National Discussions on Priority Adaptation and Mitigation Actions for Agriculture in the National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017 More information: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/national-adaptation-planning-event-agriculture#.UhcfJD-LKdk

1. Priority AdAPtAtion And MitigAtion
Actions for Agriculture in the KnccAP
2013-2017
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National Discussions Priority Adaptation and Mitigation Actions for
Agriculture in the NCCAP 2013-2017
MoALF/CCAFS Workshop – Fairview Hotel Nairobi
23rd August 2013
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by
Joab J. Langi Osumba
National Project Co-ordinator
Adaptation to Climate Change and Insurance

2. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Background information
Role of Agriculture in the Economy of Kenya
• Food security
• Economic growth – directly contributes 24% of Kenya’s GDP, and
and another 27% indirectly (2012 estimates). GDP - composition
by sector:
– agriculture: 24.2%
– industry: 14.8%
– services: 61%
• Employment – the sector accounts for about 70% of informal
employment in rural areas
• Industrialization – supplies raw materials for industries
• Trade – a market for industrial goods such as machinery,
equipment and fertilizers used in the farming process
• Foreign exchange – constitutes 40% of the export earnings

3. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance

4. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance

5. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Climate Hazards in Kenya
• Temperature – reduction in the number of reliable crop growing
days
• Drought and dry spells – changes in precipitation patterns are
likely to directly increase short-term crop failures and long-term
production declines for rain-fed agriculture
• Floods and excessive rains – unpredictability in precipitation is
already having negative consequences on rural livelihoods
• Salinization of soils and water due to saline intrusion/abstraction
• Inundation of coastal lowlands due to sea level rise
• Occurrence of windstorms and hailstones
• Incidences of frost
• Wildlife migrations
• Insect pests, diseases
• Invasive plants/weeds

6. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Vulnerabilities in Kenya
• Poor state of natural resources and infrastructure –
degraded
• High dependence on climate sensitive livelihoods
and value chains
• Inflexible behavior in a changing environment
• The poverty/deprivation trap

7. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
The poverty/deprivation trap
From the works of: Robert Chambers (1983, 1999), Bryant Meyers (1999), Jayakamar
Christian (1999). Vinay Samuel (2000) and Makonen Getu (2000)

8. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Climate Impacts in Kenya
Drought
• Loss KSh968.6 billion (USD 12.1 billion) in 2008-2011 period
– Slowed down economic growth by an average of 2.8%/year during
that period.
• Resulted in a 16% reduction in the GDP in each of the 1998-99
and 1999-2000 financial years
Floods
• the 1997-98 El Nino floods are estimated to have caused
damage at least equivalent to 11% of GDP
• Crop production losses arising from reduced yields of
– food crops – amounted to KSh69 billion
– cash crops – amounted to KSh52 billion

9. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Agriculture and GHG emissions
• Agriculture is a large source of GHG emissions. The sector is a
large and growing GHG emitter, responsible for about 30 per
cent of Kenya’s emissions in 2010, with about 90 per cent of
these emissions generated by the livestock sub-sector
• The sector also plays an important role in sequestering
carbon in soil and trees on farms
• The most significant reduction can be achieved through
climate-smart agriculture approaches such as agroforestry
• Many climate-smart agricultural practices that reduce climate
vulnerability also reduce emissions and improve agricultural
production potential

10. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Responses to Climate Change in
Kenya’s agriculture sector
• Many interventions – with direct and/or
indirect relevance to climate change
adaptation and mitigation
• Enabling policy and regulatory framework –
Planning and legislation for environmental
management

11. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
NCCAP Interventions in Agriculture – both for
adaptation and mitigation
• Water harvesting for irrigation
• Conservation agriculture
• Value addition to agricultural products
• Weather based crop insurance
• Climate early warning information
• Agroforestry
• Cropland fire (burning) management
• Enhanced financial and technical support to drought resistant
crops
• Enhanced agricultural and food value chain waste
management systems

12. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Links to enabling environment NCCAP

13. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Financial considerations in NCCAP

14. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Cumulative expenditure per sector on climate change
2005-2015

15. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Adaptation costings for a five year period as provided by sector
agencies

16. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Projected investment costs for priority mitigation
actions

17. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance

18. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Recommended Actions – Resilience Pathways
• Research on ecological resilience and livelihood diversification
for sustainable agriculture
• Initial and regular screening of farming community
vulnerability to current climate – to prioritize response
actions
• Applied research – to generate climate adaptive farming
practices
• Innovative financial instruments – to promote adaptation
(Mainstream climate resilience into agricultural finance and
financial mechanisms for adaptation) – e.g. crop insurance
• Capacity building for agro-meteorological information
management and adaptive strategies
• Provision of enabling environment for development of
resilience pathways

19. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Way Forward
• Greater involvement of the private sector is needed
• Significant investments are required, especially in low carbon
technologies
• A series of barriers/constraints need addressing – such as
funding for overhead/enabling interventions

20. Adaptation to Climate change and Insurance
Way Forward
Robert Chambers (1983)