This presentation discusses using technology to increase instructional immediacy and bridge the gap between faculty and students. It defines instructional immediacy as behaviors that increase psychological closeness between teachers and students, such as humor, addressing students by name, and sharing personal examples. Research shows that instructional immediacy improves student participation, motivation, and learning outcomes. The presentation then provides examples of online tools that can be used to increase immediacy, such as presentation, video, and mind mapping tools to facilitate interaction and active learning. It emphasizes creating a sense of community through tools like surveys, polls, and online publishing platforms.

1. Instructional Immediacy in the
Classroom: Using Technology to Bridge
the Gap between Faculty & Students
Presenter: Patrick G. Ray; Program
Associate Dean (Fortis Online)

2. Insert Super-Hilarious-Awesome Joke Here
The applause will come, Patrick…wait for it…wait for iiiiiiiiiiiiit!

3. Insert another Knee-Slappingly-Hilarious Joke Here
Eat your heart out, Gene Wilder! Milk’s coming out of their nose, and
they’re not even drinking milk!

4. Knock Them Silly with the PUNCH-line Here!!!
Do you need a tissue to capture all of those tears of laughter???

5. Where’s the Joke?
STUDENT A STUDENT B

6. ??
?
STUDENT A’S FEEDBACK…
Please note: you did not follow the instructions for this assignment.
I have deducted points for this. Be more careful on future
submissions. Reread the instructions to see what you missed, & let
me know if you have any questions.

7. =)
STUDENT B’S FEEDBACK…
Your analysis of the primary issue presented in this assignment was
excellent, and covered all points noted in the rubric. I see that you
applied the analysis tool that I suggested to you last week. Great
work, B! However, I did have to deduct 10 points for improper
formatting, and another 10 points for spelling/grammatical errors.
Please see the attached, annotated copy for more information.

8. What is Instructional Immediacy?
• Albert Mehrabian (1971) – “Principle of immediacy“
– "people are drawn toward persons and things they
like, evaluate highly, and prefer; and they avoid or move away
from things they dislike, evaluate negatively, or do not prefer"
• Joan Gorham (1988) – expanded to include verbal
interaction that increased psychological closeness between
teachers and students
– Affective Learning = reaching the emotional & belief system
aspects of those who facilitate & participate in it.
• Examples: engaging in humor, asking questions, addressing
students by name, encouragement of discussion and
following up on student-initiated comments, encouraging
student expression of opinions, and sharing of personal
examples.

9. So…be nice?
• Instructor lack of awareness
• Instructor not applying immediate behaviors
• Karla Jensen (1999) - faculty could successfully learn to
use such after participating in an immediacy training
program. Faculty participating in such training
increased their use of verbal immediacy behaviors by
42 percent and, consequently, experienced a 59
percent increase in student participation in class
compared to those in the control group

10. “Community of Inquiry”
Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, and Archer (2001) – identify with the
community & develop relationships (social); facilitation for purpose of
realizing personally meaningful outcomes (teaching); & extent learners
are able to construct & confirm meaning through sustained discourse
(cognitive).

11. Chickering & Gamson’s Seven
Principles of Good Practice
1. Encourage contact between students and faculty: Frequent student-
faculty contact both in and outside of class is an important factor in
student motivation and involvement.
2. Develop reciprocity and cooperation among students: Faculty should
create and encourage opportunities for collaborative learning among
students.
3. Encourages active learning: Faculty should require students to apply
their learning in oral and written forms.
4. Give prompt feedback: Faculty should provide appropriate and prompt
feedback on performance. Students need help assessing their current
competence and performance, and need frequent opportunities to
perform and receive suggestion for improvement. Such feedback should
be an ongoing process in collegiate settings.

12. Seven Principles (cont.)
5. Emphasize time on task: Faculty should create opportunities for
students to practice good time management. This includes setting
realistic time for students to complete assignments as well as
using class time for learning opportunities.
6. Communicate high expectations: Faculty should set and
communicate high expectations for students. Such becomes a self-
fulfilling prophecy for students and they often will rise to meet the
challenge.
7. Respect diverse talents and ways of learning: Faculty should
create learning opportunities that appeal to the different ways
students will process and attend to information. Varying
presentation style and assignment requirement will allow
students to showcase their unique talents and learn in ways that
work for them.

13. Effects of Instructional Immediacy in
Online Classrooms (Glenda Gunter; 2007)
• Analyzed four relationships in online courses:
1. Teacher-Student
2. Student-Student
3. Student-Content
4. Student-Computer
• Impetus – high dropout rates in online courses
• Most cited reason for student dissatisfaction: lack of
social presence (feeling of closeness &
community), feelings of isolation, lack of interaction
with instructor and other students.

14. Instructional Immediacy Online (Gunter; continued)
• “online students depend more on validation from
interaction from their professors because of the lack of
face-to-face interaction”
• “online interactions…synchronous or asynchronous,
can increase a student’s self-efficacy…*which+
positively affects motivation because it improves a
student’s belief in their ability to be successful”
• Positive correlation between immediacy & “increased
time on task, which also impacts cognitive outcomes”

15. What is ‘instructional immediacy’…not?
GOOD
CUSTOMER
SERVICE

16. EXHIBIT A:

17. EXHIBIT B:

18. EXHIBIT C:

19. EXHIBIT D:

20. Online-based Tools & Applications
Provide Multiple Means of Interaction
• Presentations – audio/video
• Mindmaps/Charts/Diagrams – static/dynamic
• Whiteboards/Screensharing tools
• Desktop/Screencasting tools
• Blogging/Social Networking tools
• Other dynamic resources impossible from
print/physical resources

21. Presentation Tools
• Author Stream http://www.authorstream.com (share your
powerpoint presentations online; d/l as video)
• SlideShare http://www.slideshare.net (another online
powerpoint sharing tool)
• MyPlick http://www.myplick.com (online presentation
sharing tool; powerpoint; pdf; open office; can sync audio)
• Slide Rocket http://www.sliderocket.com (online
powerpoint style presentation tool; slick w/ lots of options)
• Prezi http://prezi.com/index (popular online zooming
presentation tool; powerpoint + mindmap)
• Ahead http://ahead.com (online zooming presentations)

22. Audio-casting/sharing Tools
• Hello Slide http://www.helloslide.com/ (automatically
generates audio for your presentation based on slide
text)
• Ipadio http://www.ipadio.com/ (phone-cast live to the
web)
• Capzles http://www.capzles.com (combine
photos, videos, audio into online story presentations)
• Voice Thread www.voicethread.com (collaborative;
multimedia slideshow)
• Speaking Image www.speakingimage.com (online
interactive image annotation)
• Blabberize http://blabberize.com (create “talking
pictures”; free up to certain bandwidth usage)

23. Video/Photo-editing & Creation Tools
• Flickr http://www.flickr.com (online photo-sharing tool;
great for creative commons resources too!)
• Aviary http://www.aviary.com/ (online photo editing tool)
• Slide Roll http://www.slideroll.com (online photo
sharing/presentation tool; can upload to youtube)
• Empressr http://www.empressr.com (share photos, video,
audio online; syncs with Photobucket)
• Gickr www.gickr.com (create animated GIFs; can pull from
your Flickr account)
• Bit Strips http://www.bitstrips.com (comic-strip creation
tool; easy to use)
• Dvolver http://www.dvolver.com (direct your own movie;
share online – email to others)

24. Chart/Diagram Creation Tools
• Bubbl.us https://bubbl.us (online, collaborative brain-
storming)
• Caccoo https://cacoo.com (real-time diagram sharing
tool)
• Diagram.ly http://www.diagram.ly/ (create free
diagrams online)
• Chart Gizmo http://chartgizmo.com (create online
charts that incorporate data dynamically; can import
data from Excel)
• Chartle http://www.chartle.net (online, interactive
charts)

25. Chart/Diagram Creation (cont.)
• Gliffy http://www.gliffy.com (flowcharts; venn
diagrams; floor plans; org charts)
• Mindomo http://www.mindomo.com (available as
Google app as well; online, interactive mindmaps)
• Mindmeister http://www.mindmeister.com (online
mind-mapping tool)
• Lovely Charts http://www.lovelycharts.com/ (slick
online chart creation tool)
• Flowchart http://flowchart.com (online; real-time;
collaborative flow charts)

26. Visualizing Tools
• Many Eyes http://www-
958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/ (IBM;
custom data visualizer)
• Tagxedo http://www.tagxedo.com (online word clouds)
• Wordle http://www.wordle.net/ (another online word-
cloud image generator)
• Timetoast http://www.timetoast.com/ (create
online, interactive timelines)
• Dipity http://www.dipity.com/ (free online, interactive
timelines, incorporating images/video)

27. Whiteboards/Screensharing Tools
• Join.me https://join.me/ (extremely simple, easy-to-
use screensharing tool)
• Twiddla http://www.twiddla.com (free; easy to use
collaboration tool; whiteboard or review websites; no
install)
• Vyew http://vyew.com (similar to DimDim, but
presentation-based; can share desktop as well)
• Oneeko http://www.oneeko.com/ (simple screen-
sharing; no d/l)

28. Bookmark Sharing Tools
• Delicious www.delicious.com
• Diigo www.diigo.com (like Delicious, but can also use
sticky notes; annotate pages)
• Speed Tile http://www.speedtile.net (visual-based
organizing/sharing tool)
• Digg www.digg.com (shared social bookmarking; more
“diggs” = more visibility)

29. Video: Online Repositories
• Youtube Education Channel
http://www.youtube.com/education
• Teachertube http://www.teachertube.com/ (like youtube
edu)
• TED http://www.ted.com/ (Technology; Entertainment;
Design – conference videos)
• Academic Earth http://academicearth.org (online
presentations from world’s top scholars)
• MIT Open Courses http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm
• Art Babble http://www.artbabble.org/ (like youtube for
artists)
• CassioPeia Project http://www.cassiopeiaproject.com (same
for science)
• Sixty Symbols http://www.sixtysymbols.com/ (physics &
astronomy videos)

30. Video/Screencasting Tools
• Jing http://www.techsmith.com/jing.html (share
annotated screengrabs/video from desktop; free
version = 5 min max)
• Screencast-O-Matic http://www.screencast-o-
matic.com (free online screen recorder; no app to
install)
• Screenr http://www.screenr.com (no d/l to install;
online screencasting tool)
• SketchCast http://sketchcast.com/ (online sketch
sharing tool; w/ or w/o audio)

31. Video Sharing Tools
• DragON Tape http://www.dragontape.com (mix tapes
for Youtube; can string different videos together into
one presentation)
• Vimeo http://vimeo.com (online video sharing tool)
• Seesmic https://seesmic.com (quick, easy video-sharing
tool)

32. Blogging Tools
• Posterous Spaces https://posterous.com (easy-to-use;
email updates)
• Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com (another easy-to-use
blogging tool)
• AudioBoo http://audioboo.fm (audio-blogging site)
• Glogster http://www.glogster.com (online poster
“mash-up” tool; can use images, audio, video; edu
version as well; FLASHY!)
• Wallwisher http://www.wallwisher.com/ (another
online poster/corkboard tool; easy)

33. Math Instructional Tools
• Khan Academy http://www.khanacademy.org (online
math lessons; video)
• WolframAlpha http://www.wolframalpha.com
(computational knowledge engine)
• Wolfram MathWorld http://mathworld.wolfram.com/
• Mathway http://www.mathway.com/ (similar to
WolframAlpha)
• MathTV http://www.mathtv.com/videos_by_topic
(math videos)
• Tricki http://www.tricki.org (wiki devoted to math)
• Online Conversion http://www.onlineconversion.com/
(convert almost anything to anything else)

34. Creating a Sense of Community
• SurveyMonkey http://www.surveymonkey.com (free survey
tool; how am I doing?; what do you like?)
• Toluna http://us.toluna.com (create online poll; real-time
results)
• 43 Things http://www.43things.com (listing/sharing your life
goals/priorities)
• Book Glutton http://www.bookglutton.com (create an
online book club)
• Free Rice http://freerice.com (play trivia games & correct
answers = rice donated to United Nations World Food
Program)
• Gwap http://www.gwap.com (online games that improve
effectiveness of search engines)
• LetterPop http://letterpop.com/ (simple; easy to use
newsletter generator)

35. Online Publishing Tools
• Blog Booker www.blogbooker.com (turn your blogs into
a pdf “book” complete with images)
• Blurb http://www.blurb.com (make & sell e-books, as
well as physical books)
• Issuu http://issuu.com (free online digital publishing
tool)
• Storybird http://storybird.com (create online short
stories that others can share, read, or print)

36. Cloud-based Office Applications
• Google Docs https://docs.google.com (Google Office
Suite – word processor; presentation tool; spreadsheet
tool)
• Windows Live https://skydrive.live.com/ (create
Word, Powerpoint, Excel, One-Note docs – browser-
based; also – 25GB of online storage!)
• Think Free http://www.thinkfree.com (java-based
online office suite tool – MS Office 2003)
• Zoho http://www.zoho.com (cloud-based office suite;
lots of tools)

37. Thank you.
Patrick G. Ray; Program Associate Dean
Email: pray@fortiscollege.edu
Phone: (866) 353-9919