2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 China’s First Civilizations Section 2 Life in Ancient China Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties Reading Review Chapter Assessment Early China Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Early China

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the first civilizations in China and how the geography of the region, especially its rivers, mountains, and deserts, influenced China’s cultural development. China’s First Civilizations

10. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Complete a chart like the one on page 224 of your textbook describing the characteristics of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. China’s First Civilizations

13. What effect did the mountains and deserts have on the Chinese people? The mountains and deserts separated the Chinese from most other peoples. China’s First Civilizations

18. How does the Chinese language differ from the alphabet system used by Americans? In the American alphabet, each letter represents a sound. The letters, or sounds, are put together to make words. In the Chinese language, each marking, or symbol, represents a whole word. China’s First Civilizations

23. What innovative weapons and equipment were used during the Period of Warring States? The Chinese used crossbows for fighting. They invented the saddle and stirrup during the Period of Warring States. China’s First Civilizations

24. What is a dynasty? A dynasty is a line of rulers who belong to the same family. China’s First Civilizations

25. China’s First Civilizations What were oracle bones and how were they used? Oracle bones were bones with questions on them used to interpret answers from the gods.

26. Analyze How did the Mandate of Heaven allow for the overthrow of kings in ancient China? If a king failed in his duty and the kingdom experienced a disaster, the king could be replaced. China’s First Civilizations

27. Evaluate What were some important technological changes during the Zhou dynasty, and how did they lead to a larger population? Development of irrigation and flood-control systems, along with the iron plow, led to increased crop production and a rising population. China’s First Civilizations

28. Explain How did ancient Chinese kings maintain control of their dynasties? Kings maintained large armies to conquer land and protect borders but also appointed warlords to govern the kingdom’s territories. China’s First Civilizations

29. Define the Mandate of Heaven, and describe its effect on the rulers and people of ancient China. China’s First Civilizations

31. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section focuses on society in early China, including the great religious and philosophical systems that were created.

35. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create a pyramid diagram like the one on page 232 of your textbook. Show the social classes in ancient China from most important (top) to least important (bottom). Life in Ancient China

39. Life in Ancient China (cont.) A Chinese village. Life in Ancient China (pages 232 – 235)

40. How did aristocrats use farmers to grow rich? Aristocrats allowed farmers to use their land. In exchange, farmers gave part of their crop to the landowners. Life in Ancient China

43. Why did the aristocrats dislike Confucianism? According to Confucianism, any man with a talent for government should take part in government. This idea opened government up to the lower classes. Life in Ancient China

44. Describe the concept of filial piety. Family members placed the needs of the head of the family above their own. Life in Ancient China

45. It emphasized force and power and did not require leaders to show kindness or understanding to their subjects. Why did many aristocrats favor the philosophy of Legalism? Life in Ancient China

46. Contrast How did Daoism differ from Confucianism? Confucianism encouraged people to work hard to improve the world, while Daoism taught that people should give up their concerns about the world and seek inner peace. Life in Ancient China

47. Writing Questions Suppose you could interview Confucius about his concept of duty. Write five questions you might ask him about the subject. Include possible responses. Answers will vary. Life in Ancient China

48. Expository Writing Do you think any of the Chinese philosophies studied in this section are reflected in our society today? Write an essay explaining your answer. Answers will vary. Life in Ancient China

49. Think about the role of different family members in ancient China. Have them explain which role they would like best and which they would like least. Explain your reasons. Life in Ancient China

51. The Qin and Han Dynasties Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section looks at the Qin and Han dynasties and the changes they brought to China in the areas of religion, trade, government, and technology.

55. Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect Complete a diagram like the one on page 240 of your textbook showing the inventions of the Han dynasty and the resulting impact on society. The Qin and Han Dynasties Get Ready to Read (cont.)

59. What are some examples of Qin Shihuangdi’s cruelty in ruling his people? Qin punished or killed anyone who opposed him. He forced farmers to leave their farms to build the Great Wall of China. He also burned scholars’ writing. The Qin and Han Dynasties

63. How did the invention of the rudder change Chinese trade? With the rudder, the Chinese could move ships’ sails differently. Ships could now sail into the wind rather than with it. This meant Chinese ships could travel to the islands of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Qin and Han Dynasties

65. What empire had General Zhang Qian encountered during his 13-year trip west and how did he describe it upon his return? He had visited the Roman Empire and described the large cities with people wearing embroidered clothes and driving chariots. The Qin and Han Dynasties

67. How did Buddhism become popular in China? First, merchants from India brought Buddhism to China. During the unrest of the fall of the Han dynasty, people found comfort in the teachings of Buddhism, and more people began practicing the Buddhist religion. The Qin and Han Dynasties

68. The Qin and Han Dynasties Why did Qin Shihuangdi have the Great Wall built? to keep out the Xiongnu

69. The Qin and Han Dynasties What were civil service examinations and why were they created? Civil service examinations were long, difficult tests used to qualify people for jobs in the government bureaucracy. They were used to find the best and most talented people.

70. Geography Skills What barriers did merchants who used the Silk Road have to cross? mountains, deserts, seas, oceans, and harsh terrain The Qin and Han Dynasties

71. Explain How did Qin Shihuangdi make China’s central government stronger? He appointed censors who made sure that government officials did their jobs. He also appointed and dismissed aristocrats who ran the provinces rather than allowing their positions to be hereditary. The Qin and Han Dynasties

72. Analyze Why did the Qin dynasty fall? Because Qin Shihuangdi was such a ruthless ruler, his dynasty was overthrown by unhappy subjects soon after his death. The Qin and Han Dynasties

73. Descriptive Writing Zhang Qian wrote that Romans had short hair, wore embroidered clothes, and rode in chariots. Name three things that he might have written about people in the United States after seeing them for the first time. Answers will vary. The Qin and Han Dynasties

74. Make a list of developments you consider positive and developments you consider harmful or negative from the era of the Qin and Han dynasties. The Qin and Han Dynasties

82. Section 1 China’s First Civilizations What geographical features shaped China’s civilizations? rivers, mountains, and deserts Early China Review Main Ideas

83. Why did the Shang rulers become powerful? They controlled land and had strong armies. Early China Section 1 China’s First Civilizations Review Main Ideas

84. Section 2 Life in Ancient China What were the three main classes in Chinese society? landowning aristocrats, farmers and merchants Early China Review Main Ideas

85. Identify three Chinese philosophies and the reason they emerged. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism grew out of a need for order. Early China Section 2 Life in Ancient China Review Main Ideas

86. Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties How did developments during the Han dynasty affect the Chinese people? Their lives were improved. Early China Review Main Ideas

87. What was the purpose of the Silk Road? to carry Chinese goods to other areas — as far as Greece and Rome Early China Section 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties Review Main Ideas

88. Contrast How is the ancient Chinese writing system different from cuneiform and hieroglyphic writing? The Chinese system used pictographs and ideographs, while cuneiform and hieroglyphics used markings, forms, and some pictures. The Chinese system is still in use, but cuneiform and hieroglyphics were replaced by systems based on speech sounds. Early China

89. Describe How did Shang artisans create bronze urns? They made clay molds in several sections, worked detailed designs into the clay, fit the pieces of the mold together, poured in molten bronze, and removed the mold after the bronze had cooled. Early China

90. Analyze How is Daoism the opposite of Confucianism in some ways? Daoism teaches that people should try to be in harmony with the world; Confucianism teaches that people should work to change and improve the world. Early China

92. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 7-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

93. Map s The Geography of China Shang Empire Zhou Empire Qin and Han Empires 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 Trading in the Ancient World Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Charts Chinese Numbering System Chinese Philosophers Four Chinese Dynasties

94. Click the map to view an interactive version.

98. Click the map to view an interactive version.

102. The Qinling Mountains stretch from west to east and form the geographic line between north and south China. China’s First Civilizations

103. Taoists believe the only acceptable time to inflict harm on another living creature is in self-defense. Life in Ancient China

104. The Great Wall of China stretches more than 4,000 miles from east to west across China. Today, sections of the Great Wall are deteriorating from natural erosion. The Qin and Han Dynasties

105. Headings and Punctuation Learn It! Reading Social Studies As you read this chapter, pay attention to bold headings and punctuation. They are used by authors to help you better understand what you are reading. Look at the heading on page 235 of your textbook, Chinese Thinkers . By putting these words in red, the author lets you know, even before you begin reading, that this part of the chapter is about famous thinkers in Chinese history. Paying attention to punctuation marks also can help you understand the text. Look at the punctuation marks in the paragraph on the next slide.

106. Words are indented to show where a new paragraph and a new idea begin To Confucius, the best way to behave was similar to an idea known as the Golden Rule : “ Do unto others as you would have others do unto you. ” A colon (:) tells you that the words that follow are an illustration or an explanation of the first part of the sentence. — f rom page 236 Quotation marks have several uses. Here they are used to set off words taken from another source. Reading Social Studies

109. Early China Introduction

110. China’s First Civilizations

111. Life in Ancient China

112. The Qin and Han Dynasties

113. Focus on Everyday Life Zheng Zhenxiang was China’s first female archaeologist. In 1976 she found the tomb of Fu Hao, China’s first female general. In the tomb were more than 2,000 artifacts from the Shang dynasty, including weapons, bronze vessels, jade objects, and bones with Chinese characters carved on them. Fu Hao, the wife of King Wu Ding, was given a royal burial. She was famous for her strength, martial arts skills, and military strategies. She often helped her husband defeat their enemies on the battlefield. Fu Hao was the first female in China’s history to receive the highest military rank. Her tomb and its artifacts reveal the grand civilization of China’s Shang dynasty. During this period, the Chinese developed writing, a calendar, and musical instruments. The Role of Women

114. Connecting to the Past She was famous for her strength, martial arts skills, and military strategies. 1. What was Fu Hao famous for during her life? 2. Describe what the artifacts found in Fu Hao’s tomb might reveal about life during that time? The Shang dynasty was a sophisticated civilization, with bronze technology, writing, a calendar, and musical instruments.

115. Focus on Everyday Life Farmers in ancient China had to find ways to grow enough food to feed their population. It was often difficult because of the dry mountainous land. Over centuries, farmers learned to cut terraces — flat areas, like a series of deep steps — into the mountain slopes. Terraces made more land available for farming and kept the soil from eroding, or wearing away. Early farmers also used the terraces as a way to irrigate their crops. As rain fell, it flowed down from one terrace to the next, watering the crops. This method of farming, called terrace farming, is still used in China today. Farmers in ancient China were the first to use insects to protect their crops from damage by other insects. As early as A.D. 304, Chinese farmers used ants to prevent other insects from damaging their citrus fruit trees. They also used frogs and birds for pest control. Chinese Farming

116. Connecting to the Past They built terraces into the mountain slopes. 1. How did farmers in ancient China increase the amount of productive farmland? 2. What three farming methods helped farmers in ancient China grow more food? terrace farming, irrigation, and pest control

117. 551- 479 B.C. Confucius

118. Qin Shihuangdi c. 259-210 B.C.

119. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 7–1 Chapter 7

120. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 7 – 2 Chapter 7

121. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 7 – 3 Chapter 7

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