Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Odeia in ancient Greece and Rome
1. 6. ΩΔΕΙΟΝODEUM/ODEON The Odeion of Pericles, 5th century BC, on the south Slope of Acropolis next to the Theater of Dionysus, Athens Πειραματικό Λύκειο Αγ. Αναργύρων, Athens/1st Grade, 2009-2010
2. Odeum, from the Greek word ᾨδεῖον (Odeion),which derives from the verb ἀείδω = "I sing", as the words "ode“ (ᾠδή) and "aoidos” (ἀοιδός), is the term for the ancient Greek and Roman amphitheatrical space, mostly covered with a roof (theatrumtectum), that hosted musical competitions and hearings, music performances, rhetoric displays or philosophical lectures and poetry competitions. PubliusPapiniusStatius, epic poet of the 1st century AD, refers to this structure: geminammolemnuditectique the atri: “the twin huge theaters, the open one and the roofed one” (Silvae 3.5.91) Theater of Dionysus and Odeion of Pericles in Athens in the Roman era
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4. The roman odeum has all the architectural characteristics of the open theater: cavea (the audience’s place), semicircular orchestra( chorus’ place), Two or three storey scaena (actors, musicians). The tiers and the gangway of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus. Part of the orchestra is also visible in the photo.
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6. The odea were also widely spread in Greece especially during the Roman period (Athens, Argos, Patra, Corinth, Thessaloniki, Epidaurus, Gortuna, Kos, Rhodes, Nicopolis).
7. The most ancient odeum in Italy is the odeum in Pompeii,which was built after the foundation of the colonia (80 BC). Odea are found all over the roman world, in Asia Minor (Ephesus, Smyrna, Patara), in Africa (Carthago), in Jordan (Philadelphia/ Amman), even in Arabia (Canatha)
8. The odea were addressed to a more refined audience and their construction was usually sponsored by wealthy civilians.Odea Roman Odeum of Nicopolis, 1st cent. AD
9. The theater and the odeum of Philadelphia, 2nd century AD (Amman, Jordan) Odea and theatres usually coexist in the same city, one next to the other. Both of them dominated in the urban space as they were close to the Agora or the roman forum.
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12. 1.AFTER the forum has been arranged, next, for the purpose of seeing plays or festivals of the immortal gods, a site as healthy as possible should be selected for the theatre, in accordance with what has been written in the first book, on the principles of healthfulness in the sites of cities. For when plays are given, the spectators, with their wives and children, sit through them spellbound, and their bodies, motionless from enjoyment, have the pores open, into which blowing winds find their way. If these winds come from marshy districts or from other unwholesome quarters, they will introduce noxious exhalations into the system. Hence, such faults will be avoided if the site of the theatre is somewhat carefully selected. 2. We must also beware that it has not a southern exposure. When the sun shines full upon the rounded part of it, the air, being shut up in the curved enclosure and unable to circulate, stays there and becomes heated; and getting glowing hot it burns up, dries out, and impairs the fluids of the human body. For these reasons, sites which are unwholesome in such respects are to be avoided, and healthy sites selected.
14. Particular pains must also be taken that the site be not a “deaf” one, but one through which the voice can range with the greatest clearness. This can be brought about if a site is selected where there is no obstruction due to echo. Voice is a flowing breath of air, perceptible to the hearing by contact. It moves in an endless number of circular rounds, like the innumerably increasing circular waves which appear when a stone is thrown into smooth water, and which keep on spreading indefinitely from the centre unless interrupted by narrow limits, or by some obstruction which prevents such waves from reaching their end in due formation. When they are interrupted by obstructions, the first waves, flowing back, break up the formation of those which follow. Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture. Transl. Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Oxford University Press. 1914.
15. Odeion of Pericles Pericles' Odeonwas a hypostyle rectangular hall with nine rows of ten columns, and, along the whole length of the walls, wooden benches. To cover it there was a pyramid-shaped roof, with (probably) a central dormer flap to let in daylight and fresh air. The Odeion was burned down during Sulla’s siege of Athens in the First Mithradatic War, 87-86 BC,but it was restored in the second half of the 1st cent. BC.
16. Early architectural form of the Roman odeum The early form of the roman odeum, the cavea inscribed in a rectangular structure is modeled after the hellenistic architectural form of the Greek Bouleuterion (especially of the Asia Minor Bouleuteria). In the photos (on the left and in the middle) you can see the ground plan and the reconstruction of the Bouleuterion of Miletos (Mίλητος), Asia Minor. On the right you see the ground plan of the Odeum of Pompeii (by Rowney).
17. Odeion of Agrippa in the Athenian Agora, 1st century BC (reconstruction)
18. The Roman odeion in Patra, 2nd century AD, built shortly before the Odeion of Herodes Atticus in Athens
19. The evolution of the ancient Greek theater and its structure The ancient Greek theater is always constructed on hill slopes where the κοῖλον (cavea) liesand it is attached to a sanctuary. It is consisted by three architecturally independent parts: the κοῖλον, the circular (also elliptical or rectangular, in some cases) ὀρχήστρα (orchestra) and the later on added σκηνή (scaena). In the photo you can see the Theater of Dionysus in the early 5th cent. BC (above). In the middle, the same theater in the second half of the 5th cent. Below, the theater in the 4th cent. BC. Κόννολλυ-Ντοτζ (2001)
20. Κόννολλυ-Ντοτζ (2001) Reconstruction of the theater of Dionysus in the 4th cent. BC. In this reconstruction the theater has two gangways. According to other reconstruction it has only one gangway, the upper one. The roofed building next to it is the Odeion of Pericles.
21. The Greek Theater in the Hellenistic Period Κοῖλον (cavea) Ανάλημμα (retaining wall) Κερκίδες (tiers) Διάζωμα (gangway) Κλίμακες (stairs) Β. Σκηνή (stage building) 6. Προσκήνιο (stage) 7. Πίνακες (paintings) 8. Θυρώματα (doors) C. Ὀρχήστρα (orchestra) 9. Πάροδοι (entrances for the audience and the actors) Προεδρία (seats of distinguished people) θυμέλη (altar of Dionysos)
22. The Roman theater Cavea (auditorium) 1.Ambulacrum (alley, covered passage) 2. Supportive structures for the vaulted radial walls) 3. Fornices(arches of the façade) 4. Imacavea(lower auditorium) 5.Media cavea(middle auditorium) 6. Summa cavea(upper auditorium) 7.Praecinctio (gangway) 8. Balteus (= praecinctio) 9. Cuneus(wedge shaped division of the cavea) 10. Scalaria (stairs) 11. Porticus in summa cavea(colonnade on the upper auditorium) 12. Vomitorium (exit)
23. 13-14. Proedria - Tribunal (seats for distinguished people and magistrates) 15. Aditusmaximus(main passage) 16. Velarium (tent for sunlight or rain) B. Scaena(stage building) 17. Pulpitum (stage) 18. Fronspulpiti(façade of the stage’s podium) 19. Aulaeum (stage curtain) 20. Scaenaefrons(wall behind the stage) 21. Valvaregia(main door) 22. Valvaehospitales(secondary doors) 23. Aulae(reception halls) 24. Postscaenium (rooms behind the scaenaefrons used by actors for dressing etc) C. Orchestra Pappalardo (2007)
25. On the left: Theater of Pompeius, Rome (reconstruction), 1st cent. BC. On the right: the exterior semicircular construction which supports the cavea of the Theater of Marcellus in Rome, 1st BC.
26. Ground plan and cross section of the frons scaenae of the Theater of Carthago Nova in Spain, on the left. On the right, part of the cavea, orchestra and scaenae frons of the roman theater in Bosra (Nova Trajana Bostra), Syria.
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28. The scaenae frons, the back wall of the stage front supported by columns, was as high as the stands and was attached to them at both sides to form an enclosed building.
30. The auditorium was not roofed. Awnings (velaria) could be pulled overhead to provide shelter from rain or sunlight.
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32. Cavea of the Gerasa South theater (1st century AD), Jordan. Cunei, scalaria,vomitoria and praecinctio
33. Aditus, stairs that lead to the cavea, part of the cavea and scalaria, part of the orchestra, frons pulpiti and pulpitum of the Philadelphia odeum (Amman, Jordan)
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35. Roman odeion of Kos, 1st-2nd century AD Sophia Kaisaridi, Vasso Frangou, Irini Sofikitou, Dora Sialda, students/Alexandra Melista, teacher
