4. Stem Changing Verbs
o ue (ex: devolver devuelvo)
e ie (ex: empezar empiezo)
o ue (ex: dormir duermo)
e i (ex: pedir pido)
The stem doesn’t change for
the nosotros or vosotros
forms.
5. Para
Parameans for or in order to.
Use para to indicate:
The recipient of items. Ex: El regalo para
tú mama.
Purpose. Ex: Vamos al restaurante para
comer.
Implied purpose. Ex: Tengo dinero para
[comprar] algo.
6. Indirect Object
Pronouns
Me To/for whom?
Te Put the indirect object pronoun (IOP)
Le
before the conjugated verb.
Attach the IOP to an infinitive (an
Nos
unconjugated verb form).
Os
Attach the IOP to a gerund (-ing
Les verb forms).
The pronouns le and les can also refer
to indirect object pronouns.
To clarify what they mean they are often
accompanied by a + a noun, pronoun, or name.
7. Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to an progressive
tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
8. Me T
e Gustar
Singular:
Gust
Me gusta…
Le Le Te gusta…
s Le gusta…
a Nos gusta…
Les gusta…
No Plural:
s Me gustan…
Te gustan…
• The form of gustar Le gustan…
matches the noun. Nos gustan…
Les gustan…
9. Affirmative and Negative Words
When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
Affirmative affirmative or a negative word.
you use an
Words Negative Words
Algo Nada
Alguien Nadie
Algûn/alguno(a)
Ningún/ninguno(a)
Nunca
Siempre
tampoco
Tambien If a verb is preceded by no, words
that follow must be negative.
Alguno(a) and ninguno(a) A double negative is required in
must match the gender of Spanish when no precedes the verb.
the noun they replace or However, if a negative word comes
modify. before the verb, a second negative is
not needed.
10. Superlatives
-ísimo Expresses extremes in most
-ísimos adjectives.
-ísima The adjective must agree in
-ísimas gender and number with the
noun it modifies.
when the lost consonant is
c, g, or z, spelling is
required.
11. Describes people doing
things for themselves.
Reflexive pronouns are Reflexives
used with reflexive verbs
to indicate that the subject Reflexives:
of the sentence receives me –o
the action of the verb.
te -as
Include the concept of
possession. se -a
The object (subject) does nos -amos
and receives the action. se -an
Subject, pronoun, and verb Position:
are all in the same form.
In front of the conjugated
Not all verbs can be
reflexive. verb
All reflexive verbs end in – Attached to a gerund
se. Steps to make a verb Attached to an infinitive
reflexive: Attached to an affirmative
1. Conjugate the verb as command.
always.
2. Add the reflexive
12. Affirmative Tu Commands + Irregulars
Affirmative Tú + Pronoun Placement
Commands
Give instructions or commands to Irregular Affirmative Tú
someone by using the affirmative tú
commands of irregular verbs.
Commands
Ends like a 3rd house form. Infinitive Affirmative
Examples: Tú Command
Caminar- ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el Decir Di
parque! Hacer Haz
Comer- ¡Come! ¡Come toda la
Ir Ve
hamburgesa!
Abrir- ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero Poner Pon
entrar! Salir Sal
Pronoun Placement Ser Sé
When you use a pronoun with an Tener Ten
affirmative command, the pronoun
attaches to the command.
When using an object pronoun, attach
the pronoun to the end of the
13. Negative Tu Command + Irregulars +
Pronoun Placement
Irregular Negative Tú
Negative Tú Commands Commands
When you tell someone what
not to do, use a negative Infinitive (Yo Negative Tú
command. form) Command
Formed by taking you from the
present tense, dropping the –o,
Dar (Doy) No le des mi
and adding an appropriate dirección a
ending. nadie.
Examples: Estar (estoy) No estés
¡No hables! triste.
¡No vuelvas! Ir (voy) No vayas a la
Pronoun Placement tiends.
Object pronouns precede the Ser (soy) No seas mala.
verbs in negative commands, None of the yo forms of
just as with other conjugated these verbs end in –o.
verbs.
14. Sequencing Events
First: prfimero
Then: entonces
Later/after: luego/después
Finally: por fin
Before/after: antes de/ después de
In/during the…: por la mañana/tarde/noche
No specific time given
On Mondays, on Tuesdays, etc: los lunes, los
martes, etc.
