world history French Revolution

1. Chapter 19 – The French
Revolution

2. The Estates
• First Estate – clergy Population in France
• Second Estate – 1st
0.50% Estate
noble families 2nd
1.50%
Estate
• Third Estate – 3rd
everyone else Estate
– bourgeoisie
– peasant farmers
– **Overwhelming
majority
98%

3. Louis XVI and the Estates General
• First Estate – clergy
• Second Estate –
noble families
• Third Estate –
everyone else
– bourgeoisie
– peasant farmers
– **Overwhelming
majority

4. • Louis XVI –
Bourbon dynasty
– Weak, indecisive
– incompetent
• Marie Antoinette
– Vain, unintelligent
– Austrian
– “Let them eat
cake!”

5. Tennis Court
Oath
•Angered, 3rd Estate
declares themselves
a National Assembly
on June 17, 1789
•They meet on a
nearby tennis court
and vow to remain
until a Constitution
was established
(by Jacques Louis
David)

6. • King's nervous
• asks 1st and 2nd estate to join them and
write a constitution together

7. No Dice
• Storming of the
Bastille
• July 14, 1789
• peasants sweep
through and attack
nobility and feudal
institutions

8. The Declaration of the Rights of
Man
• August – National Assembly
writes a document to
recognize natural rights,
include a lot of Rousseau
• widely copied and
distributed across Europe
• National Assembly
abolishes the fedual system
and declares freedom of
worship, breaking from the
Cath Ch.

9. • King and his family taken
to Paris so the 3rd Estate
Revolutionaries can keep
him out of the way
• National Assembly
establishes the nation-
state as the source of all
sovereignty or political
authority

10. • National Assembly
ratified a new constitution
• Sets up constitutional
monarchy
– Issues? Those who wanted
to abolish the monarchy felt
cheated, those who wanted
to retain the feudal
structure felt betrayed
– Not everyone is happy.

11. • Marie Antionette – sister
of the Emperor of Austria
• Austria and Prussia
invade France
• French revolutionaries
hold them back
• French leaders meet,
new constitution
• Convention – new ruling
body – abolished
monarchy, proclaimed
France a republic

12. Dun, dun, dun….
• Jacobins lead the Convention
• Imprison royal family
• Behead king for treason in 1793

13. Marie is killed in October

14. Reign of Terror
• Prussia and Austria regroup
• Britain and Spain join in
• Convention worried about
foreign threats
• Throw out constitution, AGAIN,
• Committee of Public Safety –
led by Maximilien Robespierre
– an all-powerful enforcer of
the revolution
– Murders any with
antirevolutionary tendancies
Guillotine: between 18,000 and 40,000 people
were executed during the Reign of Terror

15. Robespierre
• Controls anarchy
• Beheads tens of
thousands of French
citizens
• Creates strong
national military

16. Symbols of France
• Tricolor – red, white,
blue
• Le Marsellaise –
national anthem
• Liberte, Egalite,
Fraternite
• Viva la nation!
– Long live the
nation!

17. • Guillotine for
Robespierre
• New constitution,
1795
• Directory in charge
(five man gvt)
– builds up the military

18. Napoleon
• Napoleon Bonaparte
overthrows the
Directory in 1799
– Legitimizes actions
with popular vote
– Declares himself the
First Consul under the
new constitution
– (…the FOURTH new
constitution…)

19. Improving life
• Domestic Reforms
– Agriculture, infrastructure,
and public education
– Works things out with the
Cath. Ch.
• Napoleonic Codes – 1804
– recognized equality of
French citizens
– Big step for human rights
law
– But not very good for
women or children

20. Emperor
• Crowns himself emperor in 1804
• Literally crowns himself, shows he owes his throne to
no one but himself

21. •
Building an Empire
Valued rapid movements
and effective use of large
armies
• New plan for every battle
• Presence “worth 40,000
troops”
• The Grand Empire –
– annexes areas of France, the
Netherlands, Belgium, parts of
Italy and Germany
• Dissolves the HRE
– Creates 38-member
Confederation of the Rhine
• Cuts Prussia in half; turns
old Poland into the Duchy
of Warsaw
• Controls Europe by placing
relatives and friends on
thrones of conquered
nations

22. • Sold Louisiana land to the
USA
– 1. Money to fund his army
– 2. So Britain couldn’t
access the Mississippi
• Failed to acquire Britain
– Battle of Trafalgar
• Led by Br. Admiral
Horatio Nelson
• Napoleon turns his
sights to Russia

23. Effects of Nationalism
• France has new found sense
of nationalism
• Nationalism – tremendous
pride and devotion in and to
your country
• But, nationalism in conquered
countries inspires revolts
against France, too
• Spain loses holdings in the
Americas b/c colonies revolt
against Spain’s weakened
control

24. Russia
• In 1812 Napoleon
invades Russia with
600,000 French
soldiers
• Scorched Earth Policy
• General Winter
– Gives up in
October
– Only 100,000
survive

25. Coalition Against Napoleon
• Russia, Britain,
Austria, Sweden
and Prussia
become allies to
take out Napoleon
• 1813 – Battle of
the Nations at
Leipzig
– Napoleon is
defeated

26. Exiled
• Napoleon abdicated
• Victors exile him to Elba
• Recognize Louis XVIII as
king of France (brother of
Louis XVI)
– Restoration not a smooth one
– King accepts Napoleonic
Code and honors land
settlements
– But, people nervous and fear
oppression

27. He returns!
• Napoleon escapes island exile and
returns!
• Soldiers flock to him
• Citizens cheer, king flees,
• March 1815, Napoleon reenters Paris

28. The Final Showdown
• June 18, 1815 opposing armies meet head to head in Waterloo,
Belgium
• Br Duke of Wellington; Pr. General Blucher
– Lead the attack and crush France
(Wellington at Waterloo)

29. This time it really is the end…
– Napoleon forced to abdicate again
– Exiled on St. Helena…no more Napoleon

30. Fixing Europe
• The Congress of Vienna –
1814 to 1815
• The principal negotiators
were:
• Austria -- Prince Klemons von
Metternich
• Prussia -- King Frederick
William III
• Russia -- Czar Alexander I
• Great Britain -- Castlereagh
• France -- Prince Talleyrand

31. Work to restore order to Europe Congress of Vienna
– Recognize balance of power
• 5 nation-states
• Austria, Prussia, Russia,
Great Britain, and France
– Gain power at expense of
smaller states
• Austria took some Italian
territories
• Russia took most of Poland
• Britain added territories in
Asia and the W.
Hemisphere
• Prussia took Rhine River
land in W. Germany
• Create Kingdom of
Netherlands by joining
Belgium and Luxembourg
together with Holland

32. Congress of Vienna cont.
• Return to Status Quo
– Restored old monarchies of Europe
• Bourbons on throne in France and Spain
• Holy Roman Empire
– Reduced from 300+ independent states to 39
separate German states
• Established a stable Europe which tried to prevent war
• Very successful; peace in Europe for the next 100 years
• Conservative; Tried to prevent domestic change in
Europe

33. Fini