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Water Footprints
5 March 2009
Tim Hess
Cranfield University
Water & carbon footprints



  • Carbon footprint is the total   • Water footprint is the total
    mass of GHG that is emitted       volume of freshwater that is
    to produce the goods and          used to produce the goods
    services expressed as             and services expressed as
    carbon dioxide equivalent         m 3.
Water footprint of food

                     Production


                                  Processing




                  Consumption
All food contains “embedded”
or “virtual water”




                               water for drinking, cleaning, etc.




     Water for plant growth
How much water does it takes to
make a cup of tea?
                                             • Hot water 0.2 lt
                                             • Tea leaves 2 g
                                                5 lt to grow the tea
                                             • Milk 0.02 lt
                                                18 lt to grow the grass

 Sugar
                  Water       Tea            • Sugar 8 g
                                                9.2 lt to grow the cane


                           Milk
                                             • Total 32.4 litres
Ignores all the water used in manufacturing the cup, processing the tea, milk and
sugar, producing electricity for the kettle and washing up!
If you think that’s a lot ……

                                                            Embedded or virtual water
                                      200
                                      180
               ater content, litres




                                      160
                                      140
                                      120
                                      100
                                      80
      Virtual w




                                      60
                                      40
                                      20
                                       0
                                            Cup of tea   Glass of   Cup of   Pint of    Glass of
                                                          wine      coffee    beer        milk
After Hoekstra & Chapagain (2007)
Water required to produce 1kg



                                 litres / kg
    Meat (bovine)                 15 500
    Meat (sheep)                   6 000
    Meat (poultry)                 4 000
    Rice (broken)                  3 500
    Eggs                           3 300
    Soybeans                       1 700
    Wheat                          1 300
    Maize                           900
    Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007
How much water do we eat?



     Basic survival                1000

     Acceptable
                                                             3500
    nutritional diet

   Californian diet                                                              5500

UK Domestic water
                           153
   consumption

                       0         1000     2000      3000           4000   5000     6000
                                             litres/ person/ day
Processing


                         Rainwater          Steam



             430 mil l/d
             Mains water
                                                        Outputs
                     Inputs
                                                        Waste water
                                            Recycling
                Rivers
         & Groundwater
             260 mil l/d        Food & drink industry (UK)

After Defra (2007)
Growing potatoes in
E. England


   Water to grow
                      130 l/kg
   the potatoes

    Water used in
                      10 l/kg
     processing

   Water used in
                      0.1 l/kg
    the home
Britain’s agricultural water footprint



      • Total agricultural water footprint 74.8 Gm3/yr
          30% of all the rain that falls on the UK
          3,400 litres / person / day
             Domestic water use = 153 litres / person/ day
      • 60% crops, 40% livestock
      • Internal = 28.4 Gm3/yr
      • External = 46.4 Gm3/yr



Source: Chapagain & Orr (2008)
External agricultural water footprint
                                        Cocoa
   7000
                                        Bovine
  6000                                  Cotton
   5000                                 Swine
                                        Oil Palm
  4000                                  Soybeans
   3000                                 Coffee
                                        Livestock
   2000
                                        Milk
   1000                                 Maize
                                        Rice
      0
                                        W heat
The colour of water




                      Water used at the point
   Green Water        where rain falls


                      Water abstracted from rivers,
    Blue Water        lakes and groundwater


                      Water required to dilute
   Grey Water         polluted return flows
Blue water / Green Water



  • Green water
      • Opportunity cost of water is low
      • Opportunity cost for land may
        be higher
  • Blue water
      • Taken from renewable
        resources
      • Competes for water with other
        uses
Colour is important




                         250 g Peanut M&M’s ®                               575 g Dolmio® pasta sauce
                              1,153 litres                                          202 litres

       Blue                                    127                                       128
       Green                                   987                                        21
       Grey                                     39                                        53

Based on production in Australia – Source: Ridoutt et al., 2009. J. Cleaner Production
Blue water abstraction in the UK

• Total water use 500 mil m3/year
• Equivalent to domestic consumption of
  9 million people
                       Livestock
                          23%



                                          Food & Drink
                                            Industry
                                              50%



                     Agricultural
                      Irrigation
                         27%
Impact of the blue water footprint



  • Not all abstraction is harmful
      • Water that would have no other “use”
        (including environmental flows )
      • Water in excess of other requirements
        (e.g. winter high flows)
  • In water stressed catchments abstraction may have
    severe environmental impacts
Water availability




        Water available
        No water available
        Over licensed
        Over abstracted
Opportunities to reduce impact:
Cropping


  • Relocating production / abstraction to
    less stressed catchments
    (“claw-back” of licences)
  • Encourage high-flow / rain water
    storage
  • Efficient use of water on the farm
       • Equipment
       • Scheduling
  • Using “appropriate” quality water
Opportunities to reduce impact:
 Livestock production


      • Mostly for drinking, with little
        scope for savings.
      • More prominent in the West
        (less stress anyway)
      • Savings by reducing waste and
        good management practices at
        the farm scale




Thompson et al., 2007
Opportunities to reduce impact:
Processing industry & retail


  • Water efficiency, water recycling
      • Reduces costs of water, effluent disposal and treatment
         (£300 million annual water bill for food & drink industry,
        Defra, 2007)
      • Reduced energy requirements & CO2 footprint
      • Food and Drink Federation (FDF) commitment to savings
        of 20% by 2020
  • Food waste is water waste
      • Spoilage
      • Wastage (appearance)
Water & carbon footprints



  Carbon Footprint               Water Footprint

  What we put in                 What we take out

  Total mass over life-cycle     Total volume over life-cycle

  Doesn’t matter where it goes   Matters where it comes from
                                 and where it goes
Conclusions


  • Water footprints are important, i.e. the impact on
    the environment is important
  • But it is not all about “size” - don’t assume that a
    big water footprint is “bad”
  • Need to consider “ecosystem impact”, which will be
    very case specific and includes livelihoods.
  • 62% of the UK’s agricultural water footprint is
    overseas
  • Work with supply chain, processors and consumers
    to encourage benign water use
Water Footprints
5 March 2009
Tim Hess
Cranfield University

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2009 Water Footprint

  • 1. Water Footprints 5 March 2009 Tim Hess Cranfield University
  • 2. Water & carbon footprints • Carbon footprint is the total • Water footprint is the total mass of GHG that is emitted volume of freshwater that is to produce the goods and used to produce the goods services expressed as and services expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent m 3.
  • 3. Water footprint of food Production Processing Consumption
  • 4. All food contains “embedded” or “virtual water” water for drinking, cleaning, etc. Water for plant growth
  • 5. How much water does it takes to make a cup of tea? • Hot water 0.2 lt • Tea leaves 2 g 5 lt to grow the tea • Milk 0.02 lt 18 lt to grow the grass Sugar Water Tea • Sugar 8 g 9.2 lt to grow the cane Milk • Total 32.4 litres Ignores all the water used in manufacturing the cup, processing the tea, milk and sugar, producing electricity for the kettle and washing up!
  • 6. If you think that’s a lot …… Embedded or virtual water 200 180 ater content, litres 160 140 120 100 80 Virtual w 60 40 20 0 Cup of tea Glass of Cup of Pint of Glass of wine coffee beer milk After Hoekstra & Chapagain (2007)
  • 7. Water required to produce 1kg litres / kg Meat (bovine) 15 500 Meat (sheep) 6 000 Meat (poultry) 4 000 Rice (broken) 3 500 Eggs 3 300 Soybeans 1 700 Wheat 1 300 Maize 900 Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2007
  • 8. How much water do we eat? Basic survival 1000 Acceptable 3500 nutritional diet Californian diet 5500 UK Domestic water 153 consumption 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 litres/ person/ day
  • 9. Processing Rainwater Steam 430 mil l/d Mains water Outputs Inputs Waste water Recycling Rivers & Groundwater 260 mil l/d Food & drink industry (UK) After Defra (2007)
  • 10. Growing potatoes in E. England Water to grow 130 l/kg the potatoes Water used in 10 l/kg processing Water used in 0.1 l/kg the home
  • 11. Britain’s agricultural water footprint • Total agricultural water footprint 74.8 Gm3/yr  30% of all the rain that falls on the UK  3,400 litres / person / day Domestic water use = 153 litres / person/ day • 60% crops, 40% livestock • Internal = 28.4 Gm3/yr • External = 46.4 Gm3/yr Source: Chapagain & Orr (2008)
  • 12. External agricultural water footprint Cocoa 7000 Bovine 6000 Cotton 5000 Swine Oil Palm 4000 Soybeans 3000 Coffee Livestock 2000 Milk 1000 Maize Rice 0 W heat
  • 13. The colour of water Water used at the point Green Water where rain falls Water abstracted from rivers, Blue Water lakes and groundwater Water required to dilute Grey Water polluted return flows
  • 14. Blue water / Green Water • Green water • Opportunity cost of water is low • Opportunity cost for land may be higher • Blue water • Taken from renewable resources • Competes for water with other uses
  • 15. Colour is important 250 g Peanut M&M’s ® 575 g Dolmio® pasta sauce 1,153 litres 202 litres Blue 127 128 Green 987 21 Grey 39 53 Based on production in Australia – Source: Ridoutt et al., 2009. J. Cleaner Production
  • 16. Blue water abstraction in the UK • Total water use 500 mil m3/year • Equivalent to domestic consumption of 9 million people Livestock 23% Food & Drink Industry 50% Agricultural Irrigation 27%
  • 17. Impact of the blue water footprint • Not all abstraction is harmful • Water that would have no other “use” (including environmental flows ) • Water in excess of other requirements (e.g. winter high flows) • In water stressed catchments abstraction may have severe environmental impacts
  • 18. Water availability Water available No water available Over licensed Over abstracted
  • 19. Opportunities to reduce impact: Cropping • Relocating production / abstraction to less stressed catchments (“claw-back” of licences) • Encourage high-flow / rain water storage • Efficient use of water on the farm • Equipment • Scheduling • Using “appropriate” quality water
  • 20. Opportunities to reduce impact: Livestock production • Mostly for drinking, with little scope for savings. • More prominent in the West (less stress anyway) • Savings by reducing waste and good management practices at the farm scale Thompson et al., 2007
  • 21. Opportunities to reduce impact: Processing industry & retail • Water efficiency, water recycling • Reduces costs of water, effluent disposal and treatment (£300 million annual water bill for food & drink industry, Defra, 2007) • Reduced energy requirements & CO2 footprint • Food and Drink Federation (FDF) commitment to savings of 20% by 2020 • Food waste is water waste • Spoilage • Wastage (appearance)
  • 22. Water & carbon footprints Carbon Footprint Water Footprint What we put in What we take out Total mass over life-cycle Total volume over life-cycle Doesn’t matter where it goes Matters where it comes from and where it goes
  • 23. Conclusions • Water footprints are important, i.e. the impact on the environment is important • But it is not all about “size” - don’t assume that a big water footprint is “bad” • Need to consider “ecosystem impact”, which will be very case specific and includes livelihoods. • 62% of the UK’s agricultural water footprint is overseas • Work with supply chain, processors and consumers to encourage benign water use
  • 24. Water Footprints 5 March 2009 Tim Hess Cranfield University