This document provides an overview of key grammar concepts in Honors Spanish 2 including: 1. A table of contents outlining topics such as verbs like gustar, preterite tense conjugations, irregular verbs, commands, and reflexive verbs. 2. Descriptions and examples of concepts like estar vs ser, making commands, using the imperfect tense, DOP and IOP pronoun placement, and saber vs conocer. 3. Lists of irregular verb conjugations in the preterite tense and cucaracha, snake, and spock verbs along with their forms.

1. Honors Spanish 2 Grammar Book By: Brenda Jean-Bart

2. Table of Contents Ser Estar Verbs like Gustar Hacer expression Preterito Trigger words Car, gar, zar Spock verbs Cucaracha verbs Snakes and snackeys Dop Commands Irregular verbs Iop’s Se impersonal Past Participles as adjectives El future and ir + a+ infinitive Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative pronouns Los mandates Imperfect tense Informal+ irregulars Formal +irregulars DOP +IOP placement Modal verbs Reflexsives Saber v. conocer

3. Ser Description Origin Characteristics Ser time Occupation Relationships Pocession events Date

4. Estar ar-ando er/ir- endo -yendo health location Presesntlocaton Estar emotions I N G

5. Verbs like Gustar Doler (o-ue)- to hurt Fascinar- to fascinate Molestar- to bother Encantar- to love Faltar- to lack, be in need of Importar- to be important to Disgustar- to disgust

6. Hacer Expressions HACE + TIME + QUE + CONJUGATED VERB Conjuagated verb can be in any tense

7. Preterrito Ar verbs E Aste O Amos Aron Er/Ir verbs I Iste Io Imos ieron

9. Car, Gar, Zar Car Que Caste Co Camos Casteis Caron Gar Gue Gaste Go Gamos Gasteis Garon Zar Ce Zaste Zo Zamos zasteis zaron

10. Spock verbs Preterite Conjugations of Irregular Spock Verbs Ver ser Dar Ir Hacer

11. Cucaracha verbs Andar-anduv -e Estar-Estuv -iste Poder-pud -o Poner-pus -imos Querer-quis -isteis Saber-sup -ieron Tener-tuv * “j” verbs i=ieron Venir-vin Conducir-conduj Producir-produj Traducir-traduj Decir-dij Traer-traj

12. Snakes and Snakeys Snakes Peder Yopedi Tupediste Ella/el pidio Nosotrospedimos Vosotrospedisteis Ellos/ellaspidieron Snakeys Verbs such as leer, creer, and oir change i to y in 3rd person Lei Leiste Leyo Leimos Leisteis Leisteis leyeron

13. DOPs Lo-it masculine Las-it plural and feminine Los –it plural and masculine La- it feminine

14. Commands Affirmative Commands An affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness. Negative Commands A negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness To make an affirmative and negative formal command do the following: Take the present tense “yo” form of the verb Drop the –o or –oyending For –ar verbs, add an e, for –er and –ir verbs, add an a.

15. Irregular verbs Irregular Affirmative Formal Command There are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea! Ex: To tell someone to go to the front of the room say: ¡Vaya al frente de la sala! Irregular Negative Formal Command There are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea! Ex: To tell someone not to be bad say: ¡No sea malo!

16. IOPs Me- yo Te- tu Le-el/ ella/ud Les- ellos/ellas/uds Nos- nosotros

17. Se impersonal Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. Se vendefruta en la frutería. When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person. Aquí se hablaespañol. Se can be used in all tenses. Se hizo mucho. Se hará mucho. Se habíahecho.

18. TV-DISHES T-tenga-tener V-venga-venir D-de-dar I-vaya-ir S-sea-ser H-haga-hacer E- este-estar S- sepa-saber

19. Past Participles as Adjectives The past participle is a specific form of the verb that usually ends in - ado or – ido

20. El Futuro and ir + a + infinitive The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen. Add é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án to the end of initive verb. Hablar: Yohablaré Tuhablarás Élhablará Nosotroshablaremos Vosotroshablaréis Elloshablarán ir a + infinitive = to be going to do something (in the near future) Voy a llevar a mi hermana a su casa.I am going to take my sister to her house. Vas a invitar a muchasmuchachas.You are going to invite lots of girls. Cristina va a conversar con mi mamá.Christina is going to talk with my mom. Eduardo va a leer el libro.Edward is going to read the book.

21. Demonstrative adjectives Demonstrative adjectives describe a noun Este this EseThat AquelThat one over there Estos These

22. Demonstrative Pronouns

23. Los Mandatos Affirmative Commands An affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness. Negative Commands A negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness To make an affirmative and negative formal command do the following: Take the present tense “yo” form of the verb Drop the –o or –oyending For –ar verbs, add an e, for –er and –ir verbs, add an a.

24. Imperfect tense Imperfected actions in the past To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: abaabasabaábamosabaisaban Example: Cantar Yocantaba Tucantabas Ud/elle/ellaCantaba NosotrosCantabamos VosotrosCantabais Uds/ellas/elloscantaban To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: íaíasíaíamosíaisían Example: Escribir Escrbia Escribias Escribia Escribiamos Escribias escribian

25. Informal + Irregulars

26. Formal + irregulars Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb. CompreUd. el anillo. (You) Buy the ring. HagaUd. la tarea. (You) Do the homework. ComprenUds. los libros. (You-all) Buy the books. Hagan Uds. el trabajo. (You-all) Do the work. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.) -er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.) Iregulars: Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo) Have a goodtrip. Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo) Bringthemoney. Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo) Come with me.

27. DOP + IOP Placement When both pronouns are used in a sentence the order is: I.O.P + D.O.P before a conjugated verb. Example: Mi madretelascompró. My mother bought them for you. When a phrase is used, the pronouns can be placed either before the verbal structure or attached to the infinitive or –ing (gerund) form. I am going to take them to you tomorrow. Voy a llevartelasmañana. Te lasvoy a llevarmañana. I want to give them to you.QuierodartelosTe losquierodar. When the third person pronouns are used together the I.O.P. (le, les) changes to se in front of the D. O. P. (la, lo ,las, los). ¿Le disteun besoa tumamá Did you give a kiss to your mom? Sí, se lo di. Yes, I gave it to her To negate a sentance, place the no before both pronouns. No telascompré. I did not buy them for you.

28. Modal Verbs The first verb will be conjugated, whereas the 2nd verb remains in the infinitive form Example: no puedonadar- I can’t swim Keys verbs used as madal verbs Deber-should, ought to, must Desear- to desire Necesitar- to need Poder- can Querer- to want Saber- to know Soler-usually, used to

29. Reflexives

30. Saber v. Conocer Conocer is used in the context of knowing a person or a place Saber is used when the subject knows a piece of information or how to do a specific task. It can be translated as “to know” as well as “to know how.”