1. BY
MONALISA GAIKWAD
1st YEAR
M.Sc CLINICAL RESEARCH
PADMASHREE INSTITUTION
2. OBJECTIVES
To explain the Anatomy of Respiratory System.
To explain the Functions and Respiration Process.
To explain the Lung Volume and Lung Capacities.
3. Respiration
Respiration is the process of taking in
oxygen (Inhaling), producing energy
with it (within Cell) and excreting
gaseous waste products (Exhaling).
4. Classification of Respiratory system
Structural classifications:
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract.
Functional classifications:
Conducting portion: transports air.
Nose
nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the bronchioles
Respiratory portion: carries out gas exchange.
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
air sacs called alveoli
Upper respiratory tract is all conducting
Lower respiratory tract has both conducting and respiratory portions.
5.
6. Structural Classification
Upper Respiratory Tract Lower Respiratory Tract
Composed of Conducting portion
the nose Larynx
the nasal cavity Trachea
Bronchi
the paranasal sinuses
bronchioles and their
the pharynx (throat)
associated structures
and associated structures
Respiratory portion of the
respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
7. Nose
Functions Structure
The only externally visible
part of the respiratory system
that functions by:
Providing an airway for
respiration
Moistening
(humidifying) and
warming the entering air
Filtering inspired air and
cleaning it of foreign
matter
Serving as a resonating
chamber for speech
Housing the olfactory
receptors
8.
9. Nasal Cavity
Lies in and posterior to the external nose
Is divided by a midline nasal septum
Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via internal nares
The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the roof
The floor is formed by the Anterior hard palate (bone) and posterior soft
palate (muscle)
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
Lateral walls have projections called conchae
Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
10. Paranasal Sinuses
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal
cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone
Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
Covered with the same pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity.
Function of the sinuses
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal
cavity
11. Pharynx
Common to both the respiratory and digestive
systems.
Commonly called the throat.
Funnel-shaped
slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly.
Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation
of the larynx and esophagus.
Walls:
lined by a mucosa
contain skeletal muscles primarily used for
swallowing.
Flexible lateral walls
distensible
to force swallowed food into the esophagus.
Partitioned into three adjoining regions:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
12. Nasopharynx
Superiormost region of the pharynx.
Location:
posterior to the nasal cavity
superior to the soft palate
separates it from the posterior part of the oral cavity.
Normally, only air passes through.
Soft palate
Blocks material from the oral cavity and oropharynx
elevates when we swallow.
Auditory tubes
paired
In the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
Pharyngeal tonsil
posterior nasopharynx wall
single
commonly called the adenoids.
13. Oropharynx
The middle pharyngeal region.
Location:
Immediately posterior to the oral cavity.
Bounded by the soft palate superiorly,
the hyoid bone inferiorly.
Common respiratory and digestive pathway
both air and swallowed food and drink pass through.
2 pairs of muscular arches
anterior palatoglossal arches
posterior palatopharyngeal arches
form the entrance from the oral cavity.
Lymphatic organs
provide the “first line of defense” against ingested or inhaled foreign materials.
Palatine tonsils
on the lateral wall between the arches
Lingual tonsils
At the base of the tongue.
14. Laryngopharynx
Inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx.
Location:
Extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone
is continuous with the larynx and esophagus.
Terminates at the superior border of the esophagus
is equivalent to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx.
The larynx (voice box) forms the anterior wall
Lined with a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(mucus membrane)
Permits passage of both food and air.
15. Lower Respiratory Tract
Larynx
Short, somewhat cylindrical airway
Location:
bounded posteriorly by the laryngopharynx,
inferiorly by the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract.
Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Nine pieces of cartilage
three individual pieces
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
three cartilage pairs
Arytenoids: on cricoid
Corniculates: attach to arytenoids
Cuniforms:inaryepiglottic fold
held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Intrinsic muscles: regulate tension on true vocal cords
Extrinsic muscles: stabilize the larynx
16.
17. Sound Production
Two pairs of ligaments
Inferior ligaments, called vocal ligaments
covered by a mucous membrane
vocal folds: ligament and mucosa.
are “true vocal cords”
they produce sound when air passes between them
Superior ligaments, called vestibular ligaments
Covered by mucosa
vestibular folds: ligament and mucosa
Are “false vocal cords”
no function in sound production
protect the vocal folds.
The vestibular folds attach to the corniculate cartilages.
The tension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the
sound.
Longer vocal folds produce lower sounds
More taunt, higher pitch
Loudness based on force of air
Rimaglottidis: opening between the vocal folds
18. Trachea
A flexible, slightly rigid tubular organ
often referred to as the “windpipe.”
Extends through the mediastinum
immediately anterior to the esophagus
inferior to the larynx
superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.
Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15 to 20 C-shaped tracheal
cartilages.
cartilage rings reinforce and provide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure
that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times
cartilage rings are connected by elastic sheets called anular ligaments
At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called
the right and left primary bronchi.
Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung.
The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and
forms an internal ridge called the carina.
19.
20. Bronchial Tree
A highly branched system
air-conducting passages
originate from the left and right primary bronchi.
Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge
throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles.
Primary bronchi
Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage ensure that they remain open.
Right primary bronchus
shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus.
Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.
21. Bronchial Tree Division
Primary bronchi
enter the hilum of each lung
Secondary bronchi (or lobar bronchi)
Branch of primary bronchus
left lung:
two lobes
two secondary bronchi
right lung
three lobes
three secondary bronchi.
Tertiarybronchi (or segmental bronchi)
Branch of secondary bronchi
left lung is supplied by 8 to 10 tertiary
bronchi.
right lung is supplied by 10 tertiary
bronchi
supply a part of the lung called a
bronchopulmonarysegment.
22. Respiratory Zone
Defined by the presence of alveoli; begins as terminal bronchioles feed into
respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of
alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
An alveolus is about 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter in diameter.
Its thin wall is specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the
alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
ducts as well as in the lungs, which contain approximately 300–400 million
alveoli.
The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli
together
24. LUNGS
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Each lung has a conical shape.
Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its relatively blunt superior region, called the apex or (cupola), projects
superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle.
Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly,
and supported by the rib cage.
Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the
mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called
the costal surface of the lung.
25. LUNG cont….
Left lung
divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than the right lung
cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung
divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure
located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
26.
27.
28. Pleura and Pleural Cavities
The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are
lined by a serous membrane called pleura, which is formed from simple
squamous epithelium.
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura, while
the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the
superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by the parietal pleura.
The parietal and visceral pleural layers are continuous at the hilum of each
lung.
The potential space between these serous membrane layers is a pleural
cavity.
The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous fluid that circulates in the
pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing
called as pleural fluid.
29.
30. Functions of Respiratory System
supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
filters inspired air
produces sound
contains receptors for smell
rids the body of some excess water and heat
helps regulate blood pH
31. Respiration Process
A collective term for the following processes:
Pulmonary Ventilation
Movement of air into the lungs (inspiration)
Movement of air out of the lungs (expiration)
External Respiration
Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood
Movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs
Transport of Respiratory Gases
Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
Internal Respiration
Movement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cells
Movement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood
32. Lung Volume
TIDAL VOLUME (TV): Volume inspired or expired with each
normalハbreath. = 500 ml
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV): Maximum volume that can
be inspired over the inspiration of a tidal volume/normal
breath. Used during exercise/exertion.=3100 ml
EXPIRATRY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV): Maximal volume that can be
expired after the expiration of a tidal volume/normal breath. =
1200 ml
RESIDUAL VOLUME (RV): Volume that remains in the lungs after a
maximal expiration.ハ CANNOT be measured by spirometry.=
1200 ml
33. Lung Capacity
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY ( IC): Volume of maximal inspiration:IRV + TV =
3600 ml
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC): Volume of gas remaining in lung
after normal expiration, cannot be measured by spirometry because it
includes residual volume:ERV + RV = 2400 ml
VITAL CAPACITY (VC): Volume of maximal inspiration and expiration:IRV
+ TV + ERV = IC + ERV = 4800 ml
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC): The volume of the lung after maximal
inspiration.ハ The sum of all four lung volumes, cannot be measured
by spirometry because it includes residual volume:IRV+ TV + ERV +
RV = IC + FRC = 6000 ml
34. Respiratory rate throughout life
Infants – 30 respirations per minute
Age 5 – 25 respirations per minute
Newborns – 40 to 80 respirations per minute
Adults – 12 to 18 respirations per minute
Rate often increases somewhat with old age