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9oct vajont2013bcompresso
1.
2. “Un sasso è caduto in un bicchiere colmo d’acqua e l’acqua è traboccata sulla
tovaglia. Solo che il bicchiere era alto centinaia di metri e il sasso come una
montagna e di sotto sulla tovaglia stavano migliaia di vite umane.”
“A stone fell into a glass full of water and the water overflowed on the tablecloth.
But the glass was hundreds of meters high, the stone as big as a mountain and
on the tablecloth there were thousands or human lives”
Dino Buzzati , Corriere della Sera, 11 Ottobre 1963
9 Ottobre 1963
Ore 22h39’46
3. 1st factor: The glided succession and the clays
.
Hendron and Patton 1985
N
DAM
6. The Belluno anticline and the Erto syncline
Castellarin et al. 2002
Erto Syncline
North
South
Fault-bend-fold
DP: Dolomia Principale; FS: Fm Soverzene; FI: Fm Igne; CV: Calcare Vaiont; FS: Fonzaso-Soccher; SR: Scaglia Rossa
Doglioni and Carminati, 2008
7. 3rd factor: Faults
(Erghene and Tramontin)
SR
F
SR
Sc
Sc
F
F
Vj
Sc
F
F
Ign
F
Vj
After Rossi and Semenza (1965) and Riva et al. (1990)
11. Dinaric faulting in Vajont valley?
Col delle Tosatte and Croda Bianca faults
VJ
SR
Ign
Sc
Massironi et al. 2013
12. A sliding plane, everything but plane!
Folds
E-W to WNW
N-S to NNW
13. A sliding plane, everything but plane!
The E-W fold of the eastern lobe
Walter et al. 2013
Massironi et al. 2013
14. A sliding plane, everything but plane!
The Massalezza syncline
Western lobe
Eastern lobe
Eastern lobe
Western lobe
Eastern lobe
Western lobe
Massalezza
ditch
15. A sliding plane, everything but plane!
Meso-folds interference
Massironi et al. 2013
18. Inherited folds in the accumulation zone:
Alpine folds?
SR
F
SR
Sc
B Block
Sc
F
A Block
F
Vj
Sc
F
F
F
Ign
Vj
After Rossi and Semenza (1965) and Riva et al. (1990)
19. 850 m
0
Inherited folds
in the accumulation zone:
Alpine folds?
Trasverse resistivity section ERT8 – Block A
Soccher fm
Sc fm
Fonzaso fm
Fonzaso fm
Fonzaso fm
Francese, Giorgi et al., 2013
(see Poster session)
20. 0
900 m
Inherited folds
in the accumulation zone
Masalezza syncline
Longitudinal resistivity section ERT1 – Block A
Soccher fm
Sc fm
Fonzaso fm
Fonzaso fm
Francese, Giorgi et al., 2013
(See Poster session)
Fonzaso fm
22. Kinematics
Block A: vector of finite displacement
Azimuth: N 8±2.5°, Length: 361±12 m, Slight rotation
Block B: vector of finite displacement
Azimuth N 3±1°, Length: 464±12 m, No rotation
Bistacchi et al., 2013
(see Poster session)
23. 1st: Clays
2nd: Chair-like shape
Semenza and Ghirotti 2000
Hadron e Patton
glacier
3rd: Faults
SR
F
4th: A missing factor
A sliding plane, everything but plane
SR
Sc
Sc
F
F
Vj
Sc
F
F
Ign
F
Vj
2ndt
24. A Missing Factor:
A sliding plane, everything but plane!
•
M.te Toc slopes is located at the back-limb of the Alpine Belluno anticline and is
enclosed between two Dinaric and downward converging reverse fault systems
(Croda Bianca-Col Tramontin system and Col delle Tosatte fault).
•
This led to the N-S trending Massalezza syncline, which accounts for the two
distinct lobes of the Vajont sliding surface and is associated with a series of polyharmonic folds interfering with neo-alpine meso-folds.
•
The Massalezza syncline and related concave shape of the sliding surface
guaranteed the en-masse sliding of the 1963 event and favoured the separation of
the two collapsed blocks that followed different and northward converging sliding
paths.
•
Most of the folds recorded in the sliding surface pre-existed the landslide events
and may have affected the gravitational processes in different concurrent modes:
a. as meso-scale roughness/waviness, unevenly distributed on the sliding
plane;
b. through gravitational reactivation of the fold-associated flexural slip thrusts
which likely favoured clay reach layer interconnectivity
35. 9 Ottobre 1963
Volume: 270 Mmc
Area: ≈ 2km2
Spessore max: 250 m
Velocità: 20-30 m/sec
Durata: 45 sec
25 milioni di m3 di acqua
hanno scavalcato la diga
Selli et al.,1964
