1. 9/10/2012
Introduction to Vines and
Wines
Hort/VE 113 Fall 2012
Session 4-Grape Botany II
Grape Cell development into differentiated
tissues can manifest itself in many ways:
• some cells remain undifferentiated
• some develop into conductive
elements in the stems
m m
• some become strengthening tissues to
hold the plant upright
• others become more specialized
– Leaves, flowers, fruits
Grapevine
Morphology & Anatomy
Vines = Woody, perennial, deciduous
climbers (> 30 m)
• Flexible trunks, tendrils
• C
Create their own support
t th i t
• Spread foliage over tree canopy
• Can live > 200 years
Vegetative organs and reproductive
organs
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2. 9/10/2012
A-trunk
B-cordon
D-shoot
G spur
G-spur
K-cluster
L-leaf
M-tendril
N-summer
lateral shoot
C-cane
E-arm
F-sucker
H-cane
i-internode
i int n d
J-renewal
spur
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3. 9/10/2012
Roots
• Interface between vine and soil
• Physical support
• Water & nutrient uptake
• Storage organ
• Source of growth hormones
Mature Root Cross Section
(3 years old)
Old secondary phloem (2nd year)
Bark Phellem
Phellogen Periderm
Phelloderm
Secondary phloem
yp
Vascular cambium
Ray
Wood
Secondary xylem
(3rd year)
Secondary xylem
(2nd year)
Vessel
Secondary xylem
Pith (1st year)
Primary xylem
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4. 9/10/2012
Roots-From Form to Function
• Root cap: protection,
lubrication, gravity perception
• Apical meristem: cell division
& differentiation
• Root hairs (epidermis): water
& nutrient uptake
• Vascular cambium: xylem &
phloem production
• Xylem: water & nutrient
transport
• Phloem: assimilate transport
Roots
Why use rootstocks?
• Phylloxera resistance • Soil depth
• Nematode resistance • Water holding
– Root-knot and capacity
complexes • Soil texture
– Dagger and fanleaf
• Fertilityy
• Future water
• Drought availability
• Salinity Climate and effect on
• Calcareous soils fruit quality
• Vigor • Marketing fruit or
wine
• Required yield
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5. 9/10/2012
Trunk and Shoots
•Physical support
•Water, nutrient & assimilate
transport
•Storage organ
Growth vs. Development
• Development = morphogenesis
• Morphogenesis = cellular
differentiation-where a less specialized
diff ti ti h l i li d
cell becomes a more distinct cell/tissue
type
Shoot Development
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6. 9/10/2012
Shoot Development
Leaves
• Vine/air interface
• Light interception
• Assimilate &
energy production
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7. 9/10/2012
Growth vs. Development
• Growth refers to an increase in some quantity
over time.
• quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in
height)
• abstract (e.g., a system becoming more
(e g
complex, an organism becoming more mature)
• can also refer to the mode of growth, e.g.
– Cell expansion
– Tissue growth
– Growth of plant parts, e.g. roots, shoots, leaves,
flowers, stems, bulbs, etc.
Growth vs. Development
• Development = morphogenesis
• Morphogenesis = cellular
differentiation-where a less specialized
diff ti ti h l i li d
cell becomes a more distinct cell/tissue
type
Growth example-concord grape
• Dormant-no visible
indication of growth
• Scale Crack (SC) - Bud
Scale Cracked - is the
first visible indication of
growth. A small crack
occurs between the hard
outermost bud scales as
the bud begins to swell
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8. 9/10/2012
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• First Swell (S-1), the bud has
swollen out of the hard outer bud
scale and is globular, light brown
(doe-colored), and fuzzy. No
green or pink is visible as of yet.
• Full Swell (S-2), the bud has
elongated (about 1.5 to 2 x as
long as wide) one or more bulges
of leaf tissue are visible and
appear green or pink. The bud
remains closed around the growing
point.
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• Bud Burst (B), the leaves have
separated at the tip, usually
exposing the growing point. No
leaf is, as yet, at a right angle
to the growing stem.
• Expanded Shoot (ES) is the final
step and occurs when the stem is
4-6 cm in length with 1-3 small
leaves at right angles to the
stem.
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• 4-8 " shoots - shoots are 4 to 8
inches long. Three leaves are out
on this stem and 2 flower clusters
are exposed.
• 10-16 " shoots - shoots are more
than 8 inches long. Flower Clusters
are clearly visible. Many Growers
talk about the number of leaves out
perpendicular to the shoot.
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9. 9/10/2012
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• First Bloom - first flowers open.
• Bloom(full bloom) – Most(90%)
flowers are open.
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• Buckshot Berries- berries are the
size of buckshot pellets.
• Berry Touch - or cluster
tightening is when the berries
begin to touch and it becomes
impossible to protect the interior
of the bunch from pests and
diseases.
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• Green Fruit - berries are
green and hard.
• Veraison – “ripening”, berries
soften and change color as
they begin to ripen.
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10. 9/10/2012
Growth example-concord grape(cont.)
• Colored fruit- “ripe” berries are
soft and ripe, colored as sugar
content and berry size increase.
• Harvest - grapes for wine, juice
are harvested mechanically
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr-
68FNBsvc
Flowers & Grape Berries
• Reproduction
• Seed maturation &
dispersal
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11. 9/10/2012
Grape anatomical development
• Ovule → seed
• Pistil → berry
• Skin = exocarp
• (epidermis + outer
• hypodermis)
• Flesh = mesocarp +
• endocarp
Anatomy of a grape
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