag: 125-139 (2004)
Our vision 38. Langran G, Chrisman N: A framework for temporal geographic information. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information
How to do this? and Geovisualization , 25(3): 1-14. (1988)
The Problem 39. Langran G: A review of temporal database research and its use in GIS applications. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems ,
The Proposal 3(3): 215-232. (1989)
41. Langran G: Temporal GIS design tradeoffs. URISA Journal , 2(2): 16-25. (1990)
GI and Time
43. Langran G: Time in geographic information systems, 1st edn. London - UK: Taylor & Francis (1992)
GI and Semantics 45. Manning C, Schütze H: Foundations of statistical natural language processing, 6th edn. Cambridge - Massachusets: MIT Press (2003)
Have done!! 49. Mennis JL, Peuquet DJ, Qian L: A conceptual framework for incorporating cognitive principles into geographical database representation.
Conclusion International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 14(6): 501-520. (2000)
References 59. Peuquet DJ: A conceptual framework and comparison of spatial data models. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic
Information and Geovisualization , 21(4): 66-113. (1984)
60. Peuquet DJ: It's About Time: A Conceptual Framework for the Representation of Temporal Dynamics in Geographic Information Systems. Annals
of the Association of American Geographers , 84(3): 441-461. (1994)
61. Peuquet DJ: Making space for time: Issues in space-time data representation. GeoInformatica , 5(1): 11-32. (2001)
62. Peuquet DJ: Representations of geographic space: toward a conceptual synthesis. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 78(3):
375-394. (1988)
63. Peuquet DJ: Representations of space and time. London - UK: The Guilford Press (2002)
72. Spatio Temporal MITRE: SpatialML: Annotation Scheme for Marking Spatial Expressions in Natural Language 3.0. Technical Report. : ©The
MITRE Corporation (2009)
79. Turing AM: Computing machinery and intelligence. MIND , 59(236): 443-460. (1950)
83. Wachowicz M, Healey RG: Towards temporality in GIS. In: Innovations in GIS: selected papers from the first National Conference on GIS
Research UK. Edited by Worboys M, vol. 1, 1st edn. London - UK: CRC Press: 105-115 (1994)
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44. Integration of Temporal and Semantic components into the GI
References (i)
84. Worboys M, Duckham M: Monitoring qualitative spatiotemporal change for geosensor networks. International Journal of Geographical
Information Science , 20(10): 1087-1108. (2006)
85. Worboys M: A generic model for spatio-bitemporal geographic information. In: Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information
systems. Edited by Egenhofer MJ, Colledge RG, vol. 54, 1st edn. New York - USA: Oxford University Press: 25-39 (1998)
Presentation
90. World WideWeb Consortium, OWL 2 Web Ontology Language - Recommendation 27 October 2009, http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-owl2-
Our vision overview-20091027/
How to do this? 91. World WideWeb Consortium, Resource Description Framework (RDF), http://www.w3.org/RDF/
The Problem 92. World WideWeb Consortium, SPARQL Query Language for RDF, http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-rdf-sparql-query-20080115/
The Proposal 93. Yuan M, Hornsby KS: Computation and visualization for understanding dynamics in geographic domains: a research agenda, 1st edn. Boca
Raton - USA: CRC Press (2007)
GI and Time
94. Yuan M, Mark DM, Egenhofer MJ, Peuquet DJ: Extensions to Geographic Representation. In: A Research Agenda for Geographic Information
GI and Semantics Science. Edited by McMaster RB, Usery EL. Boca Raton - USA: CRC Press: 129-156 (2004)
Have done!! 96. Yuan M: Modeling semantical, temporal and spatial information in geographic information systems. In: Geographic Information Research:
Conclusion Bridging the Atlantic. Edited by Craglia M, Couclelis H, vol. 1, 1st edn. London - UK: Taylor & Francis: 334-347 (1997)
References 98. Yuan M: Temporal GIS and spatio-temporal modeling. In: 3rd International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, pp. 21-
26. University of California, Santa Barbara - USA (1996)
99. Yuan M: Use of a Three-Domain Representation to Enhance GIS Support for Complex Spatiotemporal Queries. Transactions in GIS , 3(2): 137-
159. (1999)
100. Yuan M: Use of knowledge acquisition to build wildfire representation in Geographical Information Systems. International Journal of
Geographical Information Science , 11(8): 723-746. (1997)
101. Yuan M: Wildfire conceptual modeling for building GIS space-time models. In: GIS/LIS 94, pp. 860-889. American Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing, Falls Church - USA (1994)ref_end
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45. Mercator Research Group
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid