1. By K.M.

2. Cognitive Theory
 Activities like thinking and remembering seem like a
behavior
 Learner is viewed as an information processor
 People are not “programmed animals” that merely
respond to environmental stimuli
 People are rational beings that require active
participation in order to learn

4. Allan Paivio (1925-)
 Information presented in visual and verbal form enhances
recall and recognition
 Dual coding theory: assumes that people process
information in two distinct ways
 Processing of images
 Processing of language
 Dual coding identifies three sub processes
 Representational: verbal or nonverbal representations are
directly influenced
 Referential: verbal system is activated by nonverbal
communication (or vise-versa)
 Associative: both text-based systems and graphic
representations can trigger mental associations

5. Robert Gagne (1916-2002)
 The development of skills on a building-block principle
 Five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual
skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills, and attitudes.
 Nine events of instruction:
1. Gain attention of the learners
2. Inform learners of the objectives
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning
4. Present the stimulus or lesson
5. Provide learning guidance and instruction
6. Elicit performance
7. Provide feedback
8. Assess performance
9. Enhance retention and transfer

6. Gagne’s Taxonomy

7. Nine Events of Instruction

8. Howard Gardner (1943-)
 Theory of multiple intelligences
 Intelligence: ability to gain knowledge, apply
knowledge, manipulate one’s environment and think abstractly.
 Eight different intelligences:
 Linguistic-verbal
 Logical-mathematical
 Spatial-visual
 Body-kinesthetic
 Musical
 Interpersonal
 Intrapersonal
 Naturalist
 Instructional methods should include a variety of activities

9. Multiple Intelligences

10. Benjamin Bloom (1913-1999)
 Classified learning into three domains:
cognitive, affective and psychomotor
 Cognitive domain: student’s intellectual level
 Affective domain: student’s emotions, interests, attitude
and awareness
 Psychomotor domain: student’s motor skills and
physical abilities
 Bloom’s Taxonomy: levels designed to increase a
student’s comprehension

11. Bloom’s Taxonomy

12. Classroom Implications
Teacher Students
 Careful planning of lessons
 Paying attention
 Variety of internal
(attention, motivation and  Recall of prior learning
recall) and external (timing and  Can state what has been
place) conditions learned
 Instructional methods should  Can discriminate between
appeal to different intelligences facts, can identify colors, and
 Variety of assessment methods can follow directions
 Create instructional plans based  All students can learn given
on state standards, learning
the correct conditions
objectives and learning theories

13. How I would apply this theory
 Cater lessons plans to students’ different intelligences
 Examples:
 Hands on activities
 Songs
 Group work
 Posters
 Use images and audio together to increase recall
 Examples:
 Showing an image as a say a new word in Spanish

14. Credits
 "Cognitive Theories." Cognitive Theories of Learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/cognitive.htm>.
 "Cognitivism." Learning Theories. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://www.learning-
theories.com/cognitivism.html>.
 "Erin R. Gunter's Portfolio." Glossary. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://arcmit01.uncw.edu/erg1602/Glossary.html>.
 Gunter, Glenda A., and Randolph E. Gunter. "Learning Theories and Educational
Research." Teachers Discovering Computers Integrating Technology in a Connected
World. By Gary B. Shelly. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 261-66. Print.
 "I Am the Eternal Student but I Am Not Alone Expand Your Horizons!!!" I Am the Eternal
Studentbut I Am Not Alone. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://greeneyezwinkin2.wordpress.com/2012/01/22/dr-howard-gardner-on-multiple-
intelligences/>.
 "Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne)." Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne). N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://insdsg619-f09.wikispaces.com/Nine Events of Instruction
(Gagne)>.
 "Where Grace and Strength Collide." Toseealambatschool: Bloom's Taxonomy. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://vaganovaagrippina.tumblr.com/post/14221502634/toseealambatschool-blooms-
taxonomy>.