Fernandes - Towards Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Synergies and Trade-offs

Towards
Climate
Change
Adap4on
and
Mi4ga4on:

Synergies
and
Trade-‐oﬀs

Erick CM Fernandes
Adviser,
Natural Resource Management and Climate Change, [LCSAR]
The World Bank, Washington DC.

75%
of
the
world’s
poor
are
rural
and

most
are
involved
in
farming

In
the
21st
century,
agriculture
remains
fundamental
for
poverty
reduc4on,

economic
growth
and
environmental
sustainability
(WDR
2008)

Growing
popula4on
to
9
billion
by
2050

Agricultural
produc4vity
needs
to
grow
by
~2%
per
yr

Source:
World
Bank,
WDR
2008

efernandes@worldbank.org

CC
Impacts
on
Ag
and
Food
Security

•  Agriculture
is
extremely
vulnerable
to
climate
change.

•  Higher
temperatures
eventually
reduce
yields
of
desirable
crops

while
encouraging
weed
and
pest
prolifera4on.

•  Changes
in
precipita4on
paYerns
increase
the
likelihood
of
short-‐
run
crop
failures
and
long-‐run
produc4on
declines.

•  Although
there
will
be
gains
in
some
crops
in
some
regions
of
the

world,
the
overall
impacts
of
climate
change
on
agriculture
are

expected
to
be
nega4ve,
threatening
global
food
security.

•  Popula4ons
in
the
developing
world,
which
are
already
vulnerable

and
food
insecure,
are
likely
to
be
the
most
seriously
aﬀected.

•  In
2005,
nearly
half
of
the
economically
ac4ve
popula4on
in

developing
countries—2.5
billion
people—relied
on
agriculture
for

its
livelihood.

•  Today,
75
percent
of
the
world’s
poor
live
in
rural
areas.

Human
well-‐being
will
be
nega.vely
aﬀected
by

climate
change

•  In
developing
countries,
climate
change
will
cause
yield
declines
for
the
most

important
crops.
South
Asia
will
be
par4cularly
hard
hit.

•  Climate
change
will
result
in
addi.onal
price
increases
for
the
most
important

agricultural
crops–rice,
wheat,
maize,
and
soybeans.
Higher
feed
prices
will
result

in
higher
meat
prices.
As
a
result,
climate
change
will
reduce
the
growth
in
meat

consump4on
slightly
and
cause
a
more
substan4al
fall
in
cereals
consump4on.

•  Calorie
availability
in
2050
will
not
only
be
lower
than
in
the
no–climate-‐change

scenario—it
will
actually
decline
rela.ve
to
2000
levels
throughout
the
developing

world.

•  By
2050,
the
decline
in
calorie
availability
will
increase
child
malnutri.on
by
20
%

rela4ve
to
a
world
with
no
climate
change.
Climate
change
will
eliminate
much
of

the
improvement
in
child
malnourishment
levels
that
would
occur
with
no
climate

change.

•  Thus,
aggressive
agricultural
produc.vity
investments
of
US$7.1–7.3
billion
are

needed
to
raise
calorie
consump4on
enough
to
oﬀset
the
nega4ve
impacts
of

climate
change
on
the
health
and
well-‐being
of
children.

IFPRI,
2009

%
change
in
runoff
by
2050

•  Many
of
the
major
“food-‐bowls”
of
the
world
are
projected
to
become

significantly
drier

•  Globally
there
will
be
more
precipita.on

•  Higher
temperatures
will
tend
to
reduce
run
off

•  A
few
important
areas
drier
(Mediterranean,
southern
South
America,
northern

Brazil,
west
and
south
Africa)

Projected
Change
in
Frequency
of
Extreme
Events
in
next
20
years

“Minnesota’s
state
climatologist,
Jim
Zandlo,
has
concluded
that
no
fewer
than
three

“thousand-‐year
rains”
have
occurred
in
the
past
seven
years
in
our
part
of
the
state.”
Jack

Hedin,
farmer
southern
Minn
–
op
ed
piece
in
NY
Times,
Nov
27,
2010

Tipping
Elements
in
the
Earth
System

(Lenton,
Held,
Kriegler,
Hall,
Lucht,
Rahmstorf,
Schellnhuber,
NATURE,
2008)

Examples
of
Local
to
Global
Impacts
of

Land
Cover
and
Land
Use
Changes

Impac4ng
and
Impacted
by

Climate
Variability
and
Change

Lake
Chad
Bodelle
depression

Local
Impacts
of
Dust

Europe

North
America

Dust
from
the

Bodelle
depression

around
shrinking

Lake
Chad

South
America

Global
Impacts
of
Dust

NASA Earth Observatory

Smoke/dust
inhibits
local
rainfall

Impact
from
Indonesian
Fire
Stretching
to
Africa

Far
Field
Impacts
of
extensive
agriculture

Impacts
of
Smoke?

•  Severe
nega4ve
impacts
on
human
health

•  Reduced
local
rainfall
&
increased
lightning!

•  Nega4ve
impacts
on
biodiversity
(most

pollinator
species
“perish
or
ﬂee”)

•  Reduc4on
in
photosynthesis
and
Net

Primary
Produc4vity
(NPP)!

Dust

Congo

Amazon
Rainforest

Rainforest

Poten.al
Ecosystem
&
Livelihood
Threats


CC
Adapta.on-‐Mi.ga.on
&
Integrated
NRM

•  Market
and
policy
failures

•  Externali4es
and
inter-‐linkages
(land
values?)

•  Long
term
dynamics
(mul4ple
asset
poroolios!)

•  Decisions
across
mul4ple
ac4vi4es

–  Baselines
(adequate
for
land
and
linked
assets?)

–  Evalua4on
approach
given
baselines
and
dynamics

–  What
hope
for
real
4me
evalua4on
&
decisions?

–  Mul4ple
agencies
…seamless
data
interface??

•  Climate
Change
&
Resilience

–  Mi4ga4on
&
Adapta4on
…feedback
on
(failed?)
markets!!

–  Spa4al
data,
spa4al
analysis,
diﬀeren4al
synergies/tradeoﬀs

Corn
domes4cated
in
Mexico
9000
yrs
ago!
–

today
a
global
crop
backed
by
science!!

What
future
for
our
best
Crops?

In
2010,
819
million
tons
of
corn
were
produced
around
the
world,
and
the

U.S.
Midwest
produced
more
than
300
million
tons
(cit.
USDA),

Corn,
wheat,
and
rice
provide
60
percent
of
the
world’s
energy
intake.

Source:
NASA
Earth
Observatory,
Nov.
27,
2010

Towards
a
Strategic
Framework
on

Development
for
Climate
Change
(SFDCC)

Climate
change
“is
a
development,
economic,
and
investment

challenge.
It
oﬀers
an
opportunity
for
economic
and
social

transformaKon
that
can
lead
to
an
inclusive
and
sustainable

globalizaKon.
That
is
why
addressing
climate
change
is
a
criKcal

pillar
of
the
development
agenda.”

Robert
Zoellick
-‐
United
NaKons
Climate
Change
Conference
in

Bali,
Indonesia,
December
2007

World
Development
Reports

Why
climate
change
may
provide
the
s.mulus
for
change
and

encourage
socie.es
to
adopt
new
techniques,
and
undertake

diﬃcult
reforms:

1.  Climate
change
will
increase
food
prices

2.

Rising
energy
prices
might
provide
the
s4mulus
for

reforms
in
water
since
they
will
increase
costs
of

pumping/transporta4on
and
thus
put
a
premium
on

eﬃcient
alloca4on

3.
A
carbon
market
might
buy-‐down
risk
to
farmers
and

help
aggregate
a
large
number
of
small
disparate

ac4ons.
It
might
give
the
right
incen4ves
to
protect
the

natural
systems
on
which
our
agriculture
and
much
else

depends

WDR
2010:
DEVELOPMENT
IN
A
CHANGING
CLIMATE

Sources
and
uses
of
grain

19

The
Prevalence
of
Food
Inadequacy
(PFI)

focuses
on
major
micronutrient
challenges

Vitamin
A
Deficiency
(VAD),
Iodine
Deficiency
Disorder
(IDDs),
Iron
Deficiency
Anemia
(IDA)

Source: The Regional Institute, Australia 2004, based on USAID data
20

Basis
for
Food
Security
in
an

Uncertain
Future?

•  The
world
has
over
50
000
edible
plants.
Just
three
of

them,
rice,
maize
and
wheat,
provide
60
percent
of
the

world's
food
energy
intake.
Just
15
crop
plants
provide

90
percent
of
the
world's
food
energy
intake,
with

three
rice,
maize
and
wheat
-‐
making
up
two-‐thirds
of

this.

•  Although
there
are
over
10
000
species
in
the

Gramineae
(cereal)
family,
few
have
been
widely

introduced
into
cul4va4on
over
the
past
2
000
years.

Rice
feeds
almost
half
of
humanity.

•  Large,
untapped
poten4al
to
harness
improved

nutrient
sources
from
adapted
annual
and
perennial

food
but
as
yet
unimproved
species
(e.g.
quinoa,

amaranth,
peach
palm).


Food
Security
Paradigms!

Improved,
Produc4vity
Enhancing
Technologies

Accessible
to
Farmers

Cropping
System
Diversiﬁca4on
for
risk

minimiza4on

Enhanced
Environmental
Services
of
agricultural

landscapes


The
Agricultural
Landscape
is
Part
of
the
Challenge
and

Part
of
the
Solu.on

Sources
of
Global
Greenhouse
Gas
Emissions

(Data
from
CAIT,
WRI)

Transporta.on

Manufacturing
&

12%
Construc.on

11%

Agricultural
Landscapes
have
the

Electricity
&
Heat

Other
Energy
27%
poten.al,
through
beeer

Sector

13%

management
to
reduce
up
to
88%
of

Waste

3%

agriculture’s
total
annual
emissions
-‐

Industrial

Agriculture Processes

70%
of
this
from
developing

3%

Land-‐Use

Change
&

countries.

Forestry

31%

NRM
can
improve
the
produc.vity
and
resilience
of

agricultural
landscapes
and
increase
food
security
while

reducing
greenhouse
gas
emissions.

Good
Science-‐Based
Tech
for
Accessing
Land…
but

absent
tenure,
ins4tu4ons,
appropriate
policies?


Crop
produc4on…
absent
local
knowledge,

extension,
appropriate
technologies,
markets??


Ag
Mi.ga.on
and
Adapta.on

Are
linked
–>
Triple
Dividend

Mi4ga4on
in
agriculture
(reduce
emissions)
could
have
either:

•  (a)
posi.ve
adapta.on
consequences
(such
as
carbon
sequestra4on

projects
with
posi4ve
drought
preparedness
aspects)
or

•  (b)
nega.ve
adapta.on
consequences
(for
example,
if
heavy
dependence

on
biomass
energy

encourages

large-‐scale
reforesta4on
with
fast-‐growing

species

and
reduces
hydrological
ﬂows
or
increases
the
sensi4vity
of

energy
supply
to
clima4c
extremes).

Adapta4on
(survive
shocks)
-‐driven
ac4ons
also
have
both

•  (a)
posi.ve
mi.ga.on
consequences
(as
when
residue
returned
to
ﬁelds

to
improve

nutrient
and
water-‐holding
capacity
also
sequesters
carbon)
or

•  (b)
nega.ve
mi.ga.on
consequences
(for
example,
an
increased
use
of

nitrogen
fer4lizer
to
overcome
falling
yield
that
leads
to
increased
nitrous

oxide
emissions).

Improved
and
sustainable
Ag
Produc4vity!!

Reducing
pressures
on
land
and
water
requires

•  Measures
to
increase
the
produc4vity
of
land
and
water

(Adapta4on)

•  Measures
to
protect
land,
water
and
biological
resources
from

overexploita4on
(Mi4ga4on)

•  Ac4ons
to
ensure
that
trade
can
smooth
consump4on
between

areas
of
surplus
and
areas
of
deﬁcit
(Adapta4on)

•  Informa4on
to
help
people
at
all
levels
manage
resources
beYer

WDR
2010:
DEVELOPMENT
IN
A
CHANGING
CLIMATE

Suggested
Ac.ons

  Accelerate
smallholder
produc.vity
increases
for
food
security

  Enhance
sustainability
and
environmental
services
from

agriculture
&
market
mechanisms
for
payments
for

environmental
services

  Pursue
mul.ple
pathways
out
of
poverty:
smallholder
farming,

farm
labor
market,
rural
non-‐farm
employment,
migra4on

  Improve
the
quality
of
governance
in
sustainable
land
use

management
at
local,
na4onal,
and
global
levels.

Integrated
Natural
Resource
Management

•  What
is
it?..more
than
assets,
factor
markets,

ins4tu4ons?

•  Mul4ple
roles

&
contexts
of
land
use…

–  NRM
and
ecosystem
services
(local
to
global
footprints)
….water?

–  Produc4on
landscapes
(Rural,
Peri-‐urban,
Urban:
issues
&

linkages)…………..water??

–  Climate
impacts
+/-‐
(local,
na4onal,
regional
and
short
to
long

term)……………………….WATER!!

–  Governance
(decentraliza4on,
indigenous,
poor
and
power,

new
business
–
land
acquisi4ons)……WATER!!!

Payment
for
Environmental
Services

(PES)

•  A
mechanism
to
improve
the
provision
of

indirect
environmental
services
in
which:

–  Those
who
provide
environmental
services
get

paid
for
doing
so
(‘provider
gets’)

–  Those
who
beneﬁt
from
environmental
services

pay
for
their
provision
(‘user
pays’)

–  Payments
are
condi4onal

–  Par4cipa4on
is
voluntary

Why

&
How
-‐>
PES?

Generates
it’s
own
financing:

•  Brings
new
financing
not
previously
available
for
conserva4on

Efficient:

•  Focuses
efforts
where
benefits
of
conserva4on
highest
and

costs
lowest

Poten4ally
very
sustainable:
Not
based
on
whims
of
donors,

NGOs,
but
self-‐interest
of
service
users
and
providers

For
this
to
work,
need
to:

•  Base
payments
to
providers
on
payments
by
users

•  Actually
deliver
services:
ge{ng
the
science
right
is
cri4cal

•  Tailor
mechanism
to
specific
local
condi4ons

Source:
Pagiola,
S.
2006

World
Bank
Support
to
PES

Source:
Pagiola,
S.
2006

Fix
the
Billion
Degraded
ha!!

Landscape
Restora.on:
Reforesta.on
&
Aﬀoresta.on

(WRI,
2010)

Understand
&
Build
Upon
Local
Knowledge

Examples
of
World
Bank
support
to
Adapta4on-‐
Mi4ga4on
Ac4ons
in
Development
Programs

Eastern
Anatolia
Watersheds,

Turkey

Tradi4onal
Grazing

•  Access
to
common
grazing

land

•  Impact
on
regenera4on
of

local
forests/woodland

•  Community-‐driven

watershed
planning
and

management
to
ensure

sustainability
of

rehabilita4on
impacts

Large
Scale
Applica4on
of
Community
Driven
“Land
&
Water”
Good

Prac4ce

Photo:efernandes@worldbank.org

Community
Adop4on
of
Controlled
Grazing
Cri4cal
to

Landscape
Recovery


Water
Flows
&
Water
Quality
Impacts
of
Landscape
Recovery


Examples
of
World
Bank
support
to
Adapta4on-‐
Mi4ga4on
Ac4ons
in
Development
Programs

Loess
Plateau
–
China:

From
Degraded
to
Produc4ve
&

Resilient
Landscapes

Photo:

Loess
Plateau
–
China:

From
Degraded
to
Produc4ve
&

Resilient
Landscapes

Photo:

Rwanda
–
Really
Small
Farms
w
Landscape
Impacts

Photo:

Madagascar:
Crop
Residue
&
Manure
Management

for
Reduced
Nitrogen
Losses

Pit
to
capture
Crop

Residues
+
Manure

End
of
Cropping
season
–

Beginning
of
Cropping

pit
full

Season
–
pit
empty

Nitrogen-‐
rich

compost

back
to

ﬁelds

Photos:

Climate
Change,
Livelihoods
&
Risk

Important
to
assess
&
address:

• 
Legal
risk

• 
Governance
risks

• 
Financial
risks

Example
of
a
Synergy-‐Tradeoﬀ
Synthesis
Matrix

for
Land
Use
Types
(Source:
ASB
Program)

Future
of
REDD+
Absent
Sustainable

Ag
Component??

Tradeoff:
Need
to
harness
Forest
Mi.ga.on
–

Ag
Adapta.on
Synergies

e.g.
In
the
Amazon,
Forest
Fires
increased
by
~60%
in
Areas
of
decreased
deforesta4on!!

“Reducing
emissions
from
deforesta4on
and
degrada4on
(REDD)
may
curb
carbon
emissions,

but
the
consequences
for
fire
hazard
are
poorly
understood…

In
the
Brazilian
Amazon,
fire
occurrence
increased
in
59%
of
the
area
that
has
experienced

reduced
deforesta4on
rates.

fire-‐free,
agricultural
land-‐management
can
substan4ally
reduce
fire
incidence
by
as
much
as

69%.
“

If
sustainable
fire-‐free
agricultural
land-‐management
(e.g.
AFOLU)
areas
is
not
adopted

alongside
the
REDD
mechanism,
then
the
carbon
savings
achieved
by
avoiding
deforesta4on

may
be
par4ally
negated
by
increased
emissions
from
fires
origina4ng
on
farms.

[Aragão
and
Shimabukuro,
Science
June
2010]

The Big Picture – Optimizing synergies and
tradeoffs at the landscape scales – Hydrology!

Source:
Calder,
2005


Optimizing synergies and tradeoffs
from field to landscape scales

Example
of
a
Cross-‐Sector

Measurement
and

Modeling
Approach
from

Bhutan

DYNAMIC
LANDSCAPE
MANAGEMENT

Synergies
&
Tradeoﬀs

Photo:

Photo:

Rs

RL

Es

E1
S

L

tG

E

y

0
R

1
Q

2

Q

B

Evapotranspiratio
n

Source:
Richey,
J.
2010

Provide improved platforms and tools for MRV of Carbon &GHG,
vegetation and landcover, digital hydrology and biodiversity.

Support/provide community assessment and monitoring of
multiple ecosystem services

Equip agencies with tools to evaluate environmental conditions,
particularly in a changing world.

Support to regions which are internally data limited , and
constrained by band-width (literally, but especially capacity)

Issues of concern (C stocks, dynamics, services) are intrinsically linked,
in a geospatial, scaled world (where mass is conserved)

Data from multiple sources can serve to constrain, not confuse

Embedded models that couple sector information layers, integrate key
drivers, and “bring data to life.”

Capable of evaluating multiple options and scenarios, what-if, and so
what?”

To be relevant, must can convey information in accessible, even
compelling , manner, to multiple audiences .

To enable a functional DIF -

•  Base data layers;

•  Directed data layers, focused on synthetic objectives;

•  Geospatially-explicit, process-based, cross-sector simulation models (requiring
data from the directed data layers).

•  Facilitated input/output (including visualizations);

•  Decision support system and scenario testing capabilities.

Hydrological
Modeling
Distributed
Hydrology
Soil
Vegeta.on

Variable
Inﬁltra.on
Capacity
(VIC)

Model
(DHSVM)

Photo:

Simula4ng
evapotranspira4on
(ET)
from
local
to

na4onal
scales
using
earth
systems
models

Source:
J.
Richey,
U.
of
Washington

CC-‐related
Ac4on
Steps
(1)

•  Design
and
implement
good
overall
development

policies
and
programs
-‐
the
best
climate-‐change

adapta4on
investments.

•  Increase
investments
in
agricultural
produc4vity.

Even
without
climate
change,
a
major
challenge
is

to
meet
the
demands
of
9
billion
by
2050

•  Reinvigorate
na4onal
research
and
extension

programs
and
support
partnerships
(rural
with

research,
public
with
private,

CC-‐related
Ac4ons
(2)

•  Improve
global
data
collec4on,
dissemina4on,

and
analysis
on
the
spa4al
nature
of
agriculture

need
to
be
strengthened.

•  Recognize
that
enhanced
food
security
and

climate-‐change
adapta4on
go
hand
in
hand.

•  Support
community-‐based
adapta4on
strategies.

-‐
strengthen
their
capacity
to
cope
with
disasters,

improve
their
natural
resource
management

skills,
and
diversify
their

livelihoods.

Pro-‐Poor
Instruments

•  Integrated
Land
&
Water
Management
(Soil
carbon,

avoided
deforesta4on,
Rehabilita4on
of
degraded

lands)

•  Capacity
strengthening
(regional,
na4onal,
local)

•  Methodologies
and
transac4on
costs

–  New
science
and
new
technologies

–  Improved
temporal
and
spa4al
resolu4on

–  BeYer
handle
on
assessing
synergies
and
tradeoﬀs

–  Empowering
communi4es
with
knowledge
and
access
to

technologies
(early
warning,
decision
support,
reloca4on,

infrastructure…)

World
Bank
CC-‐related
Lending
Results

•  Climate
proofing
of
the
development
poroolio:
In
fiscal
year
2010,

88
percent
of
all
country
strategies
discussed
at
Board
mee4ngs

substan4vely
addressed
climate-‐related
issues,
reflec4ng
a
steady

growing
trend
(up
from
15
percent
in
2000-‐05,
32
percent
in
2007,

and
63
percent
in
2009).

•  Making
development
climate
resilient
has
emerged
as
a
major

theme
in
suppor4ng
poverty
reduc4on
and
economic
growth
in

Sub-‐Saharan
Africa.
From
addressing
drought
risk
in
Ethiopia

(second
phase
US$175
million)
to
watershed
management
in
Kenya

and
Malawi
(US$75.5
million)

•  The
La4n
America
and
the
Caribbean
Region’s
poroolio
includes

170
ac4vi4es
for
just
under
US$3
billion
in
adapta4on
and

mi4ga4on;
encompassing
regional
studies,
country
assessments,

IBRD
investment,
and
development
policy
lending

• 
There
is
a
new
genera4on
of
lending
opera4ons
that
address
policy

and
ins4tu4onal
needs
to
tackle
climate
change.
Over
US$7.7
billion

was
provided
in
such
Development
Policy
Opera4ons
addressing

climate
change
considera4ons
to
Mexico,
Brazil,
Turkey,
Morocco

and
Indonesia.

Climate
Investment
Funds

•  Deploying
the
Climate
Investment
Funds
(CIF),
a
collabora4ve
effort

among
five
mul4lateral
development
banks,
developed
and
developing

countries,
and
a
broad
range
of
stakeholders:

–  With
over
US$6
billion
in
pledges,
the
CIF
have
s4mulated
innova4ve

work
in
more
than
40
countries
in
renewable
energy
and
other
low-‐
carbon
technologies,
climate-‐resilience
and
forestry.
Fourteen

Investment
Plans
have
been
endorsed
under
the
CIF
Clean
Technology

Fund
(CTF),
for
a
total
of
US$4.6
billion,
leveraging
about
US$37
billion

in
addi4onal
investment
in
renewable
energy,
energy
efficiency
and

transporta4on.

–  The
Pilot
Program
for
Climate
Resilience
(PPCR)
approved
in
November

2008,
raised
US$1
billion,
iden4fied
nine
pilot
countries
and
two

regions,
and
began
disbursing
funds
in
mid-‐2010.

–  The
other
two
programs
under
the
CIF
Strategic
Climate
Fund
(SCF),

•  the
Forest
Investment
Program
(US$602
million
in
pledges)
and

•  the
Program
for
Scaling
Up
Renewable
Energy
in
Low
Income

Countries
(US$323
million
in
pledges),
have
now
selected
pilot

countries.

Mobilizing
Finance
&
Markets

Mobilizing
and
facilita.ng
client
access
to
mul.ple
sources
of
finance

for
adapta.on,
including
catastrophe
risk
financing:

•  Weather
Deriva4ves
to
protect
farmers
against
adverse
weather

events.

IBRD
intermediated
first
weather
deriva4ve
in
a
developing

country:
in
2008/09,
about
2,600
farmers
in
Malawi
were
insured

(US$2.5
million).

Other
examples
include
Cameroon,
India
and

Nicaragua
(crop-‐related)
and
Mongolia
and
Ethiopia
(livestock).

•  Catastrophe
Deferred
Drawdown
Op4on
(CAT
DDO),
a
con4ngent

loan
to
provide
immediate
liquidity
up
to
US$500
million
to
IBRD

countries.

Colombia
and
Costa
Rica
requested
CAT-‐DDOs
in

2008―for
US$150
million
and
US$65
million.

Guatemala
used
a

Cat
DDO
approved
in
2010
to
finance
reconstruc4on
and
other

expenses
a„er
two
major
natural
disasters
struck
that
year
(US$85

million).

•  www.climatefinanceop4ons.org

Innova.ons
in
carbon
ﬁnance

•  The
Forest
Carbon
Partnership
Facility
(FCPF),
to

assist
developing
countries
in
reducing
emissions

from
deforesta4on
and
forest
degrada4on
as
well

as
through
sustainable
forest
management
(REDD
+)
(€165
million).
The
FCPF
has
37
par4cipa4ng

countries,
of
which
11
have
already
received

grant
alloca4ons
for
readiness
work.

•  The
Carbon
Partnership
Facility
(CPF),

opera4onal
in
May
2010
with
Euro
100
million,

aims
to
scale
up
the
use
of
carbon
ﬁnance
to

accelerate
mi4ga4on
ac4vi4es
post
2012.

Green
Bonds
for
Adapta4on
&
Mi4ga4on

•  The
World
Bank
raised
US$1.6
billion
Green
Bonds
(25
issues
in
16

currencies),
specifically
to
support
adapta4on
and
mi4ga4on

ac4vi4es
in
client
countries.

This
builds
on
the
earlier
Cer4fied

Emissions
Reduc4on
(CER)-‐linked
“COOL"
bonds
(a
total
of
US$31.5

million
was
raised
through
two
bonds
with
coupons
4ed
to
CERs

generated
by
specified
GHG-‐reducing
projects
in
China
and

Malaysia)
and
notes
linked
to
special
equity
indices
that
support

clean
energy
and/or
other
eco-‐friendly
sectors
(approximately
US
$856
million
was
raised
through
five
transac4ons).

•  The
IFC
partnered
with
Standard
&
Poors
to
develop
the
first

Global
Emerging
Market
Carbon
Efficiency
Index.
Launched
in

December
2009
at
COP-‐15
in
Copenhagen,
the
new
index
aims
to

encourage
carbon-‐based
compe44on
among
emerging-‐market

companies
and
give
carbon-‐efficient
companies
access
to
long-‐term

investors.

On-‐Going
WBG
Adapta.on
&
Mi.ga.on

Opera.ons

Empowering
local
ins4tu4ons
and
communi4es
with
geospa4al
and
4me
referenced

knowledge,
tools
and
incen4ves
for:

• Conserving,
beYer
understanding,
and
using
tradi4onal
and
cultural
knowledge.

• Sustainable
Intensiﬁca4on
of
Agriculture
and
Improved
NRM
approaches,

• 
Mainstreaming
Adapta4on
and
Mi4ga4on
in
Development

• Prepara4on
to
deal
with
climate
variability,
extreme
events,
and
disaster

• Objec4ve
results-‐based
monitoring
based
on
quan4ta4ve
indicators,
and

• 
BeYer
and
more
resilient
agriculture
and
rural
livelihoods.

Challenges/Opportuni4es

•  The
WBG
is
complemen4ng
development
assistance
with

specialized
grant-‐based
resources
to
address
addi4onal
climate

risks.

• 
The
inclusion
of
agriculture
in
the
post
2012
agreement
on

climate
change
is
important
due
to
strong
linkages
with
food

security
and
poverty
allevia4on.
BeYer
understanding
of

methodologies
on
carbon
soil
management,
emission
accoun4ng

and
MRV
is
needed.

•  Capturing
Co-‐beneﬁts
―
economic,
social,
environment,
local
to

global.
More
work
needed
to
capture
the
urban,
water,
natural

resource
management,
and
transport
co-‐beneﬁts.

•  Evolving
the
green
growth
agenda
in
agriculture
and
other

sectors.
Climate
change
policy
can
be
linked
to
development
to

facilitate
low
carbon
growth.

Suggestions for CCAFS Action
•  CCAFS comparative advantage is to summarize, synthesize,
and make accessible the considerable CGIAR “inter
agroecological zone” experiences on improved technologies
for adaptation and mitigation. See for example the modest
WBG attempt HERE
•  Organize and couple the above agriculture and natural
resource management (NRM) components it to climate model
(GCM, RCM) projections and higher resolution Landuse,
hydrology, NRM models to provide
Decision Support to Policy Makers. (<<-click)
•  Synthesize the considerable empirical measurements and
modelling outputs available to provide “synergy-tradeoff
matrices” for major agroecozones and relevant landscape
positions. The lack of “spatially relevant syntheses” is
currently a major knowledge gap for harnessing DYNAMIC
adaptation-mitigation synergies and minimizing tradeoffs in
agroecosystems in the face of climate change.

Thank you!

Mi4ga4on

+

Adapta4on

The
Zambezi
River
at
Tete
in
Mozambique

Fernandes - Towards Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Synergies and Trade-offs

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