12. We found that overall survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was significantly improved with erlotinib and gemcitabine compared with placebo plus gemcitabine; the HR [hazard ratio] of 0.82 represents a 18% reduction in the risk of death, or alternately, an overall 22% improvement in survival. HR is the most appropriate measure of overall and progression-free survival in rapidly progressive diseases such as pancreatic cancer because it encompasses the whole observation period and not just a single point estimate, such as the median. The improvement in median overall survival with erlotinib and gemcitabine is modest (6.24 v 5.91 months) while the 1-year survival rate with erlotinib and gemcitabine is 23% versus 17% with placebo and gemcitabine. The improvement in progression-free survival with a HR of 0.77 supports the beneficial effects of erlotinib. This benefit was achieved without a difference in response rate between the arms.
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16. Wilt, T. J. et. al. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:435-448 Complication rates for prostate cancer treatments from nonrandomized studies
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18. Medical expenditures by treatment for 65 year-olds One-year expenditures, adjusted for comorbidities
21. COX-2 Inhibitors vs NSAIDS Change in costs Gain in health benefit (QALYs) Comparator: Naproxen $12k $6k $0 Source: Spiegel et al., The Cost-Effectiveness of Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors in the Management of Chronic Arthritis, Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:795-806. 0 0.10 0.05 $ 100k per QALY
22. COX-2 Inhibitors vs NSAIDS Change in costs Gain in health benefit (QALYs) Comparator: Naproxen Assumption: Excludes effects on heart Change in cost: $11,600 Change in benefit: 0.04 QALYs Incremental CER: $290,000/QALY $12k $6k $0 Source: Spiegel et al., The Cost-Effectiveness of Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors in the Management of Chronic Arthritis, Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:795-806. $ 100k per QALY Basecase 0 0.10 0.05
23. COX-2 Inhibitors vs NSAIDS Change in costs Gain in health benefit (QALYs) Comparator: Naproxen Assumption: INCLUDES effects on heart Change in cost: $11,600 Change in benefit: 0.03 QALYs Incremental CER: $395,000/QALY $12k $6k $0 Source: Spiegel et al., The Cost-Effectiveness of Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors in the Management of Chronic Arthritis, Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:795-806. $ 100k per QALY Basecase w/ heart 0 0.10 0.05
24. COX-2 Inhibitors vs NSAIDS Change in costs Gain in health benefit (QALYs) Comparator: Naproxen Assumption: High-risk patients Change in cost: $4,720 Change in benefit: 0.08 QALYs Incremental CER: $56,000/QALY $12k $6k $0 Source: Spiegel et al., The Cost-Effectiveness of Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective Inhibitors in the Management of Chronic Arthritis, Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:795-806. $ 100k per QALY Basecase w/ heart High risk 0 0.10 0.05