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B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIAN CONCEPTS OF
DISEASE AND HEALING
Spirits were blamed.
•Each spirit or god was held
responsible for only one disease.
TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
Ashipu and Asu
ASHIPU
Also accounted as
“sorcerer” or exorcist.
Diagnose the ailment, this
meant which god or
demon was causing the
illness.
Attempt to cure the patient
by means of charms and
spells that were designed
to drive out the spirit
causing the disease.
ASU
Also accounted as
“physician“
Dealt with empirical
applications of medication.
For example, when treating
wounds the asu generally
relied on washing,
bandaging, and making
plasters (a mixture of
medicinal ingredients
applied to a wound and
held on by a bandage)
• Medications were
ground and filtered
for ointments or
plasters to spread on
a piece of thin leather
to apply.
• Prescriptions
specified enemas,
laxatives, ointments,,
pills, powders, and
suppositories.
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN EGYPT
ADVENT OF EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
“ In Egypt men are more skilled in medicine than any
of mankind”
The Badarian age (4000 B.C)-beginning of medicine
in Egypt
• Use of malachite for parasitic eye disease
CONCEPTS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Understanding of gross
anatomy and physiology
-Mummification
-Autopsies of
mummies
-Dissection of animals
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN MEDICINE:
-Concepts of Anatomy and
Physiology
-Magic in Egyptian medicine
-The Holistic Healers
-Pattern of Disease in Egypt
-The Surgeons Role
-Drugs for Therapy
MAGIC AND MEDICINE IN EGYPT
Integration of
magic in medicine
Amulets
Gods of
medicine
and healing
Medications
Medications
Medications
Medications
Medications
Medications
Medications
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
LATINAMERICA
RURAL MEDICINE
Latin American rural medicine is
based on folk healing
developed from indigenous
beliefs and behaviors specific to
certain cultural groups and
settings.
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
While "scientific" medicine is based on the
theory of natural causation, many religious
and ethnic populations link magical or
supernatural intervention to the cause of an
illness. Ailments are grouped by:
-Natural causes
-Mystical causes
-Supernatural causes
-Magical causes
NATURAL CAUSES
- Injuries, physical
decline, stress and
virus/germs
resulting in
physiological
changes which are
scientifically
unchallenged.
MYSTICAL CAUSES
Karma, destiny,
taboo, soul lost
or putatively
mediated
conditions as a
response to
violations.
SUPERNATURAL CAUSES
Gods,
ancestors,
spirits or ghosts
who
vengefully
react to
provocation.
MAGICAL CAUSES
Sorcery and
witchcraft
with the
intent to
harm the
victim.
EXAMPLES
Natural folk diseases such as
"empacho," meaning intestinal
distress; Mystical folk diseases such as
"mal de oje," meaning evil eye, or
"susto," defined as a lost soul;
and Magical folk diseases of "mal
puesto," or "embujo," defined as hexing
and witchcraft.
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
ANCIENT ROME
• Maby years ago, the Romans invaded
Greece and paid little attention to their
medical treatment and Greek doctors such
as Hippocrates.
• Hippocrates was considered the father of
modern medicine.
SHORT HISTORY OF ROMAN
MEDICINE
• He created to the concept of medicine in a
different field of science away from the
approach of philosophy and myth.
• The Romans relied on home-made
medicines that had been used in households
for generations.
HIPPOCRATES
HERBAL MEDICINES
Herbal medicine
were one of the ways
they tried to cure
illnesses. (e.g.
mustard seeds were
good for the stomach
aches and nettle tea
for rheumatism.)
ROMAN MEDICAL TOOLS
• The Romans made
advance in surgery and
mainly because it fix their
practical needs.
• The Roman Empire was
based on conquering
land with their highly
effective army so getting
their injured soldier out
fighting was the goal.
SAW
A saw for
cutting
through
bones.
SCALPEL
A scalpel
for slicing
open flesh.
PROBE
Before
operations,
these were
used to
explore the
wound.
CATHETERS
• Catheters were
used to drain
the bladder of
patients who
were having
difficulty going
to the loo!
ASCLEPIUS
• Asclepius is the Greek
god of healing and
was the only the
Greek gods the
Romans prayed to.
• His symbol is twin
snakes winding
around a staff
•
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION AND
DENTISTRY IN INDIA
ANCIENT SURGERIES
Ancient India saw
great advancements
in medical science.
Some of these fields
were dental surgery,
and plastic surgery.
MEDICAL PRACTICES
• Around 800 B.C the first instances of
surgery were recorded. It was
considered as one of the eight branches
of Ayurveda.
• Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine –
is a system of Hindu traditional medicine
and is a form of alternative medicine.
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
• The main medical practitioners were Charaka
and Shusruta.
CHARAKA 300 B.C.
- Father of Medicine.
- His renowned work,
the “Charak Samhita“,
is considered as an
encyclopedia
of Ayurveda.
SHUSRUTA
- Father of plastic
surgery,
- excelled in
ophthalmology
(removing
cataracts) and
restoration of
mutilated nose or
rhinoplasty.
CATARACT SURGERY
Cataract surgery: Cataract
surgery was known to the Indian
physician Sushruta (6th century
BCE). In India, cataract surgery
was performed with a special
tool called the Jabamukhi
Salaka, a curved needle used to
loosen the lens and push the
cataract out of the field of vision,
the eye would later be soaked
with warm butter and then
bandaged.
ANCIENT MEDICINE IN INDIA
AYUR-VEDA is the
oldest existing
medical system,
having its heritage in
ancient India. It is
recognized by the
World Health
Organization and is
still widely practiced.
HYGIENE
Hygiene is an Indian cultural value
and a central practice of ayurvedic
medicine. Hygienic living involves
regular bathing, cleansing of teeth,
skin the body with oil is also pre-
care, and eye washing. Occasional
anointing of scribed.
Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners
developed a number of medicinal preparations and
surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments
Hundreds of plant-based
medicines are used in
ayurvedic medicine—
including cardamom and
cinnamon
Sesame and sunflower oil are
used in ayurvedic medicine.
Both contain linoleate in
triglyceride form and may have
antineoplastic properties.
DENTISTRY
The first society to
use dental bridges
and appliances
were the Etruscans,
starting around 700
BC.
The image shows a similar dental bridge
created by the Egyptians that uses gold
wires to hold the teeth together
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN CHINA
STYLES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE
MEDICINE
Acupuncture – Placing needles into the skin to
let out negative energy.
Herbalism – Mixing different kinds of herbs to
make medicine that will cure diseases.
Massage Therapy – A specialized massage
process that involves alleviating pain and
neutralizing other health problems.
Notable Figures
Li Shizhen (李时珍 )
Li Shizhen was one of China’s
greatest physicians and
pharmacologists, best known for
writing Bencao Gangmu (本草纲
目 ), a large compendium of the
medicinal uses and properties of
over 1000 types of herbs.
Bencao Gangmu (本
草纲目 )
Hua Tuo (华陀)
Hua Tuo was a famous
ancient Chinese physician
and the first person in
China recorded to have
used anesthesia during
surgery.
He was also known for his
ability to diagnose
miscarriages by simply
feeling a woman’s pulse.
HERBALISM
Medicines made from herbs have
a strong scent and can cure
disease like any other form of
medicines. They may have an
unusual taste, but the outcome of
taking these medicines is often
satisfying. Some herbalists make
herb medicine that are for the skin;
these mixtures are used to heal
cracks and bruises and alleviate
pain. Many traditional Chinese
soups also contain herbs.
MASSAGE THERAPY
There are four main stages of
healing through massage:
Relief
Correction
Strengthening
Maintenance
RELIEF
The first few sessions of
massages are
concentrated on relieving
pain, reducing muscle
tension, and relaxing
stressed nerves. All these
steps are preparation for
further stages of
massages. The relief
stage mainly aims for
CORRECTION
Once the pain is gone, the
therapist will work on the
problem that caused the pain.
This stage is important
because if action is done
before the pain subsides,
then the patient being
massaged might feel even
more pain. The techniques
used here is stimulating the
lymphatic system and
freeing knotted and scarred
muscle fibers, thus
STRENGTHENING
Strengthening is important in
the reparation of a badly
damaged area; weakness at
the injury site can cause the
same problem to occur again.
The techniques used in this
stage strengthen the tissues
near the injury area, enabling
them to provide proper
structure and support when
the injury is healed. This will
also serves to reduce the
chances of getting the same
problem or disease again.
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance is the final
stage in healing and the
first step in preventing
other injuries from
affecting the person
being massaged. The
aim of this stage is to
prevent the same
disease from occurring
again and prevent the
occurrence of new
problems/symptoms in
the afflicted area.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is one of the main forms of
treatment found in traditional Chinese
medicine; a technique that has been
practiced for thousands of years.
Acupuncture involves the use of sharp,
thin needles that are inserted in the body
at very specific points. These points are
usually the places from which the pain
comes from. Acupuncture may sometimes
be used to relax muscle tension and
reduce stress. This process is believed to
adjust the body’s energy flow into
healthier patterns and become better
balanced. It is used to cure a variety of
diseases, illnesses, and heal conditions.
ACUPUNCTURE
Acupuncture has been proven to be
an effective treatment for over 40
medical problems, including allergies,
respiration conditions, disorders of
the eyes, nose, throat, and childhood
illnesses. Acupuncture could also be
an effective and inexpensive
treatment for headaches and chronic
pain, such as common tooth aches.
Acupuncture can reduce pain in
certain illness; it could really be
useful for diseases that aren’t known
ACUPUNCTURE
Acupuncture is used by many people all
over the world; it is well known and
inexpensive. Most doctors will recommend
their patients to get an acupuncture
treatment in a clean hospital or clinic. Like
other traditional Chinese medicine,
acupuncture also reduces the symptoms
of health problems and diseases. The logic
behind acupuncture has kept it valid form
of medication for thousands of years and
many more generations to come.
B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN CHINA

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Medications

  • 1. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN MESOPOTAMIA
  • 2. MESOPOTAMIAN CONCEPTS OF DISEASE AND HEALING Spirits were blamed. •Each spirit or god was held responsible for only one disease.
  • 3. TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS Ashipu and Asu
  • 4. ASHIPU Also accounted as “sorcerer” or exorcist. Diagnose the ailment, this meant which god or demon was causing the illness. Attempt to cure the patient by means of charms and spells that were designed to drive out the spirit causing the disease.
  • 5. ASU Also accounted as “physician“ Dealt with empirical applications of medication. For example, when treating wounds the asu generally relied on washing, bandaging, and making plasters (a mixture of medicinal ingredients applied to a wound and held on by a bandage)
  • 6. • Medications were ground and filtered for ointments or plasters to spread on a piece of thin leather to apply. • Prescriptions specified enemas, laxatives, ointments,, pills, powders, and suppositories.
  • 7. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN EGYPT
  • 8. ADVENT OF EGYPTIAN MEDICINE “ In Egypt men are more skilled in medicine than any of mankind” The Badarian age (4000 B.C)-beginning of medicine in Egypt • Use of malachite for parasitic eye disease
  • 9. CONCEPTS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Understanding of gross anatomy and physiology -Mummification -Autopsies of mummies -Dissection of animals
  • 10. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MEDICINE: -Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology -Magic in Egyptian medicine -The Holistic Healers -Pattern of Disease in Egypt -The Surgeons Role -Drugs for Therapy
  • 11. MAGIC AND MEDICINE IN EGYPT Integration of magic in medicine Amulets Gods of medicine and healing
  • 19. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN LATINAMERICA
  • 20. RURAL MEDICINE Latin American rural medicine is based on folk healing developed from indigenous beliefs and behaviors specific to certain cultural groups and settings.
  • 21. SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE While "scientific" medicine is based on the theory of natural causation, many religious and ethnic populations link magical or supernatural intervention to the cause of an illness. Ailments are grouped by: -Natural causes -Mystical causes -Supernatural causes -Magical causes
  • 22. NATURAL CAUSES - Injuries, physical decline, stress and virus/germs resulting in physiological changes which are scientifically unchallenged.
  • 23. MYSTICAL CAUSES Karma, destiny, taboo, soul lost or putatively mediated conditions as a response to violations.
  • 24. SUPERNATURAL CAUSES Gods, ancestors, spirits or ghosts who vengefully react to provocation.
  • 25. MAGICAL CAUSES Sorcery and witchcraft with the intent to harm the victim.
  • 26. EXAMPLES Natural folk diseases such as "empacho," meaning intestinal distress; Mystical folk diseases such as "mal de oje," meaning evil eye, or "susto," defined as a lost soul; and Magical folk diseases of "mal puesto," or "embujo," defined as hexing and witchcraft.
  • 27. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN ANCIENT ROME
  • 28. • Maby years ago, the Romans invaded Greece and paid little attention to their medical treatment and Greek doctors such as Hippocrates. • Hippocrates was considered the father of modern medicine. SHORT HISTORY OF ROMAN MEDICINE
  • 29. • He created to the concept of medicine in a different field of science away from the approach of philosophy and myth. • The Romans relied on home-made medicines that had been used in households for generations. HIPPOCRATES
  • 30. HERBAL MEDICINES Herbal medicine were one of the ways they tried to cure illnesses. (e.g. mustard seeds were good for the stomach aches and nettle tea for rheumatism.)
  • 31. ROMAN MEDICAL TOOLS • The Romans made advance in surgery and mainly because it fix their practical needs. • The Roman Empire was based on conquering land with their highly effective army so getting their injured soldier out fighting was the goal.
  • 35. CATHETERS • Catheters were used to drain the bladder of patients who were having difficulty going to the loo!
  • 36. ASCLEPIUS • Asclepius is the Greek god of healing and was the only the Greek gods the Romans prayed to. • His symbol is twin snakes winding around a staff •
  • 37. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION AND DENTISTRY IN INDIA
  • 38. ANCIENT SURGERIES Ancient India saw great advancements in medical science. Some of these fields were dental surgery, and plastic surgery.
  • 39. MEDICAL PRACTICES • Around 800 B.C the first instances of surgery were recorded. It was considered as one of the eight branches of Ayurveda. • Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine – is a system of Hindu traditional medicine and is a form of alternative medicine.
  • 40. MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS • The main medical practitioners were Charaka and Shusruta.
  • 41. CHARAKA 300 B.C. - Father of Medicine. - His renowned work, the “Charak Samhita“, is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda.
  • 42. SHUSRUTA - Father of plastic surgery, - excelled in ophthalmology (removing cataracts) and restoration of mutilated nose or rhinoplasty.
  • 43. CATARACT SURGERY Cataract surgery: Cataract surgery was known to the Indian physician Sushruta (6th century BCE). In India, cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision, the eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged.
  • 44. ANCIENT MEDICINE IN INDIA AYUR-VEDA is the oldest existing medical system, having its heritage in ancient India. It is recognized by the World Health Organization and is still widely practiced.
  • 45. HYGIENE Hygiene is an Indian cultural value and a central practice of ayurvedic medicine. Hygienic living involves regular bathing, cleansing of teeth, skin the body with oil is also pre- care, and eye washing. Occasional anointing of scribed.
  • 46. Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners developed a number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments Hundreds of plant-based medicines are used in ayurvedic medicine— including cardamom and cinnamon Sesame and sunflower oil are used in ayurvedic medicine. Both contain linoleate in triglyceride form and may have antineoplastic properties.
  • 47. DENTISTRY The first society to use dental bridges and appliances were the Etruscans, starting around 700 BC. The image shows a similar dental bridge created by the Egyptians that uses gold wires to hold the teeth together
  • 48. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN CHINA
  • 49. STYLES OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE Acupuncture – Placing needles into the skin to let out negative energy. Herbalism – Mixing different kinds of herbs to make medicine that will cure diseases. Massage Therapy – A specialized massage process that involves alleviating pain and neutralizing other health problems.
  • 50. Notable Figures Li Shizhen (李时珍 ) Li Shizhen was one of China’s greatest physicians and pharmacologists, best known for writing Bencao Gangmu (本草纲 目 ), a large compendium of the medicinal uses and properties of over 1000 types of herbs. Bencao Gangmu (本 草纲目 )
  • 51. Hua Tuo (华陀) Hua Tuo was a famous ancient Chinese physician and the first person in China recorded to have used anesthesia during surgery. He was also known for his ability to diagnose miscarriages by simply feeling a woman’s pulse.
  • 52. HERBALISM Medicines made from herbs have a strong scent and can cure disease like any other form of medicines. They may have an unusual taste, but the outcome of taking these medicines is often satisfying. Some herbalists make herb medicine that are for the skin; these mixtures are used to heal cracks and bruises and alleviate pain. Many traditional Chinese soups also contain herbs.
  • 53. MASSAGE THERAPY There are four main stages of healing through massage: Relief Correction Strengthening Maintenance
  • 54. RELIEF The first few sessions of massages are concentrated on relieving pain, reducing muscle tension, and relaxing stressed nerves. All these steps are preparation for further stages of massages. The relief stage mainly aims for
  • 55. CORRECTION Once the pain is gone, the therapist will work on the problem that caused the pain. This stage is important because if action is done before the pain subsides, then the patient being massaged might feel even more pain. The techniques used here is stimulating the lymphatic system and freeing knotted and scarred muscle fibers, thus
  • 56. STRENGTHENING Strengthening is important in the reparation of a badly damaged area; weakness at the injury site can cause the same problem to occur again. The techniques used in this stage strengthen the tissues near the injury area, enabling them to provide proper structure and support when the injury is healed. This will also serves to reduce the chances of getting the same problem or disease again.
  • 57. MAINTENANCE Maintenance is the final stage in healing and the first step in preventing other injuries from affecting the person being massaged. The aim of this stage is to prevent the same disease from occurring again and prevent the occurrence of new problems/symptoms in the afflicted area.
  • 58. Acupuncture Acupuncture is one of the main forms of treatment found in traditional Chinese medicine; a technique that has been practiced for thousands of years. Acupuncture involves the use of sharp, thin needles that are inserted in the body at very specific points. These points are usually the places from which the pain comes from. Acupuncture may sometimes be used to relax muscle tension and reduce stress. This process is believed to adjust the body’s energy flow into healthier patterns and become better balanced. It is used to cure a variety of diseases, illnesses, and heal conditions.
  • 59. ACUPUNCTURE Acupuncture has been proven to be an effective treatment for over 40 medical problems, including allergies, respiration conditions, disorders of the eyes, nose, throat, and childhood illnesses. Acupuncture could also be an effective and inexpensive treatment for headaches and chronic pain, such as common tooth aches. Acupuncture can reduce pain in certain illness; it could really be useful for diseases that aren’t known
  • 60. ACUPUNCTURE Acupuncture is used by many people all over the world; it is well known and inexpensive. Most doctors will recommend their patients to get an acupuncture treatment in a clean hospital or clinic. Like other traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture also reduces the symptoms of health problems and diseases. The logic behind acupuncture has kept it valid form of medication for thousands of years and many more generations to come.
  • 61. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R MEDICATION IN CHINA