Presentation by Johan Sanders, Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains, Wageningen University and Research center. BioMotion Tour congress at Agritechnica, Hannover - 13 november 2009

1. Sustainability and climate protection, the role of bio fuels and
biorefineries in Europe
Biomotion, Hannover, 12 November 2009
Johan Sanders
Professor Valorisation of Plant Production Chains
Wageningen University and Research center

2. Energy consumption past and future
Scenario A1F1: A1F1
1500 Global economy, fossil fuel
intensive
1250
Scenario A2:
Regional economy
Yearly energy production, EJ
1000 A2
750
500
250
1900 1950 2000 2050
Jaartal

3. The New Biomass value chain:
1st Agro logistics Food pretreatment Foodconversion Food production Food
Biobased
New Pre treatment New production
Products
conversion Performance materials • Biobased
bioconversion
physicalchemical
conversion
process
Baseplatform chemicals
Performance chemicals
materials
• Bio-based
engineering Bio Energy
chemicals
Biomass sources • Bio-fuels
productionproduction Logisticsstorage
Agro food • Bio-energy
NL production
By products
Imports
waste Existing
non- food:
• Feed
Existing conversion Existing production • Paper
• Additives
•Fibres
• Waste
management
.

4. Platform Renewable Materials
30% substitution of fossil by Biomass in 2030
• 25% chemical resources (140 PJ)
• 60% transportation fuels (324 PJ)
• 17% heat (65 PJ)
• 20% electricity (203 PJ)
By:
• Enhancing efficiency present Biomass (400 PJ)
• Development (new) crops (250 PJ)
• Aquatic cultures (250 PJ)
• Import (250 PJ)

5. 75
15 G
How biomass can best compete with fossil derived products
Production costs overall Dutch
(/GJ endproduct) industry cost price
30 30 overall Dutch
coal 6 G
industry raw
oil material cost
capital
23
6 G
20
6 G
12
10 10 5 G
7 2 G beet
4
grass
3 2 G
wood
heat electricity transport average other biomass
fuel bulkchemical

6. Biomass can bring different contributions to the farmer
(/ha)
Assuming a yield of 10 tonnes dry weight per hectare, being 160 GJ, using whole
crop and GAP up to 20 tonnes whole crop yield, 320 GJ/ha
On raw materials substitution only /hectare
• All Energy at coal value : 640
• All transportfuel : 1360
• All bulkchemical : 6400
• 20% bulkchemical, 80% Energy : 1800 – 3600
• 20% bulkchemical, 40% fuel, 40% Energy : 2080 4160
Including capital cost substitution
• 20% bulkchemical, 40% fuel, 40% Energy : 3000 6000

7. Eco pyramid for biomass utilization
You cannot have your cake and eat it: Biorefinery
Biomass cascading:
Farma
high value Pharma Cosmetics Fun Farma
Food Fun
Feed Food
Food Feed Functional chemical
Feed
Fibre
Fibre
Bioplastics Polymers Fermentation
Fermentation
Fuel
Fuel
Fertilizer
Bulk chemicals Fuels Fertilizer
Fire
FlareFire
Energy Heat fill Fill
low value

8. Functionalized Savings Potential
1,2 Ethanediamine : rubber chemicals, pharma, lubricants,detergents
Biomass A CH3CH2 Biomass B H2NCH2CH2OH
COOH
OH
Naphtha NH3 NH3
O2 O
H2NCH2CH2OH H2NCH2CH2NH2
CH2 CH2
Cl2 NH3
ClCH2CH2Cl H2NCH2CH2NH2
NH2
1,4 Butanediamine: polymers e.g. nylon 4,6 H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 C
NH2
Naphtha
CH4 + NH3 HCN
+ COOH
H2C=CHCH3 + NH3 + 1.5 O 2 H2C=CHC N H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Biomass C
CO2
NH3 H2NCONH2
Introduction Goal and Scope Inventory/Data Results Final Remarks
Biomass A: Ethanol
Biomass B: Serine
Biomass C: Arginine

9. Biorefining will give Mitigation under Economic conditions
(125 M (62) hectare = 0,8 % (0.4%) world land area at 10 ton/ha (20 ton/ha))
= 4% agricultural land (excl. grassland)
75 billion 97 billion 225 billion
60 /ton biomass 80 /ton biomass 180 /ton biomass
minus 1200 Mton CO minus 1200 Mton CO minus 1500 Mton CO2
2 2
40%
20% 40%
electricity (3 x 106 MW) fuels (375 Mton) (15%) platformchemicals (250 Mton) (100%)
(40%) electricity (750000 MW) (10%)
electricity (750000 MW) (10%)
fuels (250 Mton) (10%)

10. DuPont /Tate Lyle BioProducts :1,3 Propanediol
factory, Loudon, USA

11. Many ‘Rotterdam’ chemicals can be produced from Biomass
Example of short term substitution potential
Ethylene
epichlorhydrin glycol
Physical /
Chemical
Chemical Chemical
Propylene
Biomass Glycerol glycol Isopropanol
methanol
Acetone
formaldehyde Acetic Dimethyl MTBE
acid Ether
Scheme. Chemical production in Rotterdam a bio based alternative for butadiene and ethylene.
Current production by Shell Chemical and Lyondell

12. PLA in different applications (Synbra/PURAC)
Biofoam

13. Developments that should improve the biomass route
Lower raw material price
better refinery/ separation
technologies/downstream processes
More efficient fermentations
Plant GMO to tailor make products
new material properties
small scale technology and integrations that can
give more income to the farmer

14. Development of Dutch BbE can be build on Dutch pilars:
Agriculture, Chemistry, Ports.
1980/1995
6 Mton soy
50 PJ
cake
electricity ethanol
2007/2015
5 Mton
wheat lignocellulose lignocellulose accessable lignocellulose
N, P, 1 Mton N, P, 2 Mton
glu, asp, ser
K protein K protein
50 PJ
lys, trp, thr, met
ethanol
2007/2015 compound fertilizer compound compound chemicals
3 Mton rape feed feed feed (100.000 ton/aa
seed manure
50 PJ
2006 2009?
2010 2012?
2014
biodiesel

15. Upscaling 30L lime pretreatment of straw + cellulase
Reactor during enzymatic hydrolysis at t = 0 and t=24 h after adding enzymes
EET project with consortium of 3 RD institutes,
3 companies, 1 university

16. Other co products as a consequence of biofuel production
if 10% of the WW transportation fuels are produced
from corn, wheat, rape, palm, sunflower, cane this
will supply 100 million tonnes of proteins
Several bulkchemicals might be produced from
different amino acids: 1,4 butandiol, 2,3 butandiol,
1,2 propanediol, Succinic acid, Acrylonitril,
Acrylate, Metacrylate, (hydroxy) Styrene, (hydroxy)
Phenethylamine, Caprolactam, Butandiamine, urea

17. Jatropha as a source for biodiesel
Energy:
The seed contains about 30 40% oil potential
source of biodiesel and bio oil
Food:
Contains toxic compounds not suitable for food
Can be grown in extremely dry soil—not suitable for
most food plantations
Increasing productivity of unused/barren land

18. Components of J. curcas seeds
Components Seed (%)
Crude Protein 15
Lignin 20
Fiber 15
Carbohydrate 10
Oil 35
Ash 5

19. Jatropha protein functional properties

20. Economics biobased chain (Sugar beet)

21. Forward integration reduces tranport cost and seasonality and
will give more income to the farmer
Fields Farm Processing
Present
100%
100%
Return flow 10%
concentration fermentation
Concept Small scale
100% processing
30%
Return flow 70%

22. Zeafuels
Biogas Electricity
Biogas CHP
fermentation biogas /minerals
Stem
Corn heat
Grain
Ethanol 60%
Filtration Distillation
fermentation ethanol
Zein
Less investment costs/liter ethanol than large scale US ethanol production from corn

23. ZEA FUELS bv

24. ZEA FUELS bv

25. Mobile Cassava starch refinery in Africa
Source: Duteso

26. Total Crop Yields
Wet Weight and Dry Weight Yields
Total Biomass Production
Best Practice Yields
100
143 140 240 Wet Weight
Dry Weight
90
80
70
60
ton/ha
50
40
30
Above 30ton/ha/a dry weight = Fantastic
20
Above 20ton/ha/a dry weight = Great
10
Above 10ton/ha/a dry weight = Good
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27. kg/kg
C
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
as
sa
va
G
ra
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M
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Constituents Proportions
Su
nf
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Sw er
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hg
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Fat
ss
Lignin
Protein
To
ba
cc
o
W
he
at
W
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Simple Carbohydrate (S.C.)
ee
Complex Carbohydrates (C.C.)

28. Nominalised Results: Optimal Biorefinery
721GJ/ha
50.8GJ/ton
125GJ/ha
22.2GJ/ton
Introduction Goal and Scope Inventory/Data Results Final Remarks

30. Afsluiting
© Wageningen UR

31. 1e Generatie transportbrandstoffen leidt mogelijk tot
verlaging van honger; 2e generatie wellicht niet
€/GJ Kapitaalkosten
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Waarde Raapzaad M ais Suikerriet Biet 2e FT diesel
Transport diesel Ethanol Ethanol generatie
Brandstof ethanol
Schatting werkgelegenheid 4% 0.1% van gehele bevolking
CO2 reductie % matig matig matig
Incl. verbranden stro goed goed goed goed goed goed

32. 1e Generatie transportbrandstoffen leidt mogelijk tot
verlaging van honger; 2e generatie wellicht niet
€/GJ Kapitaalkosten Transportkosten Grondstofkosten + Winst
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Waarde Raapzaad M ais Suikerriet Biet 2e FT diesel
Transport diesel Ethanol Ethanol generatie
Brandstof ethanol
Schatting werkgelegenheid 4% 0.1% van gehele bevolking
CO2 reductie % matig matig matig
Incl. verbranden stro goed goed goed goed goed goed

33. Amino acid reactive separation
Traditional Functionalized
method Fossil Fuel Ethylene Oxidation Amination Specialty
Ethylene
amine
Proposed Protein Electro
method Amino acids Bulk
Source dialysis
Chemicals
Specific
modification
Feedstock Focus of Building Product
proposed project Block
Figure 1: Comparison of the traditional and proposed, energy efficient method for the production of
building blocks for (bulk) chemicals.
STW: 1 AIO + ¼PD + ¼TA

34. General scheme Biorefinery Rotterdam
DDGS
DDGS
corn
corn
wheat
wheat ethanol + other
ethanol + other
starch
starch C6 sugars
C6 sugars fermentation
fermentation
cassava chips
cassava chips O-chemicals
O-chemicals
glycerol
glycerol
oil
oil fermentation
fermentation
soybeans products
products
soybeans
rapeseed
rapeseed
jatropha seed
jatropha seed biodiesel
biodiesel
fuel
fuel
press cake
press cake
(high protein)
(high protein)
animal feed
animal feed
Medium protein 1st residues
Medium protein 1st residues
-- DDGS
DDGS -- rape pods
rape pods protein
protein
-- sunflower pods
sunflower pods
N-chemicals
N-chemicals
Low protein 1st residues
Low protein 1st residues
-- soybean straw
soybean straw
-- cane leaf -- corn stover
cane leaf corn stover C5 sugars lactic acid
C5 sugars lactic acid
lignocellulose
lignocellulose
(LC)
(LC)
Zero protein 1st residues
Zero protein 1st residues ethanol + other
ethanol + other
C6 sugars
C6 sugars
-- wheat straw
wheat straw fermentation
fermentation
-- residual wood
residual wood
-- primary LC
primary LC
-- miscanthus
miscanthus lignin
lignin electricity
electricity
protein
protein Underlined: available for Rotterdam (2009)
Wet crops
Wet crops (= animal feed)
(= animal feed) Italics: partly available for R’dam – future
-- grass
grass
-- luzerne
luzerne juice com- ——— : existing process / application
juice com-
ponents --------- : still to be developed
ponents

35. Bulk chemicals from Biomass: lysine
fermentation direct plant products
State of the art ADM, TWIN (under GMO (under Plant residues (in
Degussa, Ajinomoto development development progress
65 Wageningen UR) Wageningen UR) Wageningen UR)
Fossil 1345
chemical
reference
500
37
215
795 33
28 200 28 620 610
85 150
300
350
18 GJ 110 18
21 18 70
19
250
300 400 400 15
3
7 10
6
60
GJ/ton /ton GJ/ton /ton GJ/ton /ton GJ/ton /ton
Fossil raw materials (fermentation) Biomass raw materials
Fossil raw materials (recovery) Capital (fermentation)
Capital (recovery)

36. Import large scale bio commodities
Pyrolysis oil
Torrefaction pellets
HTU biocrude
Non purified syngas
(hydrous) ethanol
Biodiesel
Pure plant oil
Rape seed
Soy beans
Cereal grains
Crude protein (hydrolysates)

37. Biobased Economy Chains
Cultivation/harvest pretreatment Transport/Storag Processing Application
e export harbour Rotterdam
as:
Lignocellulose densification Pyrolysis oil FT diesel Transportation fuels
Torrefaction pellets Electricity
HTU biocrude heat
Oil crops - Seed, beans Refinery/conversion Transportation fuels
Animal feed
Fertilizer
Chemical Industry
Sugar/Starch Refinery/conversion (hydrous) ethanol Transportation fuels
fermentation
Seeds - Cereal grains Refinery/conversion Transportation fuels
Animal feed
fertilizer
Chemical industry
Leaf Refinery/conversion (hydrous) ethanol Transportation fuels
protein (hydrolysates) Chemical industry
Algae Refinery/conversion Biocrude HTU HTU upgrading Transportation fuels
protein (hydrolysates)
Manure Refinery/conversion protein (hydrolysates) Transportation fuels
Chemical industry

38. Costs breakdown of Bulkchemicals (/ton) at 60$/bbl
non functionalised functionalised
Raw materials 300 975
Capital 300 500 400 650
Operational 50 50
Recovery 50 100 50 100
Total 825 1525
Derived from J.P. Lange (Shell)

39. Our daily food needs a twenty fold higher energy input
Biomass
635PJ Fossil
575PJ
Net Import
Food Industry
160
150
Household
165
Dutch Agriculture
475 Transportion Food
100
Greenhouses/Food
100
Other Agriculture
2500 kcal/day = 55 PJ 60

40. BEET chain can deliver renewable energy and sugar as well!
decentral
pretreatment
0
feed 0
leaf 4
leaf
field
agricultural
beet lime nutrients
-2 Gross (PJ)
-3
beettops
+19
-3.6 +26
+29.6 (central)
processing
protein
pulp feed +4
0
Nett fermentor
press 0
(PJ/85000 ha) ethanol
-4
A: Actual 13
-3.3
biogas 0
B2: No diffusion + ethanol + biogas 20 -3.3
+8
D2: B2 + leaf 23 +8
0
GMO Bulkchemicals would save another 10 PJ +3
+3
sugar electricity
CHP heat

41. Many different drivers for one Biobased Economy
Shortage of cheap oil
High energy prices
Security of energy supply
Climate change by green house gasses
Rural development
Developing countries
Geo political conditions
Different countries/groups are confident however that
a BbE can contribute to their goals.

42. Different Economies of Scale
30
Ethanol Fischer Tropsch
25
20
/GJ
15 108 $ / barrel
10 72 $ / barrel
5 36 $ / barrel
100/ton 95% conversion
30/ton 50 60% conversion
0 0
0.1 1 10 100 PJ
Nedalco 1000 MW
Investments Other costs, including transportcosts Raw materials

43. Pilot biorefinery line Foxhol (Groningen)
(Prograss Consortium), nu Grassa (Oenkerk)
Grass protein (products)
white grass protein
compound feed Green grass protein
Protein
Grass juice Fibers
Grass juice
concentrate
compound feed
Construction Polymer
+ ..... HTU material extrusion
Ethanol
Biofuel + paper products

44. Ethanol production and Cyanophycin accumulation
(collab. Univ. Münster/Steinbuchel, AVEBE, Cosun, Energy Valley)
cyanophycin granule
peptide, mainly in cyano
bacteria as nitrogen and
energy reserve material
= Asp + Arg
Granule
35% (wt/wt) and slow
growth
EOS project
(Economic Affairs)