1. Malaysian parliamentarians visit Berlin and Munich
Study tour on:
“Party coalitions in Germany:
From Coalition building to
Coalition Management”
Monday, 27th June – Sunday, 4th July 2009
1

2. Content
• Introduction to Germany
• German political system
• From Coalition Building to Coalition
Management
• Friedrich Naumann Foundation for
Freedom
2

3. Introduction to Germany
3

4. Germany
• Population: 82 million
• Capital: Berlin
• National language: German
• President: Horst Koehler
• Chancellor: Angela Merkel
• Federal Republic: 16 States
• Currency Exchange Rate:
• 1 Euro = Ringgits (11th June 2009)
4
Source: INTER-NATIONES: “Übersichten: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Ihre Laender”

5. 5

6. Size and Distances
Size of Germany: 357,021 km²
(Malaysia 454,000 km²)
1100
km
1.120 km
740 km
950 km
Note: 454, 000 km² as the total
of 6
East and West Malaysia

7. Urban Settlements
Areas you will visit
Largest city:
Berlin 3.426.354
FNF
Other large cities:
Hamburg 1.773.218
Munich 1.315.476
Cologne 996.690
Frankfurt 659.021
Stuttgart 597.176
Dortmund
585.670
Düsseldorf 582.222
Essen 580751
Bremen 548.477
Hanover 518.088 7
Duisburg 496.655

8. Natural Resources & Industrial Location
• Black Coal
• Brown Coal
• Rock Salt
(for industrial use)
• Large
industrial area
• Oil
8

9. Economy
• Germany has the world's most technologically
advanced economy after the US and Japan
• GDP of 2.49 trillion Euro (2009) makes Germany 4th largest
economically powerful country after US, Japan and
China
• Highly export orientated economy (still worldwide leading
country in Export-GDP-relation, China is catching up)
• Strong regulation of the labour market and a costly
social system reduce the overall competitiveness of
Germany’s economy.
9

10. Economy
• The integration and upgrading of the eastern
German economy remains a costly long-term
problem (annual transfers from the west amount
to roughly €100 billion).
• Political and economic integration of Europe
brings opportunities and challenges to the
German economy; i.e. with the adoption of the
common European currency, Germany no
longer has its own currency, and thereby less
control over the economy, as the Bundesbank is
no longer able to set interest rates.
10

11. GDP by Industry 2008
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
Public and private
sector
Manufactory (without construction)
Bill EUR
Construction
Finance, Rental and
Company Service
Trade, Tourism, Traffic
11

12. Impact of the economic crisis on Germany
Germany is highly shattered by the economic crisis:
• After years of strong growth German economy is facing a
recession of 4-6 %, the highest since the foundation of the
Federal Republic in 1949
• A lot of companies are facing financial difficulties since
consumers and investors are holding back their money
• The German parliament has decided on cyclical development
programs to stimulate economic growth worth more than 50
billion Euros (246 billion Ringgit)
• Measures include government loans to major companies and
loan securities for banking institutions, public investments as
well as amenities for the people such as tax reductions
12

13. Impact of the economic crisis on
Germany
Recent Events:
• Other car companies are also troubled, mainly because of a
high decrease in exports.
• The German government has started a program, paying
serious benefits to people who scrap their old car and buy a
new one instead to support demand.
• So far it is a great success with many people rushing to buy
but mainly low price car companies benefit while German car
companies are mainly in the upper price sector.
• The German Federal Government released two stimulus
packages concerning the overcoming of the financial crisis
13

14. The German Political System
14

15. The Political System
• The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany refers to
a federal republic, with 16 Laender (states), which have own
constitutions according to the Basic Law.
• There are complex checks and balances to safeguard against a
repetition of dictatorship. Political rights, democratic
institutions and the federal system receive special protection
by the German constitution (the Basic Law).
• The basic law and the constitutional rights it embodies are
protected by the Federal Constitutional Court. Further, these
rights are enforceable.
15

16. The Basic Law
(the German Constitution)
Chapter 1: Basic rights (equality before the law; right
to privacy, private property & education; freedoms of
speech, information, expression, movement &
association, etc.)
Chapter 2: Structure & powers of the federation &
states
Chapter 3: The federal institutions
Chapter 4: Federal legislation & its implementation
Chapter 5: Administration of justice
Chapter 6: Public finance & taxation
16

17. Separation of Powers
(German Federalism)
• Vertical & Horizontal Division of Power:
– Horizontal: Executive, Legislative & Judiciary
– Vertical: National, State & Communal levels
• The vertical separation of power assigns different
areas of responsibility to each level; i.e. education
is a responsibility of the state governments, while
foreign policy is a task of the national government.
• Separate elections are held for the 3 vertical
divisions of power.
17

18. Federal Federal President – Federal Chancellor –
Structure Horst Koehler Angela Merkel
Federal Council (Bundesrat) Federal Cabinett
Federal Ministers
Federal Assembly (Bundestag)
Federal Convention
State Governments
Baden-Württemburg Hesse Saxony
Bavaria Lower Saxony Saxony-Anhalt
Berlin Mecklenburg-Western-Pomerania
Brandenburg North-Rhine-Westphalia
Local Bremen Rhineland-Palatinate Schleswig-Holstein
Hamburg Saarland Thuringia
Government
18
The people

19. Executive Branch
Head of State Head of Government
President (Horst Koehler) Chancellor (Angela Merkel)
appoints chooses
Bundeskabinett (Cabinet) elects
elects
5-year term 4-year term
Bundesversammlung Bundestag 19

20. Legislative Branch
Bicameral Parliament
Bundestag Bundesrat
(Federal Assembly) (Federal Council)
“Lower House” “Upper House”
Popular vote Delegates from
(direct and proportional) State Governments
“direct representation” “indirect representation”
20

21. The Bundestag
(Federal Assembly)
• The Bundestag is the direct representative
body of the people of the Federal Republic of
Germany.
• The Bundestag has decisive legislative
authority and thus is the most important organ of
the state.
• Some legislation requires permission from the
Bundesrat (the representation of the states).
• The Members of the Bundestag are from
different political parties who are elected
according to the mixed member proportional
representation system.
• Candidates are normally nominated by a party,
but independent individuals can also stand.
21

22. The Bundesrat
(Federal Council)
• The Bundesrat represents the interests of the
Länder (states) at the federal level
• Legislative & administrative functions, incl.
the right to initiate legislation
• Absolute veto powers in
– bills amending the constitution
– bills affecting state finances or the administrative
sovereignty of states
• Formed by Representatives from and
appointed by the 16 state-level governments.
(No elections.) (total seats: 69)
• The composition of the Bundesrat is determined
by the composition of the state-level
governments, and may thus change when one of
the 16 states holds an election.
• So the Bundesrat is not directly elected
(representatives and Ministerpraesidenten of the
Laender)
22

23. Governments in the “Länder” Total seats: 69
Population (in Seats in the
State Governing parties
million) Bundesrat
Baden - Württemberg 10,75 6 CDU/FDP
Bayern 12,52 6 CSU/FDP
Berlin 3,42 4 SPD/Die Linke
Brandenburg 2,53 4 SPD/CDU
SPD/Bündnis 90 / Die
Bremen 0,66 3
Grünen
Hamburg 1,77 3 CDU/GAL
Hessen 6,07 5 CDU/FDP
Mecklenburg -
1,67 3 SPD/CDU
Vorpommern
Niedersachsen 7,97 6 CDU/FDP
Nordrhein - Westfalen 17,97 6 CDU/FDP
Rheinland - Pfalz 4,04 4 SPD
Saarland 1,03 3 CDU
Sachsen 4,21 4 CDU/SPD
Sachsen - Anhalt 2,40 4 CDU/SPD
Schleswig - Holstein 2,84 4 CDU/SPD 23
Thüringen 2,28 4 CDU

24. Type of Electoral System
• According to international taxonomy standards:
• Mixed-member proportional system (2 votes per person - Direct and indirect
candidates)
• Definition:
• A system in which a proportion of the parliament (usually half) is elected
from plurality-majority electoral districts, while the remaining members are
chosen from PR lists, the list seats compensate for any disproportional
produced by the electoral district results. However, every seat from a
electoral district can be kept, which might increase the total number of MP’s
in parliament (“additional mandates”)
• Historical background:
• It was devised to overcome the weaknesses of previous political systems,
which have proven unstable in German history:
• The absolute majority system of the German Empire was characterised by a
lack of political participation, as power was held by a “manufactured”
(unrepresentative) majority.
• The pure proportional representation system of the Weimar Republic
(1919-1933) weakened the state, paving the way for the abrogation of the
constitution by Adolf Hitler in 1933
24

25. Mixed- Member Proportional Representation
T German electoral system is generally referred to as the mixed- member
he
proportional representation system.
2 votes per person
Direct Candidate of local
candidate Constituency
(first- past- the post)
Indirect
candidate Party L Candidate
ist
(proportional representation)
25

26. Electoral districts
Provided for local, national
and European elections
Since the last elections 2005
Germany is divided in 299
electoral districts areas, which
are further divided in
Wahlbezirke
Vote for direct candidate Vote for indirect candidate
Candidate of local Party List Candidate
Constituency (proportional representation) 26

27. Election bullet
First vote Second vote
Candidate
Party A Party A
Candidate Party B
Party B
Candidate
Party C Party C
Candidate of
local
Constituency
Party in the
Bundestag
27

28. From Coalition Building to
Coalition Management
28

29. What is a Coalition?
A government coalition is Alliances are formed
usually formed after an election before an election and have
and by as many parties as are a more
needed for at least a simple ambigous character.
majority.
They include
≠
There are many different
„untrue or silent“, coercive
typologies, e.g. based on the
and opposition coalitions.
ideological composition or on
the number of parties.
There are many different
Coalitions are often cricised as typologies, e.g. negative or
ineffective (bias). constructive opposition
coalitions.
29

30. Former Coalitions in Germany
1949 – 1953 CDU/CSU, FDP, DP
1953 – 1956 CDU/CSU, FDP, DP
1956 – 1957 CDU/CSU, FVP, DP In total, the FDP
1957 – 1961 CDU/CSU, DP joined 12 of 19
1961 – 1965 CDU/CSU, FDP coalitions since 1949
1965 – 1966 CDU/CSU, FDP
1966 – 1969 CDU/CSU, SPD “Grand coalition” Of 50 possible years
1969 – 1972 SPD, FDP being in a coalition,
the FDP missed 19
1972 – 1976 SPD, FDP years
1976 – 1980 SPD, FDP
1980 – 1982 SPD, FDP
1982 – 1983 CDU/CSU, FDP
1983 – 1987 CDU/CSU, FDP
1987 – 1990 CDU/CSU, FDP
1990 – 1994 CDU/CSU, FDP But:
1994 – 1998 CDU/CSU, FDP
1998 – 2002 SPD, Grüne Since 1998 FDP not
2002 – 2005 SPD, Grüne participated in a 30
2005 - 2009 CDU/CSU, SPD “Grand coalition” coalition/government

31. Former coalitions in detail
31

32. Ideological differences of Coalition A > Ideological differences of Coalition B
Coalition B
Coalition A
Left Right
Left Party The Social The Christian Christian
Greens Democrats Liberals Democrats Union
CDU CSU
The main parties on a right-left ideological spectrum
32

33. 2005 Federal Elections to The Bundestag as
an example to build coalitions
33

34. CDU/CSU
• The CDU and CSU have formed a single
parliamentary group since 1949, which
targets conservative voters from both the
Catholic and Protestant community.
• The CSU is only represented in Bavaria,
while the CDU is represented in all the
states except Bavaria.
• The CDU currently has 536,668 members
(As of: 31/12/2007)
• 25.4 % of members are female and
Angela Dorothea Merkel 74.6 % male. The female proportion is
(born, 17/07/1954, in Hamburg, higher in the new East Germany states
Germany), is the Chancellor of with 29.2 % compared to the former
Germany. Merkel, elected to the states in West Germany with 24.8 %.
German Parliament from
Mecklenburg – Vorpommern, • Before 1966 membership totals in CDU
has been the chairwoman of the organization were only estimated. The
CDU since 09/04/2000, and numbers after 1966 are based on the
Chairwoman of the CDU-CSU
parliamentary party group from total from 31. December of the previous
2002 to 2005 year.
34

35. SPD
• The Social Democratic Party of
Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands — SPD) is Germany's
oldest political party and its largest in
terms of membership. After World War
II, under the leadership of Kurt
Schuhmacher, the SPD reestablished
itself as an ideological party,
representing the interests of the working
class and the trade unions. The party's
program, which espoused Marxist
Franz Müntefering (born principles, called for the nationalisation
16/01/40) had been chairman of of major industries and state planning.
the SPD from 2004 to 2007 and
Vice-chancellor of Germany • Today the SPD advocates the
from 2005 to 2007 before he modernisation of the economy to meet
receded from politics due to the demands of globalisation, but it also
personal reasons. In September stresses the need to address the social
2008 he returned and became
chairman of the SPD again. needs of workers and society's
disadvantaged.
35

36. FDP
• Free Democratic Party (Freie
Demokratische Partei, FDP) is a right
wing political party. The party's
ideology combines beliefs in individual
liberty, in a state or government "that is
as small as possible and as large as
necessary" (so viel Staat wie nötig, so
wenig Staat wie möglich!). It promotes
a market economy, with traditional
features of the German social welfare
system. The FDP is currently the third-
largest party in the Bundestag. In
foreign policy the FDP supports
Guido Westerwelle (born European integration and transatlantic
27/12/1961 is the leader of partnership.
the libertarian party FDP. As
such he is also the current • The party has generally distinguished
libertarian parliamentary itself from the CDU and the SPD by
leader within the German advocating more market-oriented
Parliament.
policies.
36

37. Sample Election Manifesto:
“18 good reasons to vote FDP”
1) Lower taxes – more jobs 1) Child care
2) Modernisation of labour 2) Improve education for all
market
3) Reduce compulsory schooling to
3) Negative income tax 12 years
4) Solid & affordable health 4) Abolish Central Board for
system
university admission
5) Viable pension system
5) Educational vouchers not fees
6) Lean state = strong state
6) Efficient & affordable transport
7) SME – prime creator of
jobs 7) Abolish compulsory military
service
8) Investment incentives for
the East 8) More democracy – participation
9) Support for families 9) Our candidate for chancellor
37

38. The Left
• The Left (Die Linke) is a German political
party that came into being on 16 June
2007 as a merger of The Left Party/PDS
and the former SED, the governing party
of former East Germany, and Labour and
Social Justice – The Electoral
Alternative(WASG). Its leaders are Lothar
Bisky and Oskar Lafontaine. The party
Oskar Lafontaine; born
sees itself as 'left' of the other parties
16/09/1943) is a left-wing represented in the Bundestag
German politican, former • As of June 2007, the party has 71,800
Primeminister of Saarland and members (60,300 came from The Left
current chairman of the Left
Party Party/PDS and 11,500 from the WASG,
Lafontaine is among the most making it the fourth largest political party
prominent critics of neoliberal in Germany. The electoral strongholds of
politics in Germany. His views the party are located in the states which
and remarks have made him a were previously part of communist East
polarizing figure; most Germans
are either fond of his politics or Germany, where also the large majority of
disdain them. its members come from.
38

39. Alliance '90/The Greens
• The Alliance '90/The Greens (Bündnis
90/Die Grünen), the German green party,
is a political party in Germany whose
regional predecessors were founded in
the late 1970s as part of the new social
movement. The party was formally
inaugurated on the weekend of January
17-18, 1980, by 1,000 delegates to its
first convention in Karlsruhe, West
Germany, as "Die Grünen". It is one of
the oldest, although not the oldest, and so
• Claudia Benedikta far the most politically successful of the
Roth (born world's many green parties. In 1989 and
15/05/1955) is a
German Green Party 1990 numerous civil rights groups in East
politican and one of Germany combined to form Bündnis 90,
the two current party which merged with "Die Grünen" in 1993.
chairs, together with Bündnis 90/Die Grünen were part of the
Reinhard Buetikofer. national coalition government between
1998 and October 2005. 39

40. Results 2005
Number of persons entitled to vote: 47.287.988
Political Party Valid Percent Number of members
second votes of parliament
SPD 16.194.665 34.2 222
CDU 13.136.740 27.8 180
FDP 4.648.144 9.8 61
The Left 4.118.194 8.7 54
Party 3.838.326 8.1 51
Alliance 90/
The Greens 3.494.309 7.4 46
CSU 1.857.610 4.0 -
Others
Total 49,308,512 614
40

41. The current distribution of seats in the German Bundestag
(lower house of parliament). 41

42. Current distribution of seats in the German Bundesrat 42

43. Majority of first Vote in the electoral
districts
43

44. Models of coalition formation
Agreement form Advantage Disadvantage
Loose agreement Highly flexible Not very binding
Minimum consensus Binding on essentials Flexible on other
(India) issues
Common election Binding, improves Not very flexible
manifesto (Germany) stability
From case to case Highly flexible High costs due to
(Indonesia) constant recreation
44

45. Solutions
In the past
45

46. Coalition building after the Elections
Options coalitions
Both, CDU/CSU candidate Angela Merkel
and SPD candidate Gerhard Schroeder
wanted to form the government after the
elections
Following coalitions where discussed:
• SPD/Gruene/Linkspartei
• SPD/Gruene minority government, elected
with Linkspartei
•CDU CSU/ FDP minority government
•SPD/Gruene/FDP
•CDU CSU/Gruene/FDP
► Result: “Grand coalition“
under the leadership of
Angela Merkel
46

47. Political parties & their leaders
In Government:
• Christian Democratic Union (CDU) • Social Democratic Party (SPD)
[Angela Merkel] [Franz Müntefering]
• Christian Social Union (CSU)
[Horst Seehofer]
In Opposition:
• Alliance '90/Greens
Free Democratic Party (FDP)
[Guido Westerwelle] [Claudia Roth, Reinhard
Buetikofer]
• The Left Party (PDS)
[ Oskar Lafontaine, Lothar Bisky ]
*Note: This page only lists parties represented in the Bundestag
47

48. Actual coalitions in the Laender
Bavaria CU
S /FDP B rlin
e S D inke
P /L
Baden- CU
D /FDP S x ny
ao CU P
D /S D
Werttemberg
S x ny-
ao CU P
D /S D
S a nd
a rla CU
D
A lt
nha
R la
hine nd SD
P
Hesse CU
D /FDP
P la te
a tina
Thuringia CU
D
North Rhine CU
D /FDP
Westphalia
Lower Saxony CU
D /FDP
B mn
re e S D rue
P /G ne FDP is a governing party/coalition
partner in 5 Laender
H m urg
a b C U rue
D /G ne
(in total 16 Laender)
S hle w -H ls in C U P
c s ig o te D /S D
M c nb
e kle urg SD D
P /C U
V rp m e
o o m rn
B nd nb
ra e urg SD D
P /C U 48

49. Coalition management tools
In the German practice of coalition management
and conflict resolution four tools are usually employed:
1. Regular routine coalition talks
2. Regular routine co-ordination meetings of the
parliamentary fractions
3. Meetings of the chairmen of the coalition member
parties (elephant rounds)
4. Working groups of the coalition partners
49

50. Coalition arenas on the state level
(simplified)
50

51. Informal decision-making centres
51

52. Coalition/alliances challenges
Challenge No 1: How to make a coalition work?
• Rule No. 1: Discipline
• Rule No. 2: Discipline
• Rule No. 3: Discipline
• Rule No. 4: Test, retest, retest
(research, opinion polls, and focus
groups etc.)
• Rule No. 5: “Go where the people, the
voters are”
52

53. Requirement: message discipline
Organise your Who us them
thoughts says
what?
us us us
about about
us them
them them them
about about
us them
53

54. Challenge No 2: How to capture the median voter?
If parties A and B want to catch the median voters, they should move towards
the center. The red and blue areas represent the voters that A and B expect
they have already captured.
54

55. Challenge No. 3:
How to deal with factors affecting the party behaviour?
1. Executive-legislature relationship: parliamentary/presidential
democracy
2. Electoral system: majoritarian vs. proportional (number of parties =
their ideological range and mutual compatibility), party-centred vs.
candidate-centred (internal cohesion of parties)
3. Social cleavages: cross-cutting vs. non-cross-cutting (issue-based or
cutting across issues), extreme vs. moderate
55

56. Challenge No. 4:
How to deal with the negative perception of coalition governments?
“In a coalition government the knives remain out among the
partners and they are being perpetually sharpened.
In a coalition alliance that is very different. Here the partners
have to wait for open criticism after they have unseated the
current government.
Coalitions in a democratic set-up can therefore
only be the second-best-choice because they
cannot ensure 100 % concerted action.”
However, in political practice of almost all democracies,
especially of the parliamentary types, Westminster as well as list-
proportional systems, coalition governments have become the
rule and not the exception of political decision-making and
democratic governance. 56

57. Challenge No. 5:
How to explain and justify the entered coalition?
• The entered coalition has to be
– explained to the political party members
as well as
– justified to the political party voters.
57

58. Challenge No. 6:
How to keep the own political identity?
During the coalition, the political parties have to avoid to:
– loose the own political profile
– become swallowed by the bigger coalition partner
• Concurrently they have to:
– Distinguish them self from the coalition partner to keep
their own recognisability
58

59. Challenge No. 7:
How to find exit solutions?
In specific situations, the political parties have to find
solutions to exit the coalition:
- power struggles within the coalition partner/partners
- internal party conflicts
- specific political themes or issues
Exit solutions could be to:
- chancel the coalition contract
- increase the political pressure on the cooperating party
59

60. Super election year 2009
May June September
Election of the Federal Election of the European Election of the
President Parliament German Federal
Head of the state with Directly elected institution of the Parliament
representative competences European Union (together with German parliament
the Council of the European
elected by a specially Date 27th September
Union the legislative body)
convened body called the 736 members where elected to
FDP has not been a
Federal Assembly represent 500 million people in government party
(Bundesversammlung) 27 European states since 1998
Date of election 23 May 2009 Date of election 4-7 June
Candidates:
Horst Koehler
Gesine Schwan,
Peter Sodann
Frank Rennicke
Result: Re-election of
Horst Koehler during the 60
Weekly snap-shot of voter
first ballot
polls May 2009

61. Freie Demokratische Partei
Free Democratic Party
The Friedrich Naumann Foundation is an independent,
nonprofit, nongovernmental organization that is committed
to promoting liberal policy and politics.
It is one of six such
Foundations in Germany.
The other ones are: 61

62. Friedrich Naumann Foundation
for Freedom
62

63. T G rm n P litic l F und tio
he e a o a o a ns
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Christlich Soziale Union
Christian Social Union
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Greens
Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus
Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Party of Democratic Socialism 63

64. W w sF d h N um nn?
ho a rie ric a a
Friedrich Naumann
(18 0 19
6 -19 )
• P s r a lib ra p litic n
a to nd e l o ia
• F und r o the"C e ' S ho l" (19
o e f itiz ns c o 17)
• fro 19 0"C lle eo P litic "
m 2 o g f o s
("p d c s o o theF d h N um nn
re e e s r" f rie ric a a
F und tio
o a n)
• "M nto o T o o H us
e r" f he d r e s 64

65. T H to
he is ry
19 8
5 F und db T o o H us
o e y he d r e s
P o e P litic l E uc tio fo
urp s : o a d a n r
lib ra ma d m c c in
e lis nd e o ra y
G rm ny.
e a
19 3
6 S rt o inte tio l w rk
ta f rna na o
S ethe thera eo ta k ha c ns ntly
inc n, ng f s s s o ta
g w
ro n.
1973 S ho rs p g m e
c la hip ro ra m
19 4
8 A hiv o L e lis
rc e f ib ra m
19 5
9 L e l Ins
ib ra titute
65

66. T F ld o W rk
he ie s f o
• P litic l E uc tio
o a d a n
• S ho rs P g m e
c la hip ro ra m
• A hiv o L e lis
rc e f ib ra m
• L e l Ins
ib ra titute
• Inte tio l P litic
rna na o s
66

67. F FInte tio l P s nc
N rna na re e e
67

68. Inte tio l P litic
rna na o s
P je t a nd nc a ro d
ro c tte a e b a :
• V theinte tio l o e re o
ia rna na ffic s p rtingto
re io l o e (M O , M d rra a
g na ffic s S E e ite ne n
c untrie , A a L tin A e a S uth A ia
o s fric , a m ric , o s ,
S uthe s a E s A ia
o a t nd a t s )
• P m tio a a s ta efo partner
ro o n nd s is nc r
organizations (p rtie , hum n rig
a s a hts
o a a ns lib ra b ine sa s c tio
rg niz tio , e l us s s o ia ns
e .)
tc
a :
nd
• Inte tio l p g m e , s m rsa
rna na ro ra m s e ina nd
c nfe nc sin G rm ny
o re e e a
68

69. M in Is ue 2 0 - 2 11
a s s 08 0
• 1. Freedom in a society of [property]
owners
– P p rty rig a theb s o ind id l
ro e hts re a is f iv ua
fre d m
eo .
– P p rty rig a p p rty a theb s o
ro e hts nd ro e re a is f
e ry c il s c ty.
ve iv o ie
– P p rty a p p rty rig a them to o
ro e nd ro e hts re o r f
e o m a s c l d ve p e
c no ic nd o ia e lo m nt.
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70. • 2. Freedom and Responsibility in a civil
society
– M refre d ma re p ns ility thro h tho ug
o e o nd s o ib ug ro h
p tis tio a unle s
riva a n nd a hingo c m e n in lo a
f o p titio cl
c m unitie .
o m s
– S ng ningo c il s c ty thro h re uc n o
tre the f iv o ie ug d tio f
b a ra y a d re ula n.
ure uc c nd e g tio
– It isthea tiv c e tha m t b a thec ntreo afre
c e itiz n t us e t e f e
c il s c ty.
iv o ie
– Alib ra initia etoe nc g a r p rtic a n a
e l tiv nha e re te a ip tio nd
c m itm nt b c e isurg ntly re uire !
o m e y itiz ns e q d
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71. • 3. Freedom and Rule of Law
- W ut ruleo la the isnofre d m
itho f w re eo .
- Sc
e urity isac ns q nc o fre d m
o e ue e f e o .
- T p litic ingo a a p c o lifea theg w
he o is f ll s e ts f nd ro th
o b a ra y d s y theruleo la a fre d m
f ure uc c e tro f w nd e o .
71