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Anti-fungal agents
1.
Antifungal Agents Copyright ©
2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
2.
Antifungal Agents
Drugs used to treat infections caused by fungi • Systemic and topical Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
3.
Fungi •
Also known as mycoses • Very large and diverse group of microorganisms • Broken down into yeasts and molds Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
4.
Yeasts •
Single-cell fungi • Reproduce by budding • Very useful organisms – Baking – Alcoholic beverages Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
5.
Molds •
Multicellular • Characterized by long, branching filaments called hyphae Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
6.
Mycotic Infections
Four General Types • Cutaneous • Subcutaneous • Superficial • Systemic* *Can be life-threatening *Usually occur in immunocompromised host Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
7.
Mycotic Infections
Candida albicans • Due to antibiotic therapy, antineoplastics, or immunosuppressants • May result in overgrowth and systemic infections Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
8.
Mycotic Infections
In the mouth: • Oral candidiasis or thrush • Newborn infants and immunocompromised patients Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
9.
Mycotic Infections
Vaginal candidiasis: • “Yeast infection” • Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, oral contraceptives Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
10.
Antifungal Agents
Systemic • Examples: amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole Topical • Examples: clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
11.
Antifungal Agents
Broken down into four major groups based on their chemical structure • Polyenes: amphotericin B and nystatin • Flucytosine • Imidazoles: ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole • Griseofulvin Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
12.
Antifungal Agents:
Mechanism of Action Polyenes: amphotericin B and nystatin • Bind to sterols in cell membrane lining • Allow K+ & Mg++ to leak out, altering fungal cell metabolism • Result: fungal cell death Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
13.
Antifungal Agents:
Mechanism of Action flucytosine • Also known as 5-fluorocytosine (antimetabolite) • Taken up by fungal cells and interferes with DNA synthesis • Result: fungal cell death Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
14.
Antifungal Agents:
Mechanism of Action Imidazoles ketoconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole • Inhibit an enzyme, resulting in cell membrane leaking • Lead to altered cell membrane • Result: fungal cell death Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
15.
Antifungal Agents:
Mechanism of Action griseofulvin • Disrupts cell division • Result: inhibited fungal mitosis (reproduction) Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
16.
Antifungal Agents: Side
Effects amphotericin B “Shake and Bake” fever chills headache anorexia malaise nausea hypotension tachycardia muscle and joint pain lowered potassium and magnesium levels *renal toxicity *neurotoxicity: seizures and paresthesias Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
17.
Antifungal Agents: Side
Effects fluconazole • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, • increased liver function studies flucytosine • nausea, vomiting, anorexia griseofulvin • rash, urticaria, headache, nausea, vomiting, anorexia Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
18.
Antifungal Agents:
Nursing Implications • Before beginning therapy, assess for hypersensitivity, possible contraindications, and conditions that require cautious use. • Obtain baseline VS, CBC, liver function studies, and ECG. • Assess for other medications used (prescribed and OTC) in order to avoid drug interactions. Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
19.
Antifungal Agents:
Nursing Implications • Follow manufacturer’s directions carefully for reconstitution and administration. • Monitor VS of patients receiving IV infusions every 15 to 30 minutes. • During IV infusions, monitor I & O and urinalysis findings to identify adverse renal effects. Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
20.
Antifungal Agents:
Nursing Implications amphotericin B • To reduce the severity of the infusion-related reactions, pretreatment with an antipyretic (acetaminophen), antihistamines, and antiemetics may be given. • A test dose of 1 mg per 20 mL 5% dextrose in water infused over 30 minutes should be given. • Use IV infusion pumps and the most distal veins possible. Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
21.
Antifungal Agents:
Nursing Implications • Tissue extravasation of fluconazole at the IV site may lead to tissue necrosis—monitor IV site carefully. • Oral forms of griseofulvin should be given with meals to decrease GI upset. • Monitor carefully for side/adverse effects. Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
22.
Antifungal Agents:
Nursing Implications Monitor for therapeutic effects: • Easing of the symptoms of infection • Improved energy levels • Normal vital signs, including temperature Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
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