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Chapter 19


“medically defined as the inability to become pregnant
after twelve months of regular sexual intercourse
without birth control or, for women over age 35, six
months … and women who are unable to carry a
pregnancy to term” (reference book p. 475)
◦ This surprised me because I had previously thought being infertile
referred to premenopausal women who can not become pregnant, by
natural or un-natural means, I did not realized the inability to carry a
pregnancy to term was included.



1 out of every 10 women between the ages of 15 and
44 years old are infertile


Social infertility refers to post menopausal women,
people who are single and same-sex couples who can
not have a child without utilizing fertility treatments or
adoption.



Secondary infertility refers to becoming infertile after
already being pregnant.
For women
 Age
 Improper Ovulation
 Structural Problems in the Reproductive System
 Poorly-working immune system
 Cervical Fluid Problems
 Luteal Phase Defects
For men
 Birth Defect
 Issues that develop over time


As women age their ovaries carry less eggs and it
becomes harder for the ovaries to release the eggs



As a woman gets older she has greater chances of
having a miscarriage



The reproductive processes also slow down as women
age, however the rates at which this happen vary



Can happen at any age
Symptoms of abnormal ovulation, although not
experienced by everyone, are
◦ Irregular menstruation
◦ No menstruation



Some causes of abnormal ovulation
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)
Thyroid disorders
Benign pituitary tumors
Excessive exercise
Diabetes
Weight loss
Obesity
Certain cancers and cancer medications







Endometriosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Surgery
Injury
Uterine fibroids




Caused either by birth defects or issues that develop
overtime
90% of cases are because of a man’s sperm
◦ sperm count
◦ sperm mobility
◦ shape of the sperm
Varicocele- when testicular veins
become so large they increase the
temperature of the storm



Retrograde Ejaculationwhen a man ejaculates,
instead of making its
way out the urethra his
sperm moves
backwards to the
bladder

Examples that effect all three are reproductive
obstructions and testicular issues


Drugs



Surgery

◦ Clomiphene citrate (clomid/serophene)
◦ Femara (letrozole)
◦ Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH (follistim/fertinex/bravelle/gonalF/metrodin)
◦ Human menopausal gonadotropin, hMG
(pergonal/repronex/humegon/menopur)
◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, GnRH
(lupron/zoladex/synavel)
◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (antagon/centrotide)
◦ Human chronic gonadotropin, hCG (pregnyl/novarel/ovidrel/profa
si)
◦ Progesterone
◦ Fix obstructions in the reproductive system


Assisted Reproductive Technologies

◦ Procedures involving egg and sperm manipulation by a doctor in a
lab
◦ In vitro fertilization, IVF



Freezing of the eggs

◦ Retrieving and freezing unfertilized eggs outside of the body so the
female from which they were retrieved can use them later in life



Collaborative Reproduction a.k.a. 3rd Party Reproduction
◦ Using donor sperm or egg
◦ Surrogacy

 Traditional- the woman carrying the baby also provided the eggs
 Gestational-the woman carrying the baby did not provide the eggs and
has no biological connection to the child



Different people grieve differently
Among the variety of emotions experienced many people
experience
◦
◦
◦
◦



Guilt
Sadness
Self-doubt
Anger

Support
◦
◦
◦
◦

Your partner
Friends
Family
Professional


I happen to have a friend who is infertile due
to a genetic disorder, but is embarrassed by
her infertility and does not like to tell or talk
about it with people. If you were infertile
would you be embarrassed?

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Infertility tb

  • 2.  “medically defined as the inability to become pregnant after twelve months of regular sexual intercourse without birth control or, for women over age 35, six months … and women who are unable to carry a pregnancy to term” (reference book p. 475) ◦ This surprised me because I had previously thought being infertile referred to premenopausal women who can not become pregnant, by natural or un-natural means, I did not realized the inability to carry a pregnancy to term was included.  1 out of every 10 women between the ages of 15 and 44 years old are infertile
  • 3.  Social infertility refers to post menopausal women, people who are single and same-sex couples who can not have a child without utilizing fertility treatments or adoption.  Secondary infertility refers to becoming infertile after already being pregnant.
  • 4. For women  Age  Improper Ovulation  Structural Problems in the Reproductive System  Poorly-working immune system  Cervical Fluid Problems  Luteal Phase Defects For men  Birth Defect  Issues that develop over time
  • 5.  As women age their ovaries carry less eggs and it becomes harder for the ovaries to release the eggs  As a woman gets older she has greater chances of having a miscarriage  The reproductive processes also slow down as women age, however the rates at which this happen vary
  • 6.   Can happen at any age Symptoms of abnormal ovulation, although not experienced by everyone, are ◦ Irregular menstruation ◦ No menstruation  Some causes of abnormal ovulation ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) Thyroid disorders Benign pituitary tumors Excessive exercise Diabetes Weight loss Obesity Certain cancers and cancer medications
  • 8.   Caused either by birth defects or issues that develop overtime 90% of cases are because of a man’s sperm ◦ sperm count ◦ sperm mobility ◦ shape of the sperm Varicocele- when testicular veins become so large they increase the temperature of the storm  Retrograde Ejaculationwhen a man ejaculates, instead of making its way out the urethra his sperm moves backwards to the bladder Examples that effect all three are reproductive obstructions and testicular issues
  • 9.  Drugs  Surgery ◦ Clomiphene citrate (clomid/serophene) ◦ Femara (letrozole) ◦ Follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH (follistim/fertinex/bravelle/gonalF/metrodin) ◦ Human menopausal gonadotropin, hMG (pergonal/repronex/humegon/menopur) ◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, GnRH (lupron/zoladex/synavel) ◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (antagon/centrotide) ◦ Human chronic gonadotropin, hCG (pregnyl/novarel/ovidrel/profa si) ◦ Progesterone ◦ Fix obstructions in the reproductive system
  • 10.  Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◦ Procedures involving egg and sperm manipulation by a doctor in a lab ◦ In vitro fertilization, IVF  Freezing of the eggs ◦ Retrieving and freezing unfertilized eggs outside of the body so the female from which they were retrieved can use them later in life  Collaborative Reproduction a.k.a. 3rd Party Reproduction ◦ Using donor sperm or egg ◦ Surrogacy  Traditional- the woman carrying the baby also provided the eggs  Gestational-the woman carrying the baby did not provide the eggs and has no biological connection to the child
  • 11.   Different people grieve differently Among the variety of emotions experienced many people experience ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦  Guilt Sadness Self-doubt Anger Support ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Your partner Friends Family Professional
  • 12.  I happen to have a friend who is infertile due to a genetic disorder, but is embarrassed by her infertility and does not like to tell or talk about it with people. If you were infertile would you be embarrassed?