2. INTRODUCTION
We cannot escape from politics (except we decide to
live alone in an isolated island!), so how we learn about,
think of, as well as what we perceive, and feel about,
politics, are of significance
We learn, accumulate and transmit culture through
different ways in society that shapes our understanding,
perception, attitude, evaluation and even action. This
process is called socialization [ 社會化 ].
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3. POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION [ 政治社會化 ]
Is a lifelong process through which we learn about politics.
concerns the acquisition of emotions (feelings), identities,
and skills as well as information. It involves what people
learn (content), when they learn it (timing and sequence) and
from whom (agents).
Is an uncontrolled, uncontrollable, diffuse [ 擴散 ], indirect
and unplanned process
Takes place in various institutions that is influenced by the
context of communication: the family (parents, television,
internet), peer group (classmates, friends), and workplace
(colleagues, managers)
e.g., In the Asian societies, a child finds unconditional love and
attention from the family; as a result, the child respects and does
not question parental authority that leads to the similar deference
to political rulers later in life
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4. POLITICAL CULTURE
The sum of the fundamental values, sentiments and
knowledge that give form and substance to political
process: How values, sentiments and knowledge
influence politics within states (Lucien Pye)
Political culture of Chinese peasants
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5. THE CIVIC CULTURE [1]
In Almond and Verba’s book The Civic Culture (1963),
there are 3 types of political/civic culture:
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6. THE CIVIC CULTURE [2]
1. Parochial [ 偏狹 ]
citizens are only unclearly aware of the existence of
central government due to the removal of the
government from people’s lives
can be found in isolated rural communities or in the
growing number of inner city areas
e.g., In traditional China, people who lived in Guangzhou
might know about the emperor living and working in Beijing,
but did not know about what the emperor and the
government were doing; Hong Kong people in the 19th
century
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7. THE CIVIC CULTURE [3]
2. Subject [ 臣民 ]
Citizens see themselves not as participants in the political
process but as subjects of the government
Many people remain distant/indifferent/apathetic [ 冷漠 ] from
politics even though they recognize government’s impact on
their lives
e.g., people living under a dictatorship/military government; some of
Hong Kong people before the 1970s
3. Participant
Citizens believe that they can contribute to the system and that
they are affected by it
e.g., people use voting and referendum to shape the government in
democratic countries; some of Hong Kong people after the 1980s took
actions to shape politics (June 4th
rally in 1989, July 1st
Rally in 2003) 7
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8. THE CIVIC CULTURE [4]
In Almond and Verba’s view, democracy will prove to be
stable in societies blending different cultures in a
particular mix. Parochial and subject attitudes provide a
counterbalance to an essentially participant culture
The civic culture resolves the tension within democracy
between popular control and effective governance, and
allows for citizens influence while retaining flexibility for
the governing elite.
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9. POLITICAL TRUST AND SOCIAL CAPITAL
Political trust: Depends on the performance of
democratic institutions rather than on the principle of
democracy itself, including stability, effectiveness,
capable of making and implementing innovative politics
Positive political culture: a tradition of trust and cooperation
which results in high levels of social capital
Negative political culture: less effective governments which
lack any tradition of collaboration and equality
Social capital: a culture of trust and cooperation which
makes collective action possible and effective. This can
be worked by which a community builds political
institutions with a capacity to solve collective problems. 9
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10. POLITICAL CULTURE IN NEW DEMOCRACIES
Most likely parochial, because
1. New rulers lack authority
2. Excess expectations initiated by the overthrow of the old rulers;
public opinion may expect too much, too quickly and too easily
3. People are less supportive to the system of government
4. The challenge of the old regime that is likely to be cynical [ 嘲諷 ]
and suspicious attitude to politics
E.g., In the early Republican China, many people living in the non-
urban areas did not know/knew very little about the downfall of
Qing regime, the setting up of the Republic of China, and the
betrayal of Yuen Shiki, etc.
Therefore, current performance of a democratic government
is important for earning the popular support 10
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11. POLITICAL CULTURE IN AUTHORITARIAN
STATES [1]
1.. Ignoring political culture
Military rulers ride to power on tank, and aim to
protect their own back against challengers seeking to
replace them
They seek to isolate the mass population from
engagement with government, thus shrinking the
political arena
Tyrants (civil or military) demand the submission of
the populace
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12. POLITICAL CULTURE IN AUTHORITARIAN
STATES [2]
2. Manipulating political culture
Selectively emphasizing its authoritarian elements,
including traditions of deference, of personal
allegiance to powerful individuals
Loyalty to the national leader is presented as a natural
outgrowth [ 結果 ]. The ruler is father and/or chief
patron to the nation, providing security and stability
but not democratic accountability
Children learn in the family to accept the authority of
their fathers, and later transfer this to political leaders
e.g., regarding Mao Zedong as the father under his rule
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13. POLITICAL CULTURE IN AUTHORITARIAN
STATES [3]
3. Changing political culture of their subjects
In communist states, the party tries to restructure the way
people think and behave through education and persuasion
(so-called cultural revolution).
The aim is to create a communist personality which would
flourish in a classless, atheist [ 無神論 ] society, free of the
poisons inhaled [ 吸入 ] under capitalism.
E.g., Mass campaigns in the Soviet Union and China. However,
mass participation took on a purely ritual form based on passive
obedience to power rather than commitment to communism.
Fear created citizens who pretended to be conformist so as to
ensure their survival. Such a social environment in turn led to
the absence of trust.
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14. ELITE POLITICAL CULTURE [1]
Consists of the beliefs, attitudes and ideas about politics held
by those who are closest to the central of political power.
The values of elites are more explicit, systematic and
consequential than those of the population at large.
To assess the impact of elite political culture on political
stability, 3 aspects are crucial:
1. Does the elite have faith in its own right to rule?
the present government is a source of, or a barrier to, progress?
Some non- or semi-democratic governments are formed by
technocracy [ 技術官僚 ]: they are experts or specialists
(technocrats) with expertise in non-political subjects, often
economics and engineering. It is a temporary form of rule is set up
after a period of governance. 14
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15. ELITE POLITICAL CULTURE [2]
2. Does the elite accept the notion of a national interest,
separate from individual and group ambitions?
3. Do all members of the elite accept the rule of the
game, especially those governing the power transfer?
Competitive elections exist?
Do they accept the right of each group to a fair share of state
resources?
Is compromise used to settle disputes/conflicts?
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16. POLITICAL CULTURE OF HONG KONG [1]
1. Hong Kongers are politically apathetic/indifferent?
have been/are interested in making money?
indifferent to the surroundings?
is a nonpolitical?: no demand for political
participation, relying on the British rule?
Lam Wai-man: depoliticization (conservative stance on
politics)
1. Want stability and prosperity
2. Troublemakers
3. This has nothing to do with politics
4. Politics was dangerous, dirty and sensible 16
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17. POLITICAL CULTURE OF HONG KONG [2]
2. Gradual transformation of local politics
direct elections in the District Board (Council)
limited franchise in the Legislative Council elections
the formation of political parties
Mutual Aids Committees are regarded as the beginning
of local political participation
Campaigns and rallies are organized for political
purposes
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23. THE DISMANTLING OF QUEEN’S PIER
Do you think Hong Kong people are
politically indifferent? Purely money
hunters? Are afraid of politics? 23
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24. REFERENCES
Hong Kong's decade under China's flag: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-
pacific/6767861.stm
Understanding Hong Kong’s political and social culture:
http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/puo/bulletin/issue/200002/eculture8.htm
A Political Culture Unique to Hong Kong:
http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/puo/bulletin/issue/199701/english/culture.ht
m
Michael E. DeGolyer and Janet L. Scott, “The Myth of Political Apathy in
Hong Kong”, in Ming Sing ed., Hong Kong Government and Politics (Hong
Kong: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 373-386
Lam Wai-man [ 林蔚文 ], Understanding the Political Culture of Hong
Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization (Armonk, N.Y., M.E.
Sharpe, 2004) (You can study Chap. 9)
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![INTRODUCTION
We cannot escape from politics (except we decide to
live alone in an isolated island!), so how we learn about,
think of, as well as what we perceive, and feel about,
politics, are of significance
We learn, accumulate and transmit culture through
different ways in society that shapes our understanding,
perception, attitude, evaluation and even action. This
process is called socialization [ 社會化 ].
2
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