1. PERCEPTION &
COORDINATION

2. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
• Includes nerves connecting the brain and
spinal cord to other parts of the body.
• Includes Cranial and Spinal Nerves that
connect brain and spinal cord,
respectively, to peripheral structures such
as the skin surface and the skeletal
muscles.

3. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Spinal Nerves
• 31 pairs- contain
dendrites of sensory
neurons and axons of
motor neurons.
• Conducts impulses
between the spinal
and the parts of the
body not supplied by
the cranial nerves.

4. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Dermatomes

5. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Cranial Nerves

6. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN I: OLFACTORY
FUNCTION:
Purely Sensory
PURPOSE:
Transmits sense of
smell
TEST:
Coffee Smell
ABNORMALITY:
Hyperosmia – Acute
sense of smell
Parosmia – Abnormal
sense of smell
Anosmia – Loss of sense
of smell

7. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN II: OPTIC
FUNCTION:
Purely Sensory
PURPOSE:
Vision
TEST:
Ophthalmoscopy
Snellen Chart
Visual Field/COnfrontation
ABNORMALITY:
Blindnesss
Papilledema or choked
disc – blurred optic disc
during ophthalmoscopy

8. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN III: OCULOMOTOR
FUNCTION:
Mainly Motor
PURPOSE:
Pupil constriction
Accomodation (4 eom)
TEST:
Pupil light reaction
Eyeball movements
ABNORMALITY:
Tropia – muscle
weakness
Strabismus – cross-eyed

9. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN IV: TROCHLEAR
FUNCTION:
Mainly Motor
PURPOSE:
Innervates SOM of the
eyeball, looking to the
umbilicus area (turns eye
down and laterally
TEST:
Extraocular movement
ABNORMALITY:
Nystagmus – Rapid,
involuntary irregular
movement of the
eyeballs
Tropias – weakness of
EOM’s

10. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN V: TRIGEMINAL
FUNCTION:
Mixed
PURPOSE:
Masticate (motor)
Facial Sensation
Corneal Reflex
TEST:
Assess temporal/masseter muscle
strength, test the corneal reflex, and
sensation of pain, temp., & touch on
face
ABNORMALITY:
Trigeminal Neuralgia –
neuropathic disorder of
1 or both trigeminal
nerves

11. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN VI: ABDUCENS
FUNCTION:
Mainly Motor
PURPOSE:
Innervates the lateral rectus
muscles, to the ear direction
TEST:
Extraocular movement
ABNORMALITY:
Diplopia – double vision

12. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN VII: FACIAL NERVE
FUNCTION:
Mixed
PURPOSE:
Facial Expression, salivation & tearing,
Tasting in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Sensation in the ear
TEST:
Tearing: ammonia fumes
Facial Reactions
Test ability to taste sweet, salty, sour &
bitter substances.
ABNORMALITY:
Bells palsy – paralysis of
the muscles of facial
expression and inability
to binl eyelids

13. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN VIII: ACOUSTIC
FUNCTION:
Purely Sensory
PURPOSE:
Hearing and Balance
TEST:
Screen hearing
Weber’s Test
Rinne’s Test
ABNORMALITY:
Tinnitus – ringing in the
ear/s
Meniere’s disease or
endolyphatic hydrops

14. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN IX:
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
FUNCTION:
Mixed
PURPOSE:
Taste in the posterior 1/3 of
the tongue; swallowing and
salivation
TEST:
Gag Reflex
Swallowing
ABNORMALITY:
Loss of Gag Reflex
Dysphagia – Difficulty of
swallowing

15. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN X: VAGUS
FUNCTION:
Mixed
PURPOSE:
Laryngeal control, inhibits
HR, stimulates peristalsis
TEST:
Voice
HR
ABNORMALITY:
Dysphagia
Dysphonia– impairment
of voice

16. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN XI: ACCESSORY
FUNCTION:
Mainly Motor
PURPOSE:
Movements of the head and
shrugging of shoulders
TEST:
Shoulder strength
Head Rotation
ABNORMALITY:
Difficulty in rotating
head and raising
shoulder/chin against
resistance

17. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
The 12 Cranial Nerves
CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL
FUNCTION:
Mainly Motor
PURPOSE:
Movement of the tongue
TEST:
Tongue deviations
ABNORMALITY:
Fasciculations – coarse
involuntary movement
of the tongue

18. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Neuritis
• damage to nerves of
the peripheral nervous
system,which may be
caused either by diseases
of or trauma to the
nerve or the side-effects of
systemic illness.

19. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Trigeminal Neuralgia
• Compression or
degeneration of the fifth
cranial nerve, the
trigeminal nerve.

20. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Bell’s Palsy
• Compression,
degeneration, or infection
of the seventh cranial
nerve (facial nerve).

21. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
• Viral infection caused by
chickenpox virus that has
invaded the dorsal root
ganglion and remained
dormant until stress or
reduced immunity
precipitate an episode of
shingles.

22. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Review of the Major Divisions of the
Nervous System

23. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
• It consists of motor neurons that conduct
impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem
to the following kinds of tissues:
1. Cardiac muscle tissue
2. Smooth muscle tissue
3. Glandular muscle tissue

24. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
2 Subdivisions of the ANS
1. Sympathetic Nervous System
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

25. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Functional Anatomy of the ANS
• Autonomic Neurons make up the ANS.
• Ganglia- is a biological tissue mass, most
commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.
1. Preganglionic neurons –conduct impulses
between the spinal cord and a ganglion.
2. Postganglionic neurons – conduct impulses
from a ganglion to a cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle, or glandular epithelial tissue.

26. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Autonomic Conduction Path

27. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system

28. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Functions as an emergency system of the
body. (Fight or Flight Response)
• Impulses over sympathetic fibers take
control of many internal organs when we
exercise strenously and when strong
emotions (anger, fear, hate, anxiety) are
elicited.

29. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
STRUCTURE
• Sympathetic Preganglionic
Neurons- dendrites and
cell bodies in the gray
matter of the thoracic and
upper lumbar segments of
the spinal cord.

30. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System
STRUCTURE
• Sympathetic Post
ganglionic Neurons-
dendrites and cell bodies
in sympathetic ganglia.

31. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Autonomic Neurotransmitters

32. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
SNS Neurotransmitters
(Postganglionic Neurons-Effectors)
• Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
• 4 Adrenergic Receptors
a) Alpha1
b) Alpha2
c) Beta1
d) Beta2

33. Effects of Stimulation of Adrenergic Receptors

34. Effects of Stimulation of Adrenergic Receptors

35. The Anatomy & Physiology
of the nervous system
Sympathetic Responses