英文書報0517 詹竣策M0017106

英文書報作業二論文寫作的結構賞析

Thesis topic : DIGITAL FABRICATION
(Modular rainwater collection system using sheet-bending
and digital fabrication)
模矩化雨水收集系統發展-利用彎版與數位構築方式

Date : 2012.5.17
Tutor : Professor Stephen Roe
Student : 詹竣策(m0017106)

Thesis topic DIGITAL FABRICATION
(Modular rainwater
collection system using
sheet-bending and digital
fabrication)

Introductio Motivation , G Motivation :
n oal
1.In digital design , the
possibility of form blooms but
when it turns to real
fabrication , the wonderful
form of curvature becomes
pieces and is supported by
additional structural elements
that breaks the original beauty
of form.

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Introductio Motivation , 2.The development of digital
n Goal design projects are more like
works of art but not a real
canopy that can support the
load itself and honestly face
the environmental issue like
weather , rain , wind , sunshine
and humidity.
3.The canopies are made most
in school projects having
problems of cost , members of
workers and finishing time.

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Introductio Motivation , Goal:
n Goal 1.To realize and measure the
problems between digital
design and real fabrication.
2.Finishing the methodology of
fabrication
3.Correct and review the process
of digital fabrication and real
fabrication
4.Developing potential form and
material of fabrication that can
decrease the gap between
digital and real fabrication.

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Body ISSUE ●ISSUE:
The Problem and strategy of
fabrication
1.Currently available techniques
in fabrication
2. Critiques on time content
3. Critiques on cost content
4. Conclusion
a. The systematic apprisal of
existing fabrication techniques
b. The criteria : cost
c. The complexity(The
amount of man hours involved)

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Body
SOLUTION d. The conduct between digital
design and real
materiality(Issue of scaling
from model to full size)
●Solution:
From research to design steps
1.
a. The introduction of
drainage issue process
b. Process : Braided river
c. The extract of folding
models
2.

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Body a. Rough types
SOLUTION b. The mathematics of folding
cases
c. Systematic types
3.
a. Fabrication research
b. The methodology of
translating from digital to
fabricated

(Modular rainwater
fabrication)

Body PROCESS Process : Steps
a. Design process in
computer
b. The interactive process :
using models
c. The output from
computer(direct or indirect?)
d. The production of parts
e. Final assembly

Conclusion Conclusion and following-up
development
1.cocnclusion
2. following-up development

 1.Tectonic:
●It is from Greek:”tekton”,meaning the carpenter or
constructor.
●Afterwards , it means “the process of creation”,and
roughly “the creation of art ”, even the culture , methods
and concept.

 2.A German Botticher(1852) started to mention tectonic in
architecture territory.
●He thought that a building should have two parts-
nuclear and cladding . The nuclear should reflect the
intrinsic quality of nuclear.
●He also mentioned the concept ” part and whole”.

 3.A German Semper(1951) classified the tectonics into four ways:
●Earthwork
The harth
The framing
Enclosing membrane
●He emphasized that JOINT is the most important
tectonics in forming a building , and also the tectonics to
separate different materials in a building.
Example:
Tectonics of the frame Stereotomics of the earthwork
(Wood,Steel) (Masonry,brick,Reinforced concrete)

 4.Sekler(1957) mentioned
● the relationship among Structure , Construction and Tectonics
in case study.

 5.Vallhonrat(1988) mentioned
● how structures and technique influence the
tectonics.
 6.Gregotti(1983) thought
●detail is the principle of material and
tectonics , and tectonics are the expression of a
building.
●The structure is from the deliberating of materials.
 7.Frampton(1990,1005) emphasized
●connection is the tiniest and most basic element in
structure.
●He defined tectonics as poetics of construction.

 Tectonics vs. Anti-tectonics
 1.Mitchell(1998) brought up
●digital process of design and construction
●anti-tectonics
 2.Leach(2004) surveyed
●the digital works by UN Studio , FOA , dECOi…
●Classical buildings is mainly about Form(a motionless
state).
 Digital building is mainly about Formation(a active
state).
 Conclusion:
Q:Is there any possibility that whether the analysis of
classical buildings in tectonics can be used in digital
works?
●We need a framework of new tectonics to generalize
the classical tectonics and digital tectonics.

 Pre-digital , Digital and Post-digital
1.Architecutural history should be seen as the process of developing
the tectonics.
2.The concepts of tectonics(view points from professor Liu)
●Micro-historical : are from prehistoric to post modern.
●Micro-historical : pre digital , digital and post digital
3.Pre-digital
●Antoni Gaudi , Rudolf Steiner , Le Corbusier and Jorn Utzon
subverted traditional tectonics by challenging “making forms ” and
“thinking spaces”.
4.Digital
●Because of the maturity of digital processes ,techniques
development and the cooperation between architects and
engineers like Ove Arup , the design of a building became less
unlimited.
●Example : Frank Gehry , Peter Eisenman , Greg Lynn ,
UNStudio,FOA,dECOi…
5.Post-digital
●Toyo Ito,Renzo Piano, Richard Meier(Jubilee Church),Zaha hadid

 Classic v.s. Digital
 (Research methods : The case study)
 Three steps
 ●First step:
 We use six classic tectonic factors (Joint ,
Detail,Material,Object,Strucutre,Construction)
 One new factor(The characteristic of sense and
topogaraphy , and it is the relationship among a
building , its site and people)
 Interaction
 We use these seven factors to analysis the 15
elegant works of winners in the Far East International
Digital Architectural Design Award ,The Feidad Award.

 ●Second step:
After analyzing the 15 works by using the seven elements
(Joint,Detail,Material,Object,Strucutre,Construction and
interaction), we discover that some concepts from the 15
digital works are more than these seven factors,so we
summarize that there are four more factors that should be
gained and added in the analysis.
Motion ,Information,Generation and Fabrication
 We use these four new factors to analyse the 15 works.

 ●Third step:
We use four digital factor(Motion ,Information , Generation and
Fabrication) to analyze 15 other realistic projects by
architects . These architects have the experience of post-digital and
digital design , so the validation of four factor will be the help of the
establishment of new theory of tectonics.

 Classical Tectonic Thinking
 We use the theses from
Boetticher(1982) , Semper(1951) , Sekler(1965) ,Gregotti(1983) ,F
rascari(1983),Moneo(1988),Vallhonrat(1988) and
Frampton(1995) to explain the seven classical tectonic factor.
 ●Joint
 It is the smallest and most important element in
construction,and it can be seen as the generator of
construction.It can connect the whole building,material and
structures by different layers contacts.


 ●Detail
 It is the description of the quality of material,and also the
relationship of forming the building among the scale ,placing
and making.

 ●Material
 It is the element to express the forming and
composition of the construction in a building.
 ●Object
 It is the parts of a building,just like columns ,
walls , floors , doors, windows….
 The building is composited by many parts.
 ●Structure
 It is the concept,unit,or the process to deliver
the power.
 Structure is also a keyterm to influence the
tectonics.

 ●Construction
 It is the working process to achieve the concept of
structure,and it also possess the the relation in layer and the
process in logic.
 It makes the objects of a building arranging in order from
small to large.
 ●Interactive
 It is the relationship between buildings and sites,people and a
building.
 It is established in the basic of topography and perception.
 Digital Tectonic Thinking
 ●Motion
 Digital design is the development of motive process,just like
form-making(形體操作) and form-evolution(形體推演 by
morphing(形體混合).

 ●Information
 The immateriality of digital and virtuality makes the
material combined with information,and it is composed
into the form of a building to be a new kind of material.
 Information becomes the new material of surface on a
building.
 ●Generation
 It is the process to automatically generate the shape and
the concept of a building by using derivation systems and
calculating methods.
 ●Fabrication
 It is the process to produce the objects and constructing
methods by using CAD/CAM(rapid-
prototyping,rp),(computer numeric control),(3d scanning).

 New Tectonics?
 ●Because of the development of digital technique,traditional
tectonics
 have changed dramatically.
 ●We need to continue on developing digital theory of
architecture by
 systematically methods of combining digital tectonics and
classical
 tectonics.
 ●How new digital tectonic factors are oriented from the classical
 tectonic factors?
 ●Is there any difference between new factors and old factors?
 ●How the thought of tectonics change by time passing?
 ●How the basic design process in the tectonics of buildings
change from
 classical,predigital,digital to post digital?

Five elements of digital fabrication
A . sectioning:
Example : Space,LAN DEMOSEY&ALVIN HUANG,2008
the manufacturing:
The designer cut the streamline shape into lots of projections,and
the method generates lots of sections and plans which becomes the
manufacturing skeleton to be produced.

B . Tessellation:
Example : DeiraSphere Dubai,IwamotoScott,2008
the manufacturing:
the streamline shape is constructed by slips . The slips are
connected to each other very closely to construct the planar or
curvature . The shape and density of each slip desicdes the shape of
the whole body.

Five elements of digital fabrication
c.Contouring:
Example:Church in Liesing,Erwin Hauer and Enrique
Rosado,1952
the manufacturing:
Contouring is the techinique to re-generate the surface.It
is often used in architectural material.Is is the way like
sculpture.

d.Forming:
Example:P_WALL ,Andrew Kudless,2009
the manufacturing:It uses economical and certain
manufacturing to produce an element with lots of
duplicated units.It is often used in the joints of a building
like pre-cast boards,the joints of construction,the
ornament,wall and even the whole building.

■Mathematical surfaces and serials
What is surface and series?
☆Surface-two dimensional space , less than gossamer thin
Series-one dimensional idea of sequential elements that
build,within a defining relationship,a changing path

☆The difinition of intrinsic surface space and series governing
growth or change are at the heart of the space-making process.

☆ Surface Surface
Boudaries Interface

of matter of liquid,gaseous,solid and space

☆Surface are generally complex and dynamic at molecular scale.

☆In architecture,surface is predominantly a geometrical idea.

☆What ideas of surface excite the designer?
1.the notion of impossible thinnes(Gauss‟s disappearing
dimension)
2.the qualitative differences between surface as plane,curves in
one direction or warped in two.
3.self-intersection

☆Some surfaces,when immersed in three dimensions,pass through
themselves.

☆The Klein Bottletopologically non-orientable example

☆Ennerper minimal surfacedefined by its curvature

■TEN KINDS OF SURFACES
☆Thinness
The search to find a form of materiality that dematerializes and
leaves the suggestion of a two-dimensional threshold between space
and another without substance or weight.
Example:
1.The tensile structures of Frei Otto
2.Anish Kapoor‟s Marsyas installation in Tate Mordern‟s
Turbine Hall
☆The plane
The surface rarely experiences in the physical world except when built.
Cartesian idea spaceinfinite extension in an idealized,three-
dimensional,continous,homogenous space.
Example:Mies Van der rohe
The preoccupation back to the Renaissance and the development of
projective geometry.

☆Singel-curvature
Dennis Shelden‟s „developable surface<that>sneak on you‟
+
Frank Gehry‟s paper modeling design process
Tacit constraint system
Paper and its bending behavior
☆Double-curvature
Slightly different Significantly different
Set of conditions,intension Mathematics

OUTCOME
Thin shell structures
1.expoited such shapes for strength
2.the geometries of tensile fabric structured
Antoni Gaudi‟developing an architectural language of ruled surfaces.
Felex Candela They found surface through
Heinz Isler physical analogue modeling techniques.
Lamis Xankis
Frei Otto
Gerd Fischer

To designer using digital computation,these surfaces are now available
as instant graphical representations from their algebraic descriptions.
The challenge is only to consider fabrication techniques that embrace
the design possibilities presented.

☆Self-intersection
Non-orientable surfaces(those with no clear inside and outside)

Architects engaged with them on topology.
It manifests in three dimensions but disappears in the fourth.
Surface is an important concept in topology
A surfacetwo dimensional manifold(differential geometry for a
mathematical space)

Stephen Hydecurvature and non-Euclidean geometry as fundamental
to the Modelling of matter at molecular and atomic scales
Curvatures are fundamental space-makers for architectural modelers.
Since curvature,surface is an idea that has grown in significance.

Curvature Extrinsic Curvature
Intrinsic Curvature
A straight linezero curvature
A circle constant curvature equal to the inverse of it‟s
Radius
When radius the curvature of a larger circle
Why the curvature have to be embedded in two or three dimensions in
order to measure it?
Surfaces
1.It have an extrinsic curvature that is visible whenthey are embedded in
a three-dimensional space.
2.Curvature is also intrinsic.
As we walk across a curved surface in two dimensions,the curvature is
still perceptible.

☆ Non-Eclidean geometry
It developed from 19 century.
Fifth(parallel),postulate implies that for any given infinite line and point
off that line,there is one and only one line through the point that is
parallel.
HyperbolicHyperbolic plane can be imagines as a saddle-shaped
surface in three dimensions.
Elliptical(Riemannian)

☆Minimal surfaces
The sum of curvature in two principal directions on the surface is zero
means minimal surface.
When a wire is dipped into a soap solution manifestats the familiar
shape.
Catenoids minimal surfaceEnneper surfaceself-intersect in
three dimensions
Helicoids
Costa Hoffman-Meeks minimal surfacethrice-punctures torus
☆Mathematical surfaces
They can be described in analytical geometry.

Topologically homologous(equivalent) surfacesmaybe very different
in shape.
Mathematical surfacescan be described in analytical geometry,and
belong to generic families that vary parametrically,the characteristics
of their shape matters.

☆Series
Gregory Bateson‟s „pattern that connects‟refer to the genotypical and
phenotypical variations within spacies.
Every crab has the same number of legs and each leg has a
recognizably chrracteristic shape,no two crabs are the same size and
nor are their legs the same shape.
Algorithms that control the idea of series can introduce the level of
repetition with its implicit‟genetic‟variation into architecture within a
geometric schema that allows ana overall meta-level of pattern-
making to be real.

1.Geometry is the best way to achieve the code and algorythm of
material and nature.
2.Geometry is the transcendent between digital fabrication and real
manufacturing.
3.Surface is the most important part in geometry research

The possiblity of digital fabrication

1.It lies new possibility since Frank Gehry used
CATIA in the architectural design and
construction.

2.Previously the large number of standard and
modular production in construction limited the
freedom of design into horizontal and vertical
elements.

3.Through Parametric Design methods and
CAD/CAM technique ,the design can be easier
to turn from the standard and large amount
into the customization , and it is more
possibility to discuss the shape.

The possiblity of digital fabrication

4.Parametric design could delete the digital information gap
between the design , drawings and construction in traditional
tectonic , and it makes the designer has a good communication
with the client , even the consumer have more choices.

5.The topic of this chapter is to combine the parametric design
and the digital manufacturing,and it focuses on curvature truss
from a thesis “the parametric design and digital tectonics of
curvature trusses” from Ms.Wang(王燕晴),2011.

6.Ms.Wang‟s thesis has dicussed much in Lisa Iwamoto‟s book
“Digital Fabrication,2009”.The book classifies digital
manufacturing into five types:
Sectioning,Tessellation,Folding,Contouring and Forming
*the manufacturing introduction of the five elements

The establishment of a research goal-finding problems
Architecture has more possibilities and imagination
because of the digital software using and virtual
models making . From the words be mentioned in
"Digital fabrication" by Lisa Iwamoto : Digital
fabrication , in particular , has spurred a design
revolution , yielding a wealth of architectural invention
and innovation.
The cases in the book "Digital fabrication" are very
innovative ones that try to challenge the form in
curvature .The works are beautiful but cannot afford
the loading itself . The loading are spread to the
boundary or the wall . Below I mention some problems
of nowadays digital fabrication:

The establishment of a research goal-finding problems
1.The Loading problem-the loading are
forward the boundary that it could not
bear by themself.

2.The structure are very light , using
temporary material like wood and paper
and it could not stand very long

3.The digital models in virtually are
curvature in whole and wonderful
shaping , but when they come to the real
fabrication , they are separated into
pieces . The joints between every single
element are the problem . It could
decrease the strengthen of the
structure , and making the shape not the
same as in the computer.

The establishment of a research goal-finding strategy
4.Just like the Taichung Metropolitan Opera
House by Toyo Ito is perfect in virtually , but when
it turns to the real fabrication,it is slow,having the
problem of cost(including material,employees and
time of finishing)

5.My research is to focus on the best way-
folding from five methods of fabrication from Lisa
Iwamoto(sectioning , tessellating , folding ,
contouring , and forming) to construct a
sustainable and ecological system of canopy and
surface of building.

6.The canopy and surface are devoting on the
water issue when the world is facing the extreme
weather.

CONCLUSION
Case1,case2 use folding and
tessellating to form the canopy,but
they have disadvantage of:
1.Labour Intense(using school
cheaper labour to finish the project,but
if we have to finish it outside it could
gain cost of workers a lot)

2.Not self-supporting(Like the
voisour cloud designed by Iwamoto,the
structure are affordance by the press
from the boundary.

3.Not weather -Proof(The canopy
cannot be expoesed on the outsides
environment like raining day,sunshing
exposing or extreme weather)

4.More like Art Installation than
building(Because the tectonic of the
structure doesn't afford the whole
bearing,facilities....etc.)

Case 3 and Case4 are the successful
digital fabrication canopies that not olny
challenge the possibilities of the form,but
also afford the stregthen and the weather
sucessfully.

In "Translations from Drawing to
Building,"Robin Evans expands on the
inevitable separation architects encounter
between drawing,the traditional medium
of the design,and the building,the final
outcome of their work.

2.Reference and Case study(3 cases minimun)
2.1 The definition of digital fabrication
2.2 The general descriptions of cases
2.3 The fabrication processes of cases
2.4 Similarities and differances of cases and the
conclusion(What
is useful for the thesis?)
3.The Problem and strategy of fabrication
3.1 Currently available techniques in
fabrication
3.2 Critiques on time content
3.3 Critiques on cost content
3.4 Conclusion
a. The systematic apprisal of existing
fabrication techniques
b. The criteria : cost
c. The complexity(The amount of man
hours involved)
d. The conduct between digital design
and real
materiality(Issue of scaling from model
to full size)

4.From research to design steps
4.1
a. The introduction of drainage issue process
b. Process : Braided river
c. The extract of folding models
4.2
a. Rough types
b. The mathematics of folding cases
c. Systematic types
4.3
a. Fabrication research
b. The methodology of translating from digital to
fabricated
4.4 Steps
a. Design process in computer
b.The interactive process : using models
c. The output from computer(direct or indirect?)
d. The production of parts
e. Final assembly

CASE STUDY1
◆How to make the model separate and form?
The three dimensional petals are formed by folding thin wood laminate
along curved seams. The curve produces an inflected and dished form that
relies on the internal surface tension of the wood and folded geometry of the
flanges to hold its shape. At the same time, materially, the flanges want to
bulge out along the curved edge. This is what allows for the structural porosity
within the constraints of sheet material. The flanges of the resulting dimpled,
concave petals pack together as compressive elements and press upon each
other. This attribute naturally creates vaulted forms and led initially to the
overall design
◆How long does it take to be built?
Two weeks
◆How many people work on this project? :
18
◆How much does it cost?
Unknown
◆The inner area that the canopy cover
About 300 meter square
◆Date . Location . Purpose . Built or destroyed . indoor or outdoor
opened on 1 August and continues until 14 September.
has opened at the SCI-Arc Gallery in Los Angeles.

CASE STUDY2

2 .Case :PET PAVILION
Fabricator : Carl Christofferson
2010
Museum of Comtemporary
art,Taipei
Indoor
(1)He spread the graphic
Voronoi on the surface of the
half ellipse.
(2)The material are PET with
5mm in thickness ,and the
construction is divided into 6
parts .When the pet is curved and
connected with each
other ,the rigitity of material gets
higher
(3)The joints between two
elements are spiral

CASE STUDY3
4.CASE:HELIOS HOUSE
FABRICATOR:OFFICE DA and JOHNSTON MARKLEE &
ASSOCIATES,2006-2007
(1)Materials: The site utilizes farmed wood from renewable sources;
bathroom tiles utilize 100 percent recycled glass; signage is made
from stainless steel scraps from the project; all stainless steel used
on site is recyclable.
(2) Using a structural bay as a starting point, the cladding system
unifies the column base, shaft, and capital with the canopy.
Furthermore, the surface works parametrically to incorporate
architectural and technical features using the same technique. The
pay kiosk, the structure, the fin panels (as signs), and the canopy
are shaped from the same faceted surface. The triangulated
stainless steel panels reconcile complex, and sometimes
contradictory, requirements of the site, program, codes, and
zoning ordinances, and establish the site』s identity.

CASE STUDY4

AlgoRhythm Technologies™ generates a
wide range of unique forms from its genetic
code.
演算法技術產生一個很寬廣範圍的獨特造型來自
於材料本身的基因特性

Material flows under its own weight and
other forces according to morphologic laws
that pertain more to fluid motion than to
static objects. By freeing the elements of
construction from their rigid geometries,
AlgoRhythm Technologies unfolds infinite
opportunities to model a new architecture.
材料的動作來自型態學的規則所造成的自身重量
與力量.這依據於動態流體力學更甚於穩定物質.
經由將結構的元素從剛硬幾何特性解放出來.演算
式技術展現出無限構築新模型的機會

序書名/論文名稱作者主題/關鍵字出版社
號
1 現代建築構築性之台灣經驗鄭仁杰現代建築、陳其寬、構國立台灣科技大學建築所
－陳其寬薄殼建築作品築性、薄殼建築

2 非建築-構築有感行為之微型陳良慈非建築國立交通大學建築研究所
態
3 半透界面-集合住宅之開放性留銘男編織、構築、集合住宅、國立成功大學建築研究所
與隱私性空間的界面設計探隱私
討

4 生態社區評估系統之研究林憲德生態社區評估系統內政部建築研究所

5 城鄉生態林憲德生活環境的生物多樣化詹氏書局
設計
6 參數設計與數位製造之操作張展嘉參數設計、構築國立台灣科技大學建築所
案例實證
7 仿生建築中的數位設計與組簡志明仿生建築、數位設計、國立台灣科技大學建築所
構構築

8 物件、空間曾哲文構築、數位設計國立交通大學建築所
9 構築：羅東舊林場劉栩杰地域性構築私立逢甲大學建築所
10 新構築:邁向數位建築的新理劉育東構築、數位田園城市
論:第七屆遠東國際數位建築
設計獎

11 Digital Design Manual Marco Hemmerling CAD、Digital design DOM Publishers,Berlin/Germany

12 Frank Lloyd Wright and Kevin Nute Tectonic,Oriented style、 Routledge(Taylor&Francis Group)
Japan culture
13 The Details of Modern Edward R. Ford Tectonics、Details、 The MIT Press
Architecture Ornament
14 On and By FRANK Lloyd Robert Mccarter Form Grammer,Culture Phaidon
Wright(A Primer of
Architecural Principles)

15 The New Mathematics of Jane Burry+Mark Burry Mathematics、Tectonics Thames
Architecture &Hudsin

16 The Function of Ornament Farshid Tectonics、Ornament、 Harvard University,Graduate
Moussavi,Michael Kubo Culture、Climate School of Design

17 Precedents In Architecture- Roger H. Clark Analytic John Wiley&Sons
Analytic Diagrams,Formative Michael Pause Diagrams,Formative Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey
Ideas,and Partis Ideas,and Partis

18 Details in Contemporary Jennifer N. Thompson Details、Tectonics Princeton Architecture Press
Architecture

19 ClimateSkin-Building skin Gerhard Details、Tectonics、 Birkhauser,Germany
concepts that can do more Hausladen,Michael de Climate
with less energy Saldnha,Petra Liedl

20 Studies in Tectonic Culture Kenneth Frampton Tectonics、Culture The MIT Press

英文書報作業二論文寫作的結構賞析

Thesis topic : DIGITAL FABRICATION
(Modular rainwater collection system using sheet-bending
and digital fabrication)
數位設計與真實構築之接合可能性與落差研究(以建築皮層對應永續環境設計操作為例)

Date : 2012.5.17
Tutor : Professor Stephen Roe
Student : 詹竣策(m0017106)

英文書報0517 詹竣策M0017106

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英文書報0517 詹竣策M0017106