This document outlines a roadmap for research in electronic governance over the next decade. It identifies four grand challenges: 1) Model-based collaborative governance to improve policy modeling and simulation; 2) Data-powered collective intelligence and action to leverage real-time open data; 3) Establishing a government service utility to provide ubiquitous, standardized public services; and 4) Developing a science base for ICT-enabled governance to systematize the field. For each challenge, it discusses short and long-term research directions to address gaps between current governance and a rapidly changing digital society. The overall goal is to transform policy-making using collaborative models, robust data analysis, and innovative digital service delivery.

1. A Roadmap for Research in Electronic Governance: The Grand Challenges ahead YannisCharalabidis Assistant Professor, University of the Aegean Manager, Greek Interoperability Centre

2. Your keynote speaker Software engineer, National Technical University of Athens PhD in complex information systems, NTUA 7 years a researcher in RTD projects for businesses and governments 7 years in the software industry (Greece, Netherlands, Germany Poland). Managing director of Baan-Singular ERP company Already 4 years in Uni Aegean, teaching and researching on eGovernance (another 3 “remaining”) The next 7 years ? My aim for the day: to give you food for thought. Hold on …

3. The problem: policy-making and governance in a complex world Rising number of tipping points, unpredictable “black swan” events: (financial and economic crisis; terrorist attacks, climate change) Can’t be adequately addressed by traditional econometric models Politicians are not used to evidence-based decisions Explosion in authorship, co-creation and collaboration Mass collaboration and participation Open data, open innovation models Government 2.0 More intelligence and more stupidity, more signal and more noise

4. Governance: often silos-based, linear, obscure, hierarchical, over-simplified Policies, Disciplines and Actors are isolated Society: increasingly interconnected, flexible, fast-evolving, unpredictable The Problem: Gap between Society and Governance

5. The problem: We need a mix of ICT with Social Sciences Web Technologies Systems & Services Technologies “Hard” Public Sector Service Systems Workflow Systems Enterprise Resource Management Cloud computing Web 2.0 Argument Visualization Mixed Reality Pattern Recognition Serious Games Electronic Participation Translation Systems Social Networks PS Knowledge Management Legal Structures Management Business Intelligence Data & Opinion Mining Simulation Forecasting - Backcasting Optimization Systems Dynamics Adaptive Models Behavioral Modelling Societal Modelling Social Simulation Social Informatics Management Tools “Soft” Society Administration

6. "The problems that we have created cannot be solved at the level of thinking that created them" Albert EinsteinSo ?

8. How should we team-up among governments, industry and citizens ?

9. When should we expect results ?www.crossroad-eu.net

10. 2020: A Paradigm Shift in Policy-making, using three "powers" More people involved (collaborative governance) 2020 2010 More accurate and analytical, modeling and simulation tools More data available (the data deluge)

11. The Method Future scenarios: demand pull State of the art: research push Gaps Research roadmap (final) Grandchallenges (draft) Research challenges Research challenges

12. The eGovernance State of the Art in 2010

13. High Openness & Transparency: extreme 1 Self-Service Governance Open Governance Low Integration of Policy Intelligence High Integration of Policy Intelligence extreme 1 extreme 0 Leviathan Governance Privatised Governance Low Openness & Transparency: extreme 0 Four Scenarios for our Society

14. WHAT – the Grand Challenges

15. GC1: Model-based collaborative governance Today’s policy modeling: Human effort based Using mainly econometric models and overlooking human behaviour Social simulation and agent-based models are marginal, black-box, fragmented and single-purpose Progress in modeling software has not matched advances in computing power. Designing, reviewing and updating formal models from qualitative and quantitative data is costly.

16. Research challenges Integrated, composable and reusable models models composability and interoperability (between software and modelling methods) to build on existing models Short term research: definition of procedures for model composition and repositories Long term research: model interoperability and SOA / GRID Collaborative modelling Intuitive model building and simulation tools to allow all stakeholders to take part in transparent formal modelling at large scale Short term: transparent and intuitive modelling interfaces Long-term: mass-collaboration modelling framework Easy access to information and knowledge creation methods of information elicitation that, during the overall model building and use processes, will help decision makers to learn how a certain system works and ultimately gain insights (knowledge) and understanding (apply the extracted knowledge from those processes) in order to successfully implement a desired policy. Short-term: interoperability of data sources, information elicitation Long-term: user-behavior information generation; mass-interactive learning environments

17. Research challenges/2 Model validation Reliability of models plays a crucial role in policy modeling and simulation. A policy model should be developed for a specific purpose (or context) and its validity is to be determined with respect to that purpose (or context). Therefore, specific and integrated techniques and ICT tools are required to be developed for policy modeling, (conceptual and software validation ) Short-term: Consolidation of validation techniques Long-term: complex and large scale model validation; artificial intelligence incorporated in validation systems Interactive simulation It allows a researcher to interactively control simulations and perform data analysis while avoiding many of the pitfalls associated with the traditional batch/post processing cycle. Short-term: Usability Long-term: Input/output system integration, Computational steering Output analysis and knowledge synthesis the analysis and integration of feedbacks in modelling and simulation process Short-term: Policy model simulation, ranking techniques Long-term: sophisticated variance estimators, automated output analysis

18. GC2: Data-powered collective intelligence and action

19. Research challenges Privacy-compliant participatory sensing for real-time policy-making Dramatically increasing the data availability for policy evaluation while maintaining privacy and ensuring policy inference Short term: combination of sensing with social network analysis, data quality verification, context verification; Long term: privacy by design; enhanced analytical techniques to respond to subtle events; data collaboration protocols Real-time, high-quality, reusable open government data Simplifying and lowering costs of real-time open data publication, ensuring data quality and advanced privacy monitoring Short-term: data vocabularies; data curating tools; easy linked data publication Long-term: on the fly data quality agreements, web of data, real-time validation and publication

20. Research challenges/2 Federated dynamic identity management and privacy control Necessary to ensure trustful collaboration, federated across country, with multiple levels of security for different services, relying on authentic sources, usable in private sector context. Short-term: Dynamic user-controlled data disclosure; culturally-dependent identity systems; trust negotiation Long-term: context dependent identity management Peer-to-peer public opinion mining The limits of human attention, combined to the existing simple interfaces available for browsing discussion and comments, often leads to low levels of engagement and flaming wars, driving to polarisation of arguments and enhanced risks of conflicts. Short-term research: computer-generated cross-language policy corpora; algorithms for policy statistical analysis; comment recommendation algorithms Long-term research: integration with social network analysis; audiovisual mining; peer-to-peer usable opinion mining tools;

21. Research challenges/3 Intuitive, collaborative visual analytics of data for policy-making Visual analytics is particularly effective when dealing with complex and non-predictable patterns, such as those related to assessing and anticipating public policy impact, but is not formalised in the policy context Short-term research: Collaborative platform display; Interaction between visualization and models; Visualization infrastructures for policy modelling issues Long-term research: Bias identification; learning adaptive algorithm for users’ intent; intuitive affordable interfaces for citizens User-generated simulation and gaming tools for public action Simulation and serious gaming impact on personal incentives to action and showing long-term and systemic effects of individual choices, but lack open scenarios based on personal and policy decision as well as usability Short-term: kit-based citizens-controlled simulation and gaming; integration with policy models Long-term: augmented reality in policy gaming and simulation New institutional design of collaborative governance

22. GC3 – Government Service UtilityRationale Present: Traditional public services have not delivered on their promise for time, quality, cost, or overall return on investment Citizens rarely have access to personalised services in the way they want Service design cannot tap into citizen or SME’s productivity. Services practically remain the same as new service creation is hindered Future: Services are converging and moving from thephysical into the digital world, universally accessible on any device from all social groups Government clouds are overcoming interoperability, privacy and security challenges and provide the base for high automation in public sectors Future Internet appears as a key enabler for new public service systems, drastically altering productivity, speed, cost and overall quality The 1-1-1 Concept: every service can be provided in one stop, one second, with one euro cost

23. Why a Service Utility ? Electricity Provision Service Provision Ubiquitous nature: electricity is available everywhere, if you have a proper line and device to connect Usability: it is simple to connect to electricity network, provided you have an electric device with a standard plug (different from country to country, sometimes) Federation: you don’t really know where / how energy is created within a complex network that cross borders, sectors Co-generation: you can be a customer and a provider, at the same time De-regulation: although Governments set the regulations and may own some utilities, the market is competitive Multi-channel service provision Simplicity, interoperability, inclusion Public Clouds Service co-creation Service supply deregulation See also “6 common characteristics of service utilities (Rappa, 2004)”: Necessity, Reliability, Usability, Utilisation, Scalability and Exclusivity.

25. Growth

26. Work and Social Security

27. Representation

29. Registry Services

30. Public Sector (web) Services

31. Planning

32. Monitoring

34. Health

35. Education

36. Work and Social Security

37. Representation / Participation

38. Finance

40. PanEuropean Registry Services

41. Cross-country services

43. Semantic services

45. Security

46. Communication

47. Storage

48. Execution

50. Health Registry

51. Financial Registry

52. Cadastre

53. Social Security

54. Education

56. Health

57. Education

58. Social Security

59. Benefits / subsidies

61. The Governance Cycle and the Management Cycle Citizens GC 1 GC 2 State GC 3 Citizens

62. GC4 – Science Base for ICT-enabled GovernanceRationale Present: Although a lot of solutions are being developed and applied, there is a lack of systematisation of the domain, hindering re-use of practices, gradual refinement and evolution Relations with neighboring domains are not explored, resulting in unnecessary duplications or lack of cooperation Future: ICT-enabled governance is maturing into a well-established discipline, integrating social sciences, management, operational research and ICT Classification of research approaches, applications, problems and solution paths supports gradual evolution The research community is constantly updating the objectives and challenges of the domain, utilising new ICT developments for the good of the society

63. Multi-disciplinary issues and relations with neighbouring domains Metrics and assessment models, Decision Support, Modelling & Simulation Tools (supporting problem-solution relation, utilising BPM/BPR tools, vertical approaches) Formal methods and tools for categorising and analysing the concepts, the problems and solution paths in ICT-enabled governance GC4: Research Challenges

64. A collaborative journey… 3 large experts’ workshops: Samos restricted workshop in July 2010 (over 100 participants) Roadmap Validation workshop in conjunction with the IFIP EGOV Conference 2010, on August 30th, 2010 (over 50 participants) Networking Session (Large Expert Workshop) in conjunction with the ICT 2010 Conference in Brussels on September 27th, 2010 (over 100 participants) Online deliberation at http://crossroad.uservoice.com (over 500 votes) Validation by the Experts Scientific Committee of the full draft of the initial roadmap Ongoing discussion on LinkedIn group Average distribution: 30% industry, 10% public administration, 60% researchers

66. My eGovernance Research Hype Curve Visibility Service Co-creation Visual Analytics Gov Cloud (SaaS) Linked Data Open data Model-Based Decision Making Opinion Mining Social Media in Policy Making Service Delivery Platforms Organisational Interoperability Legal Informatics Gov Cloud (IaaS) eParticipation Argument Visualisation Gov Cloud (PaaS) eVoting Societal Simulation Instant, proactive Service Delivery for all Semantic Interoperability Mobile Government Web Services Science Base for ICT-enabled Governance Federated eID Technical Interoperability ICT-enabled historiography Inflated Expectations Disillusionment Productivity Time

67. Back to reality: Our current projects on ICT-enabled Governance PADGETS: Policy Making through Social Media Interoperability www.padgets.eu ENGAGE: Open, Linked Governmental Data for scientists and citizens www.engage-project.eu NOMAD: Non-moderated opinion mining (the opinion web) – starting October 2011 CROSSOVER: A global think-tank on ICT-enabled Governance– starting October 2011

68. As a conclusion We need a totally different set of tools for evidence-based decision making by governments Societal Simulation, Data and Opinion Mining, Service Co-creation will be the next “big things” for governments that wish to make a difference We need to go beyond pure ICT approaches and embark in a multi-disciplinary journey. That’s why we need a science base for ICT-enabled Governance But most importantly …

69. eGovernance Research is about our children’s future: It is not enough to “do things right” … we should “do the right things” Stay tuned at: yannisx@aegean.gr @yannisc t-government.blogspot.com