1. UNIT III: World Circa 1450-1750

2. Periodization Age of Exploration Start of Political Revolutions

10. Exploration and Decline Emperor Yongle – eunuch Zheng He - 7 voyages between 1405-1423, collect tribute - Stopped: too costly, internal factionalism, domestic concerns. Decline – poor leaders, corrupt government, public works fail, foreign threats (Japanese ‘pirates’ and Manchus from North) * Conquered by Manchus

11. Empires: Japan

12. Tokugawa Japan Oda Nobunaga – started unification Toyotomi Hideyoshi – continued and launched attacks on Korea Tokugawa Ieyasu – 1600 – consolidated power, unified Japan, became shogun “ Ieyasu ate the pie that Nobunaga made and Hideyoshi baked .”

15. Ottoman Empire Led by Sultan - absolute monarch, political and religious authority Bureaucracy – vizier (real power), granted on merit Janissary protected Christians and Jews (diverse empire) Gunpowder civilization Land empire DECLINE – Sultans neglect power Vague process of succession Empire too large Corrupt officials Lack of change in military technology

18. Rise of the West Turned initial disadvantages into advantages

19. Age of Exploration and the Rise of Europe

20. Motivation Gold – Wealth and prestige for the crown Glory – Glory for their nation, Individual Glory and fame God – Great Missionary Spirit to justify actions and gain new followers Need for new forms of revenue Take over trade from Muslims and Italians who dominated Mediterranean Iberian Gold – Wealth for individual and trading company Calvinists – wealth was a sign of God’s good grace. Glory – Individual fame and fortune God – Search for religious freedom (Puritans were persecuted) Competition developed with Iberian nations Northern European

21. 1. Crusades led to increased trade between Europe and the Middle East. 2. The Ottoman Empire controlled the trade routes to the east. The Europeans were forced to seek alternative trade routes to Asia. How did it all start? How will the Europeans get around the Ottomans?

24. The Spaniards attack the Aztecs The Spaniards capture the Inca King

26. Oversight Institution The Crown – Monarch and Church received 20% of profits! Mercantilism. Relied of King and Pope to make decisions. Resulted in slow, ineffective process of rule Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494: Pope made decision to split New World possessions into spheres of interest between Spain and Portugal. Iberian Trading companies received charters from King East and West India Companies develop – Privately funded ventures with goal of making a profit. Mercantilism existed, but development of capitalism began. Decisions can be made much faster by the settlers: Mayflower Compact Northern European

27. European Empires: 1660

30. The Triangle Trade Atlantic Slave Trade : Africans faced a diaspora, or forced movement of its people, as slavery became the dominant labor force in the Americas.

32. Commodities