1er proyecto de investigación en Kent

Hungry?
An investigation into
the Health and Wellness of
Kent State University students

01 Task Deﬁnition:
Initial Research to Deﬁne the Problem

Task Definition
Initial Research

· How is obesity defined? SOURCES

SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

· What causes people to become overweight? RESEARCH BOOKS

NEWS ARTICLES
· How available are healthy food options?
DOCUMENTARIES

· How do people make food choices?
· What are people’s priorities?
· What role does ethnicity play?
· How do people view fitness?
· How does Public Policy affect obesity?
· How does genetics affect weight gain?
· How does marketing and TV affect people?

Hungry? | Adina Feigenbaum, Andy Schwanbeck, Diego Brito, Peni Acayo November 17, 2011

Task Deﬁnition
Initial Research

“Weight gain and obesity are caused by consuming more calories than the body
needs —most commonly by eating a diet high in fat and calories, living a
sedentary lifestyle, or both.”
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/understandingObesity/index.cfm

“In the United States, 64.5% of adults and 15% of children ages 6–19 are
overweight. Dieting is rampant, but most who lose weight gain it back. Some experts
blame ever-increasing portion sizes and the proliferation of tasty, high-calorie fast
foods that make it all too easy to eat a day’s worth of calories in one supersize meal.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/26/science/why-we-eat-and-eat-and-eat.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

“The grocery store is set up in a way to get you to purchase what they want you to
place in your cart. Whether you want to or not. Some of these items can be healthy
but, unfortunately, most are not.”
http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/17/health/la-he-food-deserts-20110712

“The cheapest calories come from fried foods, chips and sodas”

“The heavier one’s friends, the higher one’s own chances of becoming overweight...
How is that transmitted to you? By sharing behavior... It’s either ‘Let’s go running’ or
‘Let’s share these mufﬁns.’”
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36281026/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/t/why-we-eat-when-were-not-hungry/#.TsEjfGAgxD5


Task De nition
Task Definition
Assumptions Map Map
1.2 Assumptions

MARKETING PERCEPTIONS EDUCATION PRIORITIES

FOOD · Growing portion sizes ·
Energy dense foods should be rewards ·
Poor out of home choices ·
Spend less money on food = bad food
·
Availability and accesability of food ·
Cost of dieting ·
Blaming only sugar ·
Breakdown mealtimes with family
·
Purchasing environments ·
Improper drinking soft drinks ·
Food budget
·
Sweets are a given ·
Poor family eating habits
·
Commercials push fast & processed food ·
Misseducated “poor woman”
·
Cooking is now something you watch ·
Concepts of“diet” and “dieting”
·
Kids eat out of boredom, stress, or pres-
sure
·
Grocery stores push unhealthy foods
·
Portion controlled packages = overeating
·
Making poor eating decisions
·
Shop @more $$grocery stores = skinny

FITNESS ·
Quick fixes vrs exercise ·
Exercise is too difficult ·
Weight-loss and body building ·
Pay less for gym
·
Physical activity is a spectator sport ·
Sports nos as available for adults ·
Improper prioritizing of income and time.
·
Too many choices for fitness ·
Boredom of routine ·
·
Not enough results
·
Fear of failure
·
Too out of shape for exersices
·
Body image
·
Fear of exercise equipment
·
No entertainment in exercise
·
Public embarrassment
·
Insegurities @Gym

The Plus Sized Problem | Adina Feigenbaum, Andy Schwanbeck, Diego Brito, Peni Acayo November 17, 2011

Task De nition
Task Definition
1.2 Assumptions Map
Assumptions Map

MARKETING PERCEPTIONS EDUCATION PRIORITIES

FOOD MARKETING
· Growing portion sizes PERCEPTIONS foods should be rewards
· Energy dense EDUCATION home choices
· Poor out of PRIORITIES money on food = bad food
· Spend less
· Availability and accesability of food · Cost of dieting · Blaming only sugar · Breakdown mealtimes with family
FOOD · Purchasing environments
· Growing portion sizes ·
Energy dense foods should be rewards ·
Poor out of home choices
· Improper drinking soft drinks ·
Spend less money on food = bad food
· Food budget
·
Availabilityaand accesability of food
· Sweets are given ·
Cost of dieting ·
Blaming only sugar
· Poor family eating habits ·
Breakdown mealtimes with family
·
Purchasing environments
· Commercials push fast & processed food ·
Improper drinking soft drinks
· Misseducated “poor woman” ·
Food budget
·
Sweets arenow something you watch
· Cooking is a given ·
Poor family eating habits
· Concepts of“diet” and “dieting”
·
Commercials push fast & processed food
· Kids eat out of boredom, stress, or pressure ·
Misseducated “poor woman”
·
Cooking stores push unhealthy foods
· Grocery is now something you watch ·
Concepts of“diet” and “dieting”
·
Kids eat out of boredom, stress, or pres-
· Portion controlled packages = overeating
sure
· Making poor eating decisions
·
Grocery stores push unhealthy foods
· Shop @more $$grocery stores = skinny
·
Portion controlled packages = overeating
FITNESS ·
Makingxes vrs exercise
· Quick poor eating decisions · Exercise is too di cult · Weight-loss and body building · Pay less for gym
·
Shop @more $$grocery stores = skinny
· Physical activity is a spectator sport · Sports nos as available for adults · Improper prioritizing of income and time.
· Too many choices for tness · Boredom of routine
FITNESS ·
Quick fixes vrs exercise ·
Exercise is too difficult ·
Weight-loss and body building ·
Pay less· for gym
· Not enough results
·
Physical activity is a spectator sport ·
Sports failure available for adults
· Fear of nos as ·
Improper prioritizing of income and time.
·
Too many choices for fitness ·
Boredom of routine exersices
· Too out of shape for ·
·
Not enough results
· Body image
·
· Fear of failure
·
Tooentertainmentfor exercise
· No out of shape in exersices
·
Body image
· Public embarrassment
·
· Insegurities @Gym
·
No entertainment in exercise
FOOD AND FITNESS Unrealistic diets and exercise ·
Public embarrassment
· Systems are intimidating · Not reasonable goals · Lack of commitment
Body images ·
Insegurities @Gym
· Desire quick x · Dietary education · Lack of motivation to change lifestyle
· Acceptance · Di erences in weight-loss techniques
· “Being healthy” concept · Dieting trends = regain weight



Task Deﬁnition
Information Problem

We believe through education we can circumvent marketing to change
our perceptions and prioroties towards a healthy lifestyle


02 Information Seeking Strategies:
How Will We Get the Informaton We Need?

Information Seeking Strategies
Selecting the Best Sources

Students who live on campus
AVOIDED AREAS
Opportunities:
FITNESS CENTER
- Easily accessible crowd to seek information from
OFF-CAMPUS RESTAURANTS
- Heavily inﬂuenced by what happens on campus, since campus is their home
- Have different lifestyles, priorities, and facilities than students living off-campus OFF-CAMPUS SHOPPING CENTERS
- Known factors in regard to the facilities they access for food.
APARTMENT DWELLERS
- More opportunities to interject solutions to college facilities
- Internal “Kent Campus” lifestyle is easier to understand COMMUTERS

GRADUATE STUDENTS
Drawbacks:
FACULTY
- Will not account for any experiences off campus in restaurants and shopping facilities
- Will be focused more towards freshman, since they are the majority of on-campus students EXERCISE ROUTINES


Information Seeking Strategies Figure A. Kent State University Campus Map
Areas to Target on Campus

Prentice Hall
Food Court and Shopping Market
Reason: Accessed more often by upperclassman Prentice Hall

Student Center Tri-Towers
Food Court, Mini Market, Cafeteria, and
(2) Restaurants Student
Reason: Largest eating destination on campus, Center
accessed by all students on campus

Eastway
Tri-Towers Center
Rosie’s Restaurant, Shopping Market
Reason: Late night hours, many unhealthy made
to order options

Eastway Center
Shopping Market and Deli, Cafeteria
Reason: Largest market on campus, also targeted
the most to freshman.

Food Purchasing Dorms


Determining the Sources

Surveys
Objective
To understand the inﬂuences that lead to poor health habits on campus

Reason
To reach a large number of students for a better understanding of the “average.”
To ask some sensitive questions that might be difﬁcult to answer in an interview.

Additional Secondary Research
Objective
To understand university policies on food plans and when and where they can be used

Reason
This information is published and easily available online.

Card Sorting
Objective
To understand the priorities of eating healthy

Reason
By ranking items, we can quickly gather data that will give us insights into more
important factors of a healthy lifestyle


Determining the Sources

Self Photo Ethnography
Objective
To document student eating habits and food shopping environments

Reason
Understand the connection between eating environments and students choices.

Shadowing
Objective
To document the shopping process.

Reason
To help establish when the student makes poor decisions

Interviews
Objective
To gain deeper insights into students perceptions of healthy eating and
how it connects to campus life.

Reason
To improvise the conversation in different directions based on the students
comfort talking about this subject.


03 Location and Access:
Research Strategy Plan

Location and Access
Research Logic Model

DATE 10/11 - 10/25 10/25 - 10/3 11/3 - 11/9 11/3 - 11/9 11/3 - 11/9

Initial Research Literature review Initial Observations and Public Intercepts Revised Intercepts
Photo Ethnography
PURPOSE To get an initial understanding of the To gain a deeper and more specific People don’t always do what they say, so Get a preliminary idea of what the Gain a deeper understanding of people’s
topic. understanding of the problem in relation this is give us first hand insight into student’s thoughts and ideas are motivations and priorities with revised
to KSU students. what people are actually doing. towards their food and exercise choices. tactics based off of initial intercepts.

ACTIONS Secondary Research: Food Places to observe: Places to conduct Intercepts: Places to conduct Intercepts:
• Journals • Understand the meal plan options— • Student center food court and dinning. • Student Center • Prentice
• Scholarly articles where its used, how much it costs, are • East way dinning hall and grocery store • Dorms • Student Center
• Books on obesity they obligated to have a meal plan. especially during lunch and dinner • East way Dinning and market
• Publications • Find out what the food options are on hours, dinning • Prentice Methods:
• Blogs campus and the economics of the • Rosies • Randomly ask people questions
various choices. Methods: • Card sorting
• Websites: NIH, Obesity in America
• Figure out the flashcard system— • Observations Methods: • Shadow people while they shop or eat.
(compile bibliography for these findings) where it is accepted, what the • Photo ethnography • Randomly ask people questions
restrictions are if any to using it. • Note taking • Staff/workers at various food locations
• Dorms and apartments— • Shadow people while they shop or eat
Understand what facilities are available
• One-on-one interviews
to students for cooking and storing
food.

OUTCOME • Areas of interest: • Make contacts to help further our • Gain an initial understanding of how • Use this experience to better • Use this experience to better
Marketing, priorities, perceptions, primary research. students are using the available understand how to approach students understand how to approach students
Education (Location and Time). • Understand the campus food situation facilities and services. in future intercepts. in future intercepts.
• KSU students were chosen as the target better in order to build better questions • Find trends to ask further questions • Narrow focus on target group based on • Narrow focus on target group based on
audience because of easy access. for the intercepts. later about motivations and goals. findings in order to better focus the findings in order to better focus the
• Led to realization of information still • Further narrow down a target audience, second round of intercepts. second round of intercepts.
needed. even if only slightly. • Gain a better understanding of the • Gain a better understanding of the
• The majority of the factors affecting situation at hand. situation at hand.
obesity fell into two major categories: • Find trends to lead to card sorting of • Find trends to lead to card sorting of
food and exercise motivations and priorities. motivations and priorities.


04 Execution of Methods:
Documentation and Extraction

Use of Information
Written and Photo Ethnography
Use of Information
4.1 Written and Photo Ethnography

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Use of Information
Information
Written andand Photo Ethnography
4.1 Written Photo Ethnography

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Hungry? Adina Feigenbaum, Feigenbaum, Andy Diego Brito, Peni Brito,
The Plus |Sized Problem | Adina Andy Schwanbeck,Schwanbeck, DiegoAcayo Peni Acayo November 17, 2011
November 17, 2011

Use of Information
Food Shopping Maps

EASTWAY MARKET

CHECKOUT/CANDY DELI
CHIPS

SODA
MILK
FROZEN TREATS SHAKE

COOKIES/SWEET TREATS
CANDY DELI
MEATS

CANNED FOOD
CONDIMENTS
CANDY SODA
NON-FOOD ITEMS

CHIPS
CANDY HEALTH
DRINKS

CEREAL SODA CHIPS


Use of Information
Use of Information

/////// 01!2$3-!/ '()*+,


Use of of Information
Use Information

415-!1&//
#$51!/6/7"18!$


Use of Information
Use of Information

/01!2$3-!/
-(.é


Use of Information
Food Shopping Maps

PRENTICE HALL MARKET PRENTICE HALL DINING AREA

BREAD FROZEN FOOD
DELI
FROZEN FOOD

SODA SODA SODA

DESSERTS
FROZEN TREATS CHIPS

CANDY
CASHIER CASHIER
SALAD BAR
COOKIES/CANDY COOKIES/CANDY
JUICE / CHIPS PACKAGED FOOD
CHIPS

SODA SODA
CHIPS SODA CHIPS
POT-PIE
PIZZA TACOS &
BURGERS/FRIES BURRITOS

POTATO CHIPS SODA POP
1000 CALORIES AVERAGE PER BAG 100-1000 CALORIES DEPENDING ON SIZE


Use of Information
Use of Information

/
#$9:!2$/-!2$!1
;<=/(>?/*+>,/'()*+,/3/6/33


Use of Information
Use of Information

/ #$9:!2$/-!2$!1
#@AB+=+C/(>?/:('D>EF/4)GCC


Use ofof Information
Use Information

15#3!E# :G>>+)

Hungry? | Adina Feigenbaum, Andy Schwanbeck, Diego Brito, Peni Acayo
November 17, 2011

Use of Information
Use of Information

15#3!E# 7()*+,


Execution of Methods
Documentation and Extraction


Use of Information
Intercepts

THINGS PEOPLE BOUGHT Lifestyle
· YOGURT
“We have a football party every Sunday with cookies and danish”
· CEREAL
· MILK
· ORANGE JUICE
Money
· PROTEIN BARS “Swipe and forget”
· DIP (B/C IT WAS CUTE)
· RICE Health
· OREOS
“Dude! You know how many calories are in that???” “Man, you know
· FROZEN MEALS
· POP
I have the basic meal-plan...”
· JUICE “I think healthy means a salad. I try to eat one for lunch,
· GATERADE but dinner is a different story”
· SOBE LIFE WATER
“I think that Salad, Water, and Gaterade are considered healthy”
· CHEESCAKE IN A CUP
· CANDY
“I think that my diet is Unhealthy, but it’s the same as high school”
· CHICKEN POT PIE “Lucky Charms are my guilty pleasure, but in general I try to eat healthy”
· FRIES “I look for healthier options; things not fried”
· POP
“If you think that eating a bag of Snickers is healthy, you are just crazy!”
· LETTUCE
· BREAD-STICKS
“What’s healthy is just common sense”
· PASTA WITH VEGGIES “I am the one everyone hates” (girl who eats junk but is skinny)
· CHICKEN FINGERS “I’m a college student, we eat everything”


Use of Information
Intercepts

Incites
· Group influence when eating decisions are made
(one friend picks bad choice, and everyone else follows).

· Only one person shopped with a list, and
only one person read nutrition labels.

· Seems most people pack breakfast and snacks,
but purchase lunch and dinner.

· Some choose food by the way it looks, and some chose
food based on line lengths.

· Learned eating habits from friends and family.

· People seemed health conscious, though
their actions did not always align.

· Student’s definitions of healthy were not always accurate.


Use of Information
Card Sorting

Summary
Card sorting became a way for us to validate our initial intercept ﬁndings as well as gather any information that we missed in our previous
techniques. The process proved to be a useful way for us to quantify results quickly.

Questions Questions
Where do your perceptions of health come from? How do you choose what you eat?

Where do you eat your meals?
- The top answer is in apartment/dorm room
- Ranking 3 out of 4 was on the go

Who do you eat with?
- 71% responded alone, 42% responded with a friend or multiple friends


Use of Information
Food Plan Usage

CHART ILLUSTRATING MEAL PLAN USAGE AND HOURS OF OPERATION AT THE DIFFERENT ONCAMPUS LOCATIONS

BREAK FAST LUNCH DINNER LATE DINNER
Mon - Fri 7am 8am 9am 10am Noon 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am
East way Café
East Way Market
Prentice Café
Munchies Market
Rosies Diner
Rosies Market
Student Center hub
Kent Market I
Kent Market II
Third Floor Shwabel

Can’t Use Meal plan

Hours of operation

Closed


Use of Information
Food Plan Usage

CHART ILLUSTRATING MEAL PLAN USAGE AND HOURS OF OPERATION AT THE DIFFERENT ONCAMPUS LOCATIONS
Premier Plus Plan
$2350

BREAK FAST LUNCH DINNER LATE DINNER
Mon - Fri 7am 8am 9am 10am Noon 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am
East way Café
East Way Market Premier Plan
$2,000
Prentice Café
Munchies Market
Rosies Diner
Rosies Market
Student Center hub Basic Plan
Kent Market I $1,695

Kent Market II
Third Floor Shwabel

Lite Plan
Can’t Use Meal plan $1,555

Hours of operation

Closed


05 Synthesis:
Creating an Experience Model for Design Interjection

Synthesis
Synthesis
Charting the 5 E’s
5.1 Charting the 5 E’s
Summary
The overall experience chart of food interaction shows that there may be opportunities for design interjection in the
“Enter” and “Exit” experience

Entice Enter Engage Exit Extend

PEOPLE

ENVIRONMENT

Hungry? | AdinaSized Problem |Andy Schwanbeck, DiegoSchwanbeck, Diego Brito, Peni Acayo
The Plus Feigenbaum, Adina Feigenbaum, Andy Brito, Peni Acayo November 17, 2011 2011
November 17,

Synthesis
Charting the 5 E’s

Summary
The overall experience chart of food interaction shows that there may be opportunities for design interjection in the
“Enter” and “Exit” experience

Entice Enter Engage Exit Extend

PEOPLE

ENVIRONMENT


Synthesis
Convenience OBSERVATIONS
OPPORTUNITIES
ENTICE

10
ENTER EXIT
9
8
7
6
5
PRIORITY LEVEL

ENGAGE
4 EXTEND
3
2
1

ENTICE
- Observations: Location & Proximity to home and routine, How crowded a particular destination is
- Opportunities: Provide more mobile healthy food

ENTER
- Observations: Signage, Food Placement, Specials, Point of Purchase Displays, Lines for different food options
- Opportunities: Promote grab and go options with attractive signage and up front store placement

ENGAGE
- Observations: Limited opportunities since engagement will likely be fast, proximity of bad/good choices sway decision making
- Opportunities:

EXIT
- Observations: Length of lines, Time to complete transaction, what exits except cash-flash card and credit card
- Opportunities: Reward with fast checkouts for healthy eating

EXTEND
- Observations: Eating on the go, Convenience of meals out of a bag, quick access and no mess
- Opportunities: Carry friendly packaging for healthy options and more grab and go options


Synthesis
Unhealthy Food Options OBSERVATIONS
OPPORTUNITIES

10
9
8 ENTER EXIT

7
6
5
PRIORITY LEVEL

ENTICE EXTEND
4
3
ENGAGE
2
1

ENTICE
- Observations: Site and Smell of Food, Unhealthy food as a reward and stress relief, Meal plan usage
- Opportunities:

ENTER
- Observations: Staff Greeting, Site and Smell of Food, Food placement, Signage, Seating, Ambiance
- Opportunities: Healthy food POP and signage, staff greetings that direct shopper to healthy food

ENGAGE
- Observations: Cost, Ladies shop longer than Men, Traffic flow/food placement, Aware that the choices are unhealthy
- Opportunities: Food Placement, Education intercepts throughout store

EXIT
- Observations: Unhealthy rewards located at exit, food plan or credit card purchase creates a no commitment “swipe and go”
- Opportunities: Calorie count at checkout

EXTEND
- Observations: Take out is an option, lots of food thrown away, dorm food is limited to cooking abilities, friends perceptions of food choices taking effect
- Opportunities: More perishable food options that can be made with basic cooking, smaller portions at cafeterias, limit takeout on campus


Synthesis
OBSERVATIONS
Socialization OPPORTUNITIES

10
9
8 ENTICE
7
6
ENGAGE EXTEND
5
PRIORITY LEVEL

4
3
2 ENTER
1
EXIT

ENTICE
- Observations: Friends suggestions/eating habits, crowded equals popularity, social events
- Opportunities:

ENTER
- Observations: Initial decision making may be influenced by friends eating habits/perceptions of health, Staff greeting
- Opportunities:

ENGAGE
- Observations: Influenced by word of mouth and suggestions, influenced by entertainment options in and near dining areas
- Opportunities: Create more interest/entertainment in areas closer to healthy eating options

EXIT
- Observations:
- Opportunities: Friends discussing their purchases, Students accountable in meal plan for how much junk vs. health food purchased

EXTEND
- Observations: 67% of people eat alone, people are eating and studying, eating in transit, groups are eating mostly the same items
- Opportunities: Social integration into eating can create opportunities for healthy eaters to influence each other


Synthesis
Where can Design Make a Difference?

CONVENIENCE

Design Interjections
ENTICE

10
ENTER EXIT
9
8
7 Convenience
6
5 - Can we offer more healthy on the go snacks in transit locations
PRIORITY LEVEL

ENGAGE
4
3
EXTEND (more food trucks?)
2
1 - Can we create quick checkout rewards for healthy shopping?

UNHEALTHY FOOD OPTIONS Unhealthy Food Options
10 - How can signage, food placement, and point of purchase displays
9
8 ENTER EXIT
cater more towards healthy food decisions?
7
6 - Can we create a calorie count at checkout to effect students future
5
engagement?
PRIORITY LEVEL

ENTICE EXTEND
4
3
2
ENGAGE
Socialization
1

- Can social environments be created that are centered around healthy
lifestyles and yet still be fun and entertaining?
SOCIALIZATION

10
- Can more communal eating create a stronger network of healthy
9 students impacting unhealthy students?
8 ENTICE
7
6
ENGAGE EXTEND
5
PRIORITY LEVEL

4
3
2 ENTER
1
EXIT


06 Evaluation:
The Research Process and Its Effects on Our Information Problem

Evaluation
Our Research Process Dissected

Initial Research Revised Intercepts
Evaluation Evaluation
Was useful for creating the assumption map which helped This was a second try at documenting student eating habits and food
frame the problem and visualize connections. A bit rushed, shopping environments. We took the knowledge gained from round one
but gave us a good overview of the problem. Helped us to and tried to apply what we learned to get better results. For example,
narrow our focus. we tried to use more story telling as a way of getting more in depth
information with a more natural conversation flow.
Literature Review
Shadowing
Evaluation
Helped us to gain a better understanding of the topic in Evaluation
relation to the target audience. Filled gaps. This was also a We shadowed four people while they shopped to observe how they made
bit rushed, but we got the basic information we needed. their decisions on what to eat or not. The one person whom we were
able to video tape spoke a lot and explained why he was doing what he
Initial Observations/Photo Ethnography was doing. Next time though I think we should do more watching than
talking because He kept stopping what he was doing to talk, which
Evaluation
disrupted the experience.
Helped us gain deeper insights into students perceptions
of healthy eating and how it connects to campus life. This
Card Sorting
process was crucial in understanding where to intercept
people and what kinds of questions we should be asking. Evaluation
This was meant to give us a greater incite into student’s motivations and
priorities. Overall it went well, but it would have been nice to test more
Random Public Intercepts people in more locations around campus.
Evaluation
The goal was to document student eating habits and food
shopping environments. This first round was a lot of trial-
and-error to figure out how to approach students and how to
ask questions. The more people we spoke to, the better it
went.


Evaluation
6.2 Next Steps

Future Goals:
- Broaden the scope of our research to include students who live off campus

- Present research ﬁndings to administration to build a case for more healthy food options
in better locations

- Research and document how perceptions of health and wellness differ between
males and females and different races.
- Integrate physical activity and its positive factors into this research


07 Bibliography:
Sources used for Secondary Research

Bibliography
Secondary Research

Obesity Rates Hit Plateau in U.S
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/health/14obese.html

Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 Through 2007–2008
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/c/centers_for_disease_control_and_prevention/index.html?inline=nyt-org

Endocrine society / Obesity in America
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/newsroom/Fasteating.cfm

Center for disease and control: Obesity is a national epidemic, according to CDI
“In 2009, about 2.4 million more adults were obese than in 2007. This epidemic has affected every part of the United States. In every state, more than 15% of adults are obese, and in nine states, over
30% of adults are obese.”

The roles of energy intake and physical activity in the relationships among TV viewing, body
composition, and obesity using high-quality measurement methods.
http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v19/n10/full/oby2011184a.html
“These data suggest a strong relationship between TV viewing and BF%. This association appears to be due, in part, to differences in total PA, particularly vigorous PA, but not time spent in sedentary
activity, moderate activity, or energy intake”.

Racial and ethnic disparities in adult obesity
http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/obesity_adult_07_08.pdf
“Between 1988–1994 and 2007–2008, the prevalence of obesity among women increased (Figure 4): Whereas the prevelance of obesity among men did not increase within this time period”

Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=122&sid=9449464a-0fa7-49c5-95a5-b400971ae535%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=hxh&AN=48682085
Citation (Anderson, S. E., & Whitaker, R. C. (2010). Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children. Pediatrics, 125(3), 420-428. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0417)

The pressure to eat...
“Culture has blamed obesity on the individual. We assume that people are overweight because of personal failings, that they’re lazy, weak, and gluttonous. An imperfect body reﬂects an imperfect person”.
Citation (Liebman, B. (1998). The pressure to eat.. (cover story). Nutrition Action Health Letter, 25(6), 1. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.)

Waist circumference and obesity-related abnormalities in French and Cameroonian adults: the role of urbanization and ethnicity.
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/imageQuickView?sid=99610e71-cc62-4f4b-a078-c18113a14d17@sessionmgr115&vid=6&ui=12582209&id=48564302&parentui=48564302&tag=AN&db=aph

Sarcopenic Obesity: Does Muscle Loss Cause Fat Gain?: Lessons from Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06515.x/full

“Why
Have
Americans
Become
More
Obese?”

David
M.
Cutler,
Edward
L.
Glaeser
and
Jesse
M.
Shapiro

http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/jesse.shapiro/research/obesity.pdf

“Out
of
the
Kitchen,
Onto
the
Couch”

MICHAEL
POLLAN

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/magazine/02cooking-t.html?pagewanted=all


Bibliography
Secondary Research

“Obesity
Related
Statistics
in
America”

Get
America
Fit
Foundation

“The
Cost
of
Obesity
to
U.S.
Cities”

Dan
Witters,
Jim
Harter,
Katie
Bell,
and
Julie
Ray

http://gmj.gallup.com/content/145778/cost-obesity-cities.aspx

QUOTE:
“When
rats
are
drinking
high-fructose
corn
syrup
at
levels
well
below
those
in
soda
pop,
they’re
becoming
obese
--
every
single
one,
across
the
board.
Even
when
rats
are
fed
a

high-fat
diet,
you
don’t
see
this;
they
don’t
all
gain
extra
weight.”

Hilary
Parker

http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S26/91/22K07/

QUOTE:
“57%
of
the
corn
we
produce
becomes
inexpensive
animal
feed
that
helps
keep
meat
prices
down.
But
it
also
makes
the
meat
fattier—and
consumers
fatter”

Eric
Roston

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994390,00.html#ixzz1dgiiwW00

QUOTE:
“healthy,
low-calorie
foods
cost
more
money
and
take
more
effort
to
prepare
than
processed,
high-calorie
foods.”

JoNel
Aleccia

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37280972/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/t/pricey-grocery-stores-attract-skinniest-shoppers/#.TsEfGmAgxD5

QUOTE:

produces
healthy
people.”

http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/11/22/what-food-says-about-class-in-america.html

QUOTE:
“the
grocery
store
is
set
up
in
a
way
to
get
you
to
purchase
what
they
want
you
to
place
in
your
cart.
Whether
you
want
to
or
not.
Some
of
these
items
can
be
healthy
but,

unfortunately,
most
are
not.”

QUOTE:
“The
cheapest
calories
come
from
fried
foods,
chips
and
sodas

Daniela
Hernandez,
Los
Angeles
Times


QUOTE:
“While
we
know
visibility
is
critical,
too
often
stores
do
not
display
enough
better-for-you
foods.
My
own
store
surveys
have
illustrated
that
over
60
percent
of
stand-alone
displays

carry
items
that
nutritionists
would
decry
as
unhealthy
How
Supermarkets
Could
Fight
Obesity

Hank
Cardello

QUOTE:
“Interaction
over
food
is
the
single
most
important
feature
of
socializing,”
says
Sidney
Mintz,
professor
of
anthropology
at
Johns
Hopkins
University.
“The
food
becomes
the

QUOTE:

health.”


Bibliography
Secondary Research

QUOTE:
LaVelle
of
the
University
of
Rhode
Island
in
Kingston,
“many
families
have
basically
stopped
eating
together.”
Solitary
eating
can
be
uncontrolled
eating--snacks,
sweets
and
meals
behind

the
wheel.
“By
age
10,
everyone
in
the
family
can
feed
themselves
whatever
they
want--and
they
do,”
says
LaVelle.

Jeffrey
Kluger;
Christine
Gorman;
Alice
Park

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994388,00.html#ixzz1bjNY0nAS

QUOTE:
“In
the
United
States,
64.5
percent
of
adults
and
15
percent
of
children
ages
6
to
19
are
overweight.
Dieting
is
rampant,
but
most
who
lose
weight
gain
it
back.
Some
experts
blame

ever-increasing
portion
sizes
and
the
proliferation
of
tasty,
high-calorie
fast
foods
that
make
it
all
too
easy
to
eat
a
day’s
worth
of
calories
in
one
supersize
meal.”

Denise
Grady

http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/26/science/why-we-eat-and-eat-and-eat.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

QUOTE:
“the
heavier
one’s
friends,
the
higher
one’s
own
chances
of
becoming
overweight...
how
is
that
transmitted
to
you?
By
sharing
behavior...
It’s
either
‘Let’s
go
running’
or
‘Let’s
share

QUOTE:
“The
sight,
smell,
and
talk
of
food
trigger
real
metabolic
signals
of
hunger

Rory
Evans

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36281026/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/t/why-we-eat-when-were-not-hungry/#.TsEjfGAgxD5

World
Health
Organization

http://www.who.int/en/

QUOTE:
“Weight
gain
and
obesity
are
caused
by
consuming
more
calories
than
the
body
needs
–
most
commonly
by
eating
a
diet
high
in
fat
and
calories,
living
a
sedentary
lifestyle,
or

both.”

ObesityInAmerica.org

http://www.obesityinamerica.org/understandingObesity/index.cfm

QUOTE:
“In
a
study
involving
9,000
people
between
1982
and
1984
(NHANES
I),
researchers
found
that
people
who
averaged
six
hours
of
sleep
per
night
were
27
percent
more
likely
to
be

Julia
Layton

http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/sleep/basics/sleep-obesity.htm

“Causes
of
Obesity
in
America”

http://www.conquering-obesity.com/Causes-of-Obesity.html

QUOTE:
“It
has
been
hypothesized
that
media
(tv
watching,
playing
computer
games,
etc)
displaces
physical
activity
and
that
food
advertisements
and
marketing
to
children
contribute
to

overweight
and
obesity”

Kathleen
Y.
Wolin,
Jennifer
M.
Petrelli

QUOTE:

and
from
work...Do
we
work
out,
or
do
we
drive
the
kids
to
their
soccer
game,
where
we
can
sit
and
watch?
Do
we
work
out,
or
do
we
download
new
songs
from
iTunes?
‘People
are
just

not
willing
to
give
up
their
leisure
time,’
Philipson
said.
‘People
don’t
want
to
pay
to
exercise
with
their
leisure
time.’”


Bibliography
Secondary Research

Michael
S.
Rosenwald

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/21/AR2006012100180.html

http://www.obesityaction.org/aboutobesity/childhoodobesity/childhood.php

Risks
Associated
with
Childhood
Obesity

http://kentwired.com/our-view-studies-show-generation-xl-continues-to-pack-on-the-pounds/

Http://kentwired.com/mcdonalds-law-will-not-end-obesity-epidemic/

McDonald’s
law
will
not
end
obesity
epidemic

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040105071229.htm

http://kentwired.com/shed-pounds-to-gain-a-brain/

Shed
pounds
to
gain
a
brain

McClatchy
Tribune
News
Service

http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/healthlawprof_blog/2011/05/usda-creates-the-food-desert-locator-locations-with-limited-access-to-nutritious-food-.html


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