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LOS TACOS
  Olabade and Urma
Debriefing
   67 cases in NJ, NY, PA, DE, and SC

   Bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps

    of 67, 51 hospitalized and 8 kidney failures (hemolytic-uremic
    syndrome)

   November 20 - December 5

   Peak in the last week of November

   Had all eaten at a Taco Bell

   Chopped yellow onions tested positive for a pathogen; DNA
    fingerprinting confirms onions were not source of the infection
Possible Culprits
 Escherichia coli


 Pseudomonas aeruginosa


 Salmonella enterica


 Staphylococcus aureus


 Streptococcus pyogenes


 Haemophilus influenzae
Gram Stain
 E. coli = gram –

 S. aureus = gram +

 Sample = ?
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Microscopic
                  E. coli




S. aureus




                            Sample
First Elimination
   Escherichia coli (Gram-) Rod Shaped


   Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-) Rod Shaped


   Salmonella enterica (Gram-) Rod Shaped


   Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+) Spherical


   Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram+)Spherical


   Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-) Rod Shaped
Selective/Differential

            Media
    MacConkey Agar
         Salt bile is selective aspect
         Lactic acid is differential aspect

   Grows Gram- bacteria and stains for lactose fermentation

   Lac+  CO2, acid, and alcohol
       agar will become a bright pink/red color when lactose is
        fermented because the acid lowers the pH

   Lac-  cannot ferment the lactose
       colorless
       Gram+ can’t ferment lactose because the bile salts do not
        allow for them to grow, therefore not allowing them to ferment
        the lactose
MacConkey Agar
Second Elimination
 Escherichia coli (Gram-) Rod Shaped   (Lac +)

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-) Rod Shaped
   (Lac-)


 Salmonella enterica (Gram-) Rod Shaped   (Lac-)

 Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-) Rod Shaped
   (Lac +)
Escherichia coli or
          Haemophilus
                    Haemophilus
           influenzae?
   Escherichia coli  influenzae
 Can cause:           Can cause:
   Food poisoning        Bacteremia
   Diarrhea              Pneumonia
   Gastroenteritis       Acute Bacterial
                            Meningitis
   Urinary Tract
     Infection
                       Usually in kids
It’s… E. coli!!
 Gram –

 Rod shaped

 Generally aerobic

 Most strains are opportunistic pathogens

 Capsulated and Non-Capsulated
Cell Wall/Shape/
               Arrangement
   Outer membrane of cell wall is lipopolysaccharide that functions
    as endotoxin
       can lead to inflammation, high fever, hypotension, capillary damage,
        intravascular coagulation, tissue degradation, and irreversible shock

   Some pili let bacterium adhere to epithelial cells of the mucous
    membranes

   Some cell wall adhesions let bacterium make more intimate
    contact with the mucous membranes

   Some strains secrete enterotoxins that cause the loss of sodium
    ions and water from the small intestines  watery diarrhea

   Some strains secrete a toxin that kills epithelial cells of the large
    intestines  bloody diarrhea
Metabolism
 Facultative Anaerobe

 Metabolizes glucose in both the presence and
   absence of oxygen
Location in Nature
 Lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms

 Can be found in:
    Unpasteurized milk and apple cider
    Ham, turkey, chicken, roast beef, sandwich meats
    Raw vegetables, cheese
    Contaminated water
Damaging Human Host
 Can severely damage lining of intestines

 Resulting in
Epidemiology
 Consumption of contaminated foods

 Hand- mouth

 Human-human
Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Test
Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Test
Antimicrobial
  Susceptibility Test
                  E. Coli (mm)   Staph (mm)

Gentamycin        21    (S)      10   (R)

Penicillin        0     (R)      27   (R)

Vancomycin        0     (R)      12   (S)

Chloramphenicol   25    (S)      17   (I)

Streptomycin      13    (I)      12   (I)

Tetracycline      22    (S)      19   (S)
Tetracycline
 Generally used in fighting infections of urinary tract
   and intestines

 Protein Synthesis Inhibitor

 Kills bacterial cells by inhibiting their translation

 Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit
    Prevents tRNA from binding to ribosome
Conclusion
 Patients ingested raw or undercooked meat with E.
   coli from Taco Bell

 Caused an infection

 Tetracycline is the best antibiotic to give them
    Will halt the protein synthesis in the E. coli

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Los Tacos

  • 1. LOS TACOS Olabade and Urma
  • 2. Debriefing  67 cases in NJ, NY, PA, DE, and SC  Bloody diarrhea and severe abdominal cramps  of 67, 51 hospitalized and 8 kidney failures (hemolytic-uremic syndrome)  November 20 - December 5  Peak in the last week of November  Had all eaten at a Taco Bell  Chopped yellow onions tested positive for a pathogen; DNA fingerprinting confirms onions were not source of the infection
  • 3. Possible Culprits  Escherichia coli  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  Salmonella enterica  Staphylococcus aureus  Streptococcus pyogenes  Haemophilus influenzae
  • 4. Gram Stain  E. coli = gram –  S. aureus = gram +  Sample = ?
  • 13. Microscopic E. coli S. aureus Sample
  • 14. First Elimination  Escherichia coli (Gram-) Rod Shaped  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-) Rod Shaped  Salmonella enterica (Gram-) Rod Shaped  Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+) Spherical  Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram+)Spherical  Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-) Rod Shaped
  • 15. Selective/Differential  Media MacConkey Agar  Salt bile is selective aspect  Lactic acid is differential aspect  Grows Gram- bacteria and stains for lactose fermentation  Lac+  CO2, acid, and alcohol  agar will become a bright pink/red color when lactose is fermented because the acid lowers the pH  Lac-  cannot ferment the lactose  colorless  Gram+ can’t ferment lactose because the bile salts do not allow for them to grow, therefore not allowing them to ferment the lactose
  • 17. Second Elimination  Escherichia coli (Gram-) Rod Shaped (Lac +)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-) Rod Shaped (Lac-)  Salmonella enterica (Gram-) Rod Shaped (Lac-)  Haemophilus influenzae (Gram-) Rod Shaped (Lac +)
  • 18. Escherichia coli or Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae? Escherichia coli influenzae  Can cause:  Can cause:  Food poisoning  Bacteremia  Diarrhea  Pneumonia  Gastroenteritis  Acute Bacterial Meningitis  Urinary Tract Infection  Usually in kids
  • 19. It’s… E. coli!!  Gram –  Rod shaped  Generally aerobic  Most strains are opportunistic pathogens  Capsulated and Non-Capsulated
  • 20. Cell Wall/Shape/ Arrangement  Outer membrane of cell wall is lipopolysaccharide that functions as endotoxin  can lead to inflammation, high fever, hypotension, capillary damage, intravascular coagulation, tissue degradation, and irreversible shock  Some pili let bacterium adhere to epithelial cells of the mucous membranes  Some cell wall adhesions let bacterium make more intimate contact with the mucous membranes  Some strains secrete enterotoxins that cause the loss of sodium ions and water from the small intestines  watery diarrhea  Some strains secrete a toxin that kills epithelial cells of the large intestines  bloody diarrhea
  • 21. Metabolism  Facultative Anaerobe  Metabolizes glucose in both the presence and absence of oxygen
  • 22. Location in Nature  Lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms  Can be found in:  Unpasteurized milk and apple cider  Ham, turkey, chicken, roast beef, sandwich meats  Raw vegetables, cheese  Contaminated water
  • 23. Damaging Human Host  Can severely damage lining of intestines  Resulting in
  • 24. Epidemiology  Consumption of contaminated foods  Hand- mouth  Human-human
  • 27. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test E. Coli (mm) Staph (mm) Gentamycin 21 (S) 10 (R) Penicillin 0 (R) 27 (R) Vancomycin 0 (R) 12 (S) Chloramphenicol 25 (S) 17 (I) Streptomycin 13 (I) 12 (I) Tetracycline 22 (S) 19 (S)
  • 28. Tetracycline  Generally used in fighting infections of urinary tract and intestines  Protein Synthesis Inhibitor  Kills bacterial cells by inhibiting their translation  Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit  Prevents tRNA from binding to ribosome
  • 29. Conclusion  Patients ingested raw or undercooked meat with E. coli from Taco Bell  Caused an infection  Tetracycline is the best antibiotic to give them  Will halt the protein synthesis in the E. coli