Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Countries, final report feb 2009

WORLD BANK STUDY - CONTRACT 7142400
GLOBAL STUDY OF
LIVESTOCK MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES
AND
RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
February 2009
in association with

Nippon Koei in association with Global Study of Livestock Markets, Slaughterhouses
ProAnd Associates Australia and Related Waste Management Systems
Final Report
WORLD BANK STUDY - CONTRACT 7142400
GLOBAL STUDY OF
AND
RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
February 2009

Final Report ES - 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
(a) Background
Solid waste management, and to a lesser extent wastewater management, has been given a relatively high
priority in developing countries over the past 15-20 years, often with great success. However, one particular
area of neglect has been wastes generated by urban livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities. In developing countries these are typically municipal facilities that are often old, in poor condition,
and operating well beyond their original design capacity. If not appropriately treated and disposed, wastes
from such facilities pose a high risk to public health and the environment.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and
poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income
countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.
Figure 1 shows the historical and projected meat production in developed and developing countries for the
period 1980 to 2030. Between 1980 and 2004 the consumption of meat and poultry in developing countries
increased three-fold, see Figure 2. Nevertheless, it is estimated that 800 million people worldwide still suffer
chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and poultry production is expected to
continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock wastes generated.
Approximately 675 million rural poor are sustained by livestock-related income or ownership; however,
large-scale production is now responsible for most of the growth in livestock and poultry production and
rural small holders have seen little benefit. Large-scale intensive livestock production is growing at six-times
the annual growth of grazing production and the majority of this growth is around urban areas, where
demand is greatest and infrastructure and resources are available for the distribution of animal products and
by-products.
In addition to the settlement of large-scale livestock production close to urban areas, there is often extensive
informal rearing of domestic animals and birds in peri-urban households and urban slums. This situation is
unregulated and a potential source of disease and its spread. It is estimated that more than 60% of all
human infectious diseases originate from animal sources and, in the past two decades, 75% of all emerging
human diseases originated from livestock (Cointreau, 2007). Recent diseases that have been widely
reported include SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), avian influenza, encephalopathy from mad
cow disease, West Nile, Lyme disease, and Ebola. There is a growing recognition that animal health is very
closely linked to human health and, as yet, these emerging diseases remain incurable. Exposure to livestock
and particularly livestock wastes, therefore, provides conditions for emerging diseases and the vectors
Figure 2 – World Meat Consumption
(Source FAO)
Figure 1 – World Meat Production
(Source FAO)

Final Report ES - 2
needed for the transmission of disease. In addition the globalization of trade and ease of travel only
exacerbate this situation. This paper describes the main fieldwork findings with respect to urban livestock
and slaughter wastes and their potential implications on public health and the environment. Proposed
outline solutions are also discussed.
(b) The Study
The study is was undertaken for the World Bank, through a Japan country-tied fund, to identify what
livestock and slaughter wastes are generated in developing countries and how they are treated and/or
disposed. The main aim of the Study is to develop global guidance for potential Bank interventions in the
livestock market and slaughter sector. The main objectives of the Study are to:
Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and
related systems of waste management;
Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment, disposal, and recycling of wastes;
Collect and examine available data on related bio-security and food safety issues;
Identify and report on the problems and needs of the facilities; and
Identify appropriate technical options to develop guidance for use by municipalities.
The main issues pertinent to the Study comprise the following:
Waste generation, treatment, and disposal.
Physical infrastructure.
Animal welfare.
Cultural and religious issues.
Disease and disease control.
Animal feeds and use of antibiotics.
Of particular interest, is the re-use and recycling of animal wastes; a business that can often be as large as
the slaughter business itself, and yet is unregulated in developing countries.
(c) Data Collection
Whilst much data is available for the livestock sector in general, few data have been recorded about the
livestock and slaughter wastes generated, nor the methods for treatment and disposal of such wastes. This
lack of published data has made the collection of new primary data essential and a main task of the Study.
As such, the Study included country reconnaissance visits to five developing countries to collect data first
hand from actual facilities in order to bridge this huge knowledge gap. The countries were selected from five
of the World Bank’s six geographical regions and one major city was selected in each for the collection of
primary data. Selection criteria for the reconnaissance visits included, amongst other items, the following:
Two countries to be Muslim or have a large Muslim population.
Both middle and low-income countries are to be represented.
Each selected city must be the capital or another large city.
Whilst this methodology does not provide a fully representative profile for each country, let alone a profile
of each region, it does provide sufficient opportunity to identify and highlight the main practices and areas
of concern in developing countries within a fixed study budget.
The country reconnaissance visits included meetings with national government agencies (for agriculture,
animal production, animal health, public health, and the environment) and local authorities responsible for
municipal facilities and services. The main focus for data collection, however, was on field visits to facilities
where the wastes are generated, treated, and/or disposed. Such facilities comprised livestock markets,
slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, and waste treatment and disposal facilities. To complete the
picture, visits to public markets, supermarkets, and retail butchers where also undertaken. Due to the

Final Report ES - 3
sensitive nature of the report material the countries and locations visited must remain confidential, as
requested by the World Bank.
2. Livestock and Slaughter Wastes
The definition of livestock and slaughter wastes can vary based on the perspective of the industry in
question, the country involved, and local cultural and religious practices. For example, the slaughter and
meat processing industries utilize many parts of the animal, not just the meat, and as such all parts of the
animal that can be used are considered by-products and not wastes. In fact, within this industry, the
processing and sale of these “by-products” are essential for commercial viability and reducing the quantity
of waste for final disposal. Animal products, therefore, only become a waste if they have no commercial
value or incur a cost to the business; hence, it is difficult to establish an exact definition.
For the purposes of this Study, however, a simpler waste management perspective has been employed, with
livestock and slaughter wastes being defined as any product that is not the meat tissue. Thus bones, hides,
hooves, horns, and the multitude of offal products are also considered as wastes, even though they are
often consumed, re-used, or recycled in various ways. Based on this definition of slaughter waste typically
accounts for 45 to 60% of an animal’s weight, as illustrated in Table 1 for each of the main species farmed
for consumption.
Table 1 – Typical Quantity of Waste per Species
(Source: ProAnd Associates Australia Pty Ltd)
* Estimated because normally sold as a carcass (bone-in).
3. Main Fieldwork Findings
(a) General
The following general observations were made which can have a significant impact on the quantity of waste
generated and how it is disposed; these are common to all of the developing countries visited:
There is a general consumer preference for ‘fresh’ meat (i.e. no refrigeration or cold-chain)
purchased at local markets or butcher shops each morning. The practice of buying freshly
slaughtered meat and edible offal for cooking and consumption the same day currently negates the
need for refrigeration.
In contrast to high-income countries, edible offal products are in high demand, whether as
expensive delicacies or simply as a source of low-cost protein for those that cannot afford meat
products.
There is generally a high incidence of informal slaughter; either at household level (mainly poultry
and small-stock) or illegally by local retail butchers (small-stock and large ruminants). This presents
a significant problem for the local authorities with respect to the control of waste, public health, and
disease. It also reduces the income of the municipal slaughter facilities.
Poultry suppliers have been most successful at intensification of slaughter and processing activities
and the establishment of modern slaughter facilities. However, live poultry is still preferred in most
developing countries, whether slaughtered at the public market or at household level.
(b) Waste Management
The main findings relating to the management of livestock and slaughter wastes are:
The high incidence of informal and illegal slaughtering results in many livestock and slaughter
Species Weight (kg) Carcass
(%)
Meat (%) Waste (kg)
Cattle 350 55 40 210.0
Pig 70 72 55 31.5
Sheep/Goat 30 47 40* 18.0
Poultry 2 66 56* 0.88

Final Report ES - 4
wastes products being dumped illegally or disposed with municipal wastes resulting in public health
risks and increasing the number of scavenging animals.
The proportion of wastes re-used or recycled is generally high because almost every item has a
financial value, due to low processing costs and low-incomes. This means that little waste is actually
disposed to the formal waste management sector. Processing and treatment of these wastes,
however, is a major concern with respect to public health, environmental pollution, and occupational
health and safety; see Photos 1 and 2.
There is little, if any, treatment of wastewater or contaminated stormwater runoff at livestock
markets or slaughterhouses. Liquid wastes are typically discharged untreated to drains and local
watercourses irrespective of other water users downstream, often affecting the urban poor who may
use the water for bathing, washing clothes, cooking, and even drinking.
Although blood is potentially a valuable commodity produced during the slaughter process, there is
often no market demand or cultural/religious beliefs may prevent its collection. In other
circumstances, however, poor slaughtering facilities and lack of process control prevent the effective
collection of blood. Therefore, blood is often wasted to drains and local watercourses contaminating
them with high organic load and providing a vector for disease, see Photo 3.
Photo 1 – Processing of cattle slaughter
wastes on the floor of a slaughter facility.
Photo 2 – Processing of goat heads and feet
in very poor and unsanitary working
Photo 4 – Emergency slaughter waste
dumped in the road outside the
Photo 3 – Blood, unborn calves, and other
slaughter wastes discharging to the public

Final Report ES - 5
Unwanted animal wastes are often disposed at municipal disposal sites. These sites are typically
open dumpsites with few facilities, where municipal staff, waste-pickers, and scavenging animals are
in abundance and are directly exposed to animal wastes, see Photos 4 and 5. The sites have no
facilities for hazardous or special wastes and present significant disease risks. In some cases
unwanted animal wastes are dumped in the street, see Photo 6.
Large quantities of animal manure and poultry litter are used as fertilizer without any composting
process, providing potential routes for disease spread through crops.
Biogas production and composting are not commonplace in urban areas because there is generally
no local demand for the gas and space for composting is very limited. Also, the supply of biogas and
compost products to rural customers from the city is not financially viable due to high transport
costs.
(c) Conditions at Municipal Livestock Markets and Slaughterhouses
The main findings at municipal facilities are as follows:
Most municipal slaughterhouses and many urban livestock markets are located in densely populated
urban areas, creating nuisance in terms of traffic congestion, odours, and pollution (noise, air, and
water). Slaughterhouses typically operate during the night and noise can be a significant problem.
Vehicular access at most livestock markets and slaughterhouses is very poor, with little or no parking
and limited loading / unloading space. This creates severe congestion in some cases, stressing
livestock further.
Security of sites, particularly slaughterhouses, can be wholly inadequate allowing access to many
non-facility personnel, stray animals, and even children who are directly exposed to animal wastes
and provide uncontrolled vectors for livestock related diseases. The private sector is generally much
stricter.
Physical infrastructure at urban markets and slaughterhouse is typically old and in need of urgent
rehabilitation. Infrastructure and equipment at municipal slaughterhouses, in particular, are very
poor and in many cases new facilities may be the only option for medium to long-term solutions, see
Photos 7 and 8.
Hygiene and sanitation facilities are poor or non-existent at livestock markets and slaughterhouses
and open defecation is practiced in and around these facilities by staff of the facilities, visitors, and
the general public.
Utility services are inadequate and, as such, water supply and lighting are poor; hot water is rarely
provided and slaughter utensils are not properly cleaned and sterilized.
Photo 5 – Putrefying slaughter waste
disposed at a municipal dumpsite amidst
Photo 6 – Cattle scavenging amongst
municipal solid waste and animal wastes at

Final Report ES - 6
Occupational health and safety is given a low priority and at slaughterhouses, in particular, safety
equipment and protective clothing are inadequate and in most cases non-existent. Given the poor
conditions at these facilities and the current working practices, it is believed that minor accidents and
possibly more serious accidents occur on a regular basis.
There is little or no formal training of workers or professional staff at slaughter facilities; so existing,
and often inappropriate, working practices remain unchanged.
Slaughter facilities and working procedures are often poor and obsolete; although the workers
themselves are often highly-skilled.
Process control at slaughterhouses is inadequate, with most municipal facilities operating on a batch
slaughter system with many activities taking place at the same location with no proper separation of
clean and dirty areas; hence contamination of carcasses is commonplace, see Photos 9 and 10.
Ante and post mortem inspections by veterinary staff or trained meat inspectors are typically
non-existent and, where inspection is carried out, it is inadequate and hampered by poor lighting
conditions. This creates a significant food safety risk, as meat from diseased animals can easily be
distributed for human consumption.
Municipal slaughter facilities are typically old and operating significantly over capacity, with little if
any space for upgrading or expansion. Reduction of the thriving informal sector in some countries is
unlikely to materialize without significant changes and new facilities to provide the additional
capacity needed.
Photo 7 – Front of a pig slaughterhouse
showing poor physical infrastructure.
Photo 8 – Rear of the same pig
slaughterhouse.
Photo 10 – Batch slaughter of cattle with
other animals in close proximity
Photo 9 – Overcrowded goat slaughterhouse
during slaughtering (batch slaughter)

Final Report ES - 7
Slaughterhouses often only work one-shift to satisfy the market demand for “fresh” un-refrigerated
meat each morning. Many facilities operate only 5-days per week to suit local religious and cultural
practices.
Slaughter waste material is most often sold to third parties for processing or rendering; although in
some countries the edible offal accompanies the carcass from the slaughterhouse to the
owner/butcher.
Handling and transport of edible and inedible offal products are generally poor and contamination of
edible material is normal.
(d) Animal Welfare
Typical findings from the reconnaissance visits include the following:
Animal welfare at all facilities requires significant improvement, with major changes to transport,
treatment, and facilities needed.
Livestock are often not watered, even on long journeys, arriving at markets and slaughterhouses
dehydrated, in poor physical condition, and severely stressed. A high proportion of “downers”
(collapsed animals) were observed at some livestock markets and slaughterhouses, see Photos 11
and 12.
Loading and unloading facilities at markets are often poor or non-existent and thus livestock can be
injured easily as they are man-handled off trucks.
Livestock are often tied and left without food and water at markets; and control by herders is usually
with sticks with which they hit or sometimes beat the animals.
Livestock are often already severely stressed as they make there way to slaughter. This is
exacerbated by entrances to slaughter areas that are dark, narrow, slippery, and often up inclines.
It is not natural for animals to enter such spaces; therefore, it is not unusual for the animals to be
forced in and often animals panic and become injured in the process.
Stunning and slaughter practices vary, but all are inadequate in terms of animal welfare and worker
safety. Where stunning is used, the methods employed, for cattle in particular, often only paralyze
the animal, rather than rendering it unconscious. This leaves the animal in serious pain and distress
until the slaughter cut is made, which is often not carried out immediately.
In the majority of slaughterhouses visited, batch slaughtering is practiced and animals are in close
proximity to others being slaughtered and in distress; from stunning through to decapitation,
skinning, and evisceration. This practice can be extremely stressful to the animals.
Photo 11 – Animal collapsed after unloading,
severely stressed and dehydrated.
Photo 12 – Emaciated animal, unable to
walk, for emergency slaughter.

Final Report ES - 8
(e) Cultural and Religious Issues
Observations during the reconnaissance visits included the following:
Differing interpretations were seen between Muslim countries with respect to the handling and
physical condition of animals for slaughter.
Interpretations of halal slaughter practices differed, of which some are detrimental to animal
welfare.
In some Muslim countries blood is collected, yet in others it is disposed to the drainage system.
Some countries operate slaughterhouses everyday whilst others operate only five days per week,
mainly for religious reasons.
Home slaughter is normal practice in some countries and is almost universal for certain holidays,
festivals, and other special occasions.
(f) Related Issues
The Study has identified several areas which can have a significant impact on livestock wastes but are
beyond the main scope of the Study; these include:
Disease and Disease Control: Lack of planning, coordination, and regulation by governments is
evident, leaving developing countries in a poor position to cope if a major disease outbreak occurs.
As a result, the disposal of diseased animal carcasses during disease outbreaks is a very significant
waste management issue, posing very serious public health and disease spread.
Animal Feeds and Antibiotic Use: More intensive farming of animals is evident and as such the use
of animal feeds and supplements is increasing. A significant area of concern, however, is the
increasing and unregulated use of growth promoters and the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in
animal production. Residuals contained in livestock wastes are therefore becoming a significant area
of concern.
Institutional Issues: Although legislation is often in place, poor regulation, enforcement, and
corruption are commonplace resulting in an extensive informal / illegal slaughtering sector (up to
80% in one country visited).
4. Development of Solutions
To improve the existing livestock and slaughter waste situation in developing countries there are a number
of key areas that need to be addressed. These will require improvement and often significant changes, not
only to physical infrastructure for waste management facilities but also to working practices, facility
management, regulations, and enforcement. It is important, therefore, to adopt a holistic approach to
solving current animal waste related problems and to consider cost effective and appropriate technologies
and practices that will be sustainable into the future.
Core areas that the Study addresses with respect to improving the environment and public health are:
Waste management;
Physical infrastructure and processes;
Animal welfare; and
Cultural and religious practices.
Other related, but non-core study areas, such as disease control; legislation, regulation, and enforcement;
and capacity building and institutional strengthening, where significant deficiencies have been identified by
the Study, will require additional funding and studies to identify appropriate solutions and interventions.

Final Report ES - 9
(a) Waste Management
Due to the potential risks associated with livestock and slaughter wastes, appropriate handling, treatment,
and disposal are essential; not dissimilar to the disposal of hospital pathogenic waste, which can be very
costly. In contrast to hospital wastes, market and slaughter wastes are generated in much greater volumes
and economically viable methods must be considered for the disposal of diseased animals, pathogenic
material, and other unwanted animal wastes, all of which pose serious public health concerns. In
high-income countries, there are numerous categories of animal wastes that must be disposed according to
their disease risk. Some high-risk wastes infected with BSE will require high-temperature incineration, whilst
other low-risk materials can be rendered to produce animal feeds and pet food. All of this, however, requires
strict regulation, effective veterinary inspection, high capital and operational expenditure, and the
availability of technology and capability; none of which are readily available in developing countries.
For developing countries, with limited capacity and funds, it is important to consider local conditions very
carefully and identify key areas for specific and targeted improvements aimed at minimizing the quantities
of waste generated that require collection and off-site disposal. Waste minimization and management
solutions being considered include:
Livestock Markets
Improve facilities for the collection of animal waste (dung) and reducing pollution of local
watercourses through the provision of appropriate hard-standing areas and drainage.
Encourage waste collection and re-use, e.g. dung cakes for fuel, composting, and fertilizer.
Slaughterhouses
Encourage the collection and processing of blood, to remove it from waste systems.
Improve collection facilities for animal wastes, in particular for blood and stomach contents.
Improve storage areas for solid wastes.
Improve wastewater collection systems and introduce appropriate treatment technologies that are
not dependent on chemicals and expensive electro-mechanical equipment.
Formalize and regulate the slaughter waste re-use and recycling sector to improve occupational
health and safety, public health, and minimize waste quantities for disposal.
Provide simple education and awareness training for all related industries with respect to waste,
disease, and disease risks.
Waste Collection and Disposal
Improve solid waste disposal facilities with separate areas for livestock/slaughter wastes.
Formalize existing waste picking activities at disposal sites and improve site fencing/security.
Encourage the use of composting techniques for livestock and slaughter wastes.
(b) Physical Infrastructure and processes
Conditions at municipal livestock markets and slaughterhouses in developing countries can vary
considerably but, in general, physical infrastructure is old and in need of urgent rehabilitation and in many
cases replacement. This is particularly the case with municipal slaughterhouses where lack of investment
over the past 25-30 years coupled with high population growth over the same period has resulted in facilities
that are obsolete and unable to process the number of animals demanded by the market. Dense
urbanization around many livestock markets and slaughterhouses now prevents their expansion /
improvement and focuses the community on their activities. Private slaughter facilities, on the other hand,
are generally located outside urban areas and are often modern and hygienic. These typically service export
or niche markets, however, as they are unable to compete on price for the mass market.

Final Report ES - 10
Solutions currently being considered for physical infrastructure and process improvements include:
Livestock Markets
Improve drainage and provide catch-pits or interceptors for collecting solid material.
Provide appropriate water and sanitation facilities, including health awareness training.
Slaughterhouses
Improve physical infrastructure, utility services, and provide appropriate levels of equipment and
training to allow more new and more hygienic conditions to be maintained.
Provide areas for the essential separation of “clean” and “dirty” processes.
Provide new and/or improved areas for the re-use and recycling of slaughter wastes.
(c) Animal Welfare
The welfare of animals is a very important issue and everything possible should be done to ensure that
animals are handled, transported, protected from the elements, and watered from farm until slaughter.
Good animal welfare is rewarded with healthy animals, less disease, and ultimately better quality meat. Poor
animal welfare, on the other hand, results in the opposite as is primarily the case in developing countries,
though some fare better than others. Although little published data is currently available, recent evidence
suggests that, in addition to poor quality meat, diseased animals stressed prior to and during slaughter
produce pathogen levels at least 10 times the normal level and possibly more. This is a significant issue for
disease control and public health, especially in developing countries where many diseases are endemic and
occupational health and safety and control of wastes in slaughterhouses is very poor.
Improvements currently being considered for animal welfare include:
Improve animal welfare through education and training coupled with physical infrastructure
improvements to reduce stress on livestock.
Improve pre-slaughter stunning and slaughter practices.
Strengthen veterinary services/meat inspection and introduce more widespread use of ante and post
mortem inspection at slaughterhouses.
(d) Cultural and Religious Practices
Cultural and religious practices vary from country to country and can have a significant effect on issues such
as animal welfare, stunning and slaughtering, and animal wastes. Some proposals include:
Improve animal welfare and slaughter practices through education and training.
Reduce and eventually eradicate informal slaughtering through public awareness campaigns,
improved legislation, and strengthening inspection and regulation.
Improve efficiency of existing slaughterhouses by extending operating hours and introducing
refrigeration. Requires a change in perception of what is considered “fresh meat” through public
awareness campaigns.
5. Conclusions
The overriding conclusion from the Study is that livestock and slaughter wastes represent a very significant
risk to public health and the environment. The current situation in developing countries provides ideal
conditions for the emergence of new diseases, particularly those that can be transmitted from animals to
humans. The increased movement of people and animals, through the globalization of trade and travel, also
provides an ideal vector for the rapid spread of disease, as we have seen in recent years with SARS and avian
influenza.
The livestock and slaughter waste sectors area are multi-faceted and cannot be considered simply as a
waste problem in isolation. Other factors such as animal welfare, veterinary services, physical infrastructure,

hygiene and sanitation, cultural and religious practices, regulation, and institutional capacity need to be
carefully considered. The re-use and recycling of slaughter wastes, in particular, is a very important area
where interventions may prove to be useful in controlling and reducing waste quantities and for bringing it
into the formal sector. However, the businesses in this sector are very cost sensitive and too much
interference could render them unviable, with the resulting social and environmental consequences.
The complex relationship between all of the issues mentioned above requires a holistic approach that
addresses the waste management problems through a combination of improvements, rather than
interventions targeting specific areas in isolation.
6. Recommendations for Further Study / Action
With respect to infrastructure improvements, another World Bank study has recently commenced a review
of the existing infrastructure conditions based on the findings and data gathered during this study, entitled
“Global Study on Reconstruction of Public Live Market, Slaughter and Meat Processing Facilities, including
Related Cost Recovery and Economic Instruments” also funded through a JCTF grant. Recommendations on
appropriate improvements to facilities and cost estimates for case study countries will be developed that can
be applied on a global scale to plan and implement appropriate interventions. This is the next step on the
way to potential implementation of improvements to livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities.
In the meantime, however, worldwide awareness needs to be spread, particularly with international funding
/ financing agencies and most importantly with developing country members, through dissemination of
appropriate knowledge, tools, and materials to the appropriate government departments in each of the
member countries that could promote the implementation of initiatives at national and municipal level.
The World Bank is already embarking on a number of international workshops to raise awareness of this very
important issue, with the aim of forming a global alliance of institutions; as the present study has shown,
meaningful improvements will only be achieved when all the many issues and fields are addressed
holistically, both in terms of technical approach and common budgets. Several institutions have been
involved in separate aspects of study identified within the present report (for example animal welfare,
disease) and many already have some excellent results, guidelines and so forth. However, taken
independently they lack the punch, gravitas, and foresight to address all issues for the common good. The
joining of forces between these agencies and institutions will be beneficial to all ends.
The alliance outlined above would be of particular benefit in dealing with the softer issues such as
operational procedures and management, institutional reorganisation, and economic instruments.
Facility, municipality and government-level recommendations have been provided throughout the report,
and are summarised above, and these considerations should be adopted during future upgrade works.
Below is a summary of areas requiring further study, potentially as distinct project preparation studies or
pilot projects.
The following further investigations, studies, and pilot projects are recommended in order to determine
appropriate follow-on actions and fill some of the gaps in knowledge that have been identified by this study:
Government structures with respect to enhancement of services and collaboration in the areas of
animal welfare, veterinary services, public health, food safety, and disease control.
Veterinary practices and meat inspection services appropriate for developing countries, including
training materials.
Animal welfare appropriate to developing countries, including training materials.
Stunning and slaughter practices appropriate for developing countries, including training materials
and home slaughter.
Financial management of municipal livestock markets and slaughterhouses; how to improve
financial sustainability and the role of the private sector.
The informal sector and its complex interactions with the formal sector, cultural issues, and
government policy.

Professionalisation of the sector, and in particular the workers; through the creation of associations
using an adaptation of the SWM model already developed by the World Bank.
Public awareness programmes covering such issues as food hygiene and safety, animal welfare, safe
and humane slaughter. Some of these could be accommodated with or linked to existing water,
sanitation, and waste initiatives and could even be introduced at junior school level.
Pilot projects for rehabilitation / reconstruction of livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
infrastructure and services specifically for developing countries. This should include the
development of generic plans and designs (or design parameters) for small, medium, and large
municipal facilities, which can be applied to suit the varying local conditions in developing countries.
Safe disposal methods for livestock and slaughter wastes in developing countries.
The use of antimicrobials and feed additives in developing countries, including the prevalence and
use of illegal or unregulated substances.
The impact of livestock wastes discharged to aquaculture and its relevance to human and animal
health, food safety, and disease control.
Investigations into opportunities and constraints related to Carbon finance.
Study of existing information gaps, such as:
o Facility finances.
o Actual prevalence of disease.
o Livestock market management issues.
o Basic working guidelines
Development of model tender documents for encouragement of private sector involvement.
Promotion of the public good issues associated with good practice within the slaughter industry.
Development of a website devoted to the Global Alliance For Humane Sustainability.

Final Report (i)
GLOBAL STUDY OF
AND RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
1. Introduction.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Study Rationale and Objectives..............................................................................................1
1.2 Purpose of this Report ..........................................................................................................2
1.3 Background to the Study.......................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Overview .....................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Human Diseases and Animal Sources .............................................................................4
1.3.3 Livestock Markets .........................................................................................................5
1.3.4 Slaughter Facilities........................................................................................................5
1.3.5 Livestock and Slaughter Wastes .....................................................................................6
1.4 Main Study Issues ................................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Waste Generation and Management...............................................................................6
1.4.2 Animal Welfare.............................................................................................................6
1.4.3 Epidemiology and Disease Control..................................................................................7
1.4.4 Facility Infrastructure....................................................................................................9
1.4.5 Animal Feeds and Use of Antibiotics ...............................................................................9
1.4.6 Cultural and Religious Issues .........................................................................................9
1.4.7 Environmental Issues..................................................................................................11
1.4.8 Institutional Issues .....................................................................................................12
1.5 Stakeholders ......................................................................................................................12
2. Livestock and Slaughter Wastes......................................................................13
2.1 Definitions .........................................................................................................................13
2.2 Waste Products ..................................................................................................................13
3. Methodology for Data Collection .....................................................................17
3.1 Country and City Selection ..................................................................................................17
3.2 Survey Instruments ............................................................................................................17
3.3 The Study Team.................................................................................................................18
3.4 Country Reconnaissance Visits.............................................................................................19
3.5 Facilities Surveyed ..............................................................................................................22
3.6 Collection of Additional Data on Infrastructure ......................................................................22
3.7 Difficulties Experienced During Country Reconnaissance Visits................................................22
4. Brief Country Overviews..................................................................................24
4.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific).......................................................................24

Final Report (ii)
4.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia).....................................................................................24
4.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa)............................................................................................24
4.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)........................................................25
4.5 Middle Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) .......................................................25
4.6 Summary of Main Fieldwork Findings....................................................................................25
5. Waste Management .........................................................................................26
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................26
5.2 Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Management ...................................................................26
5.2.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific)...............................................................26
5.2.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia) .............................................................................27
5.2.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa) ....................................................................................30
5.2.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)................................................33
5.2.5 Middle-Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) ...............................................35
5.3 Overview of Municipal Wastewater Management ...................................................................37
5.4 Overview of Wastes from the Livestock and Slaughter Sector .................................................39
5.4.1 Low-Income Country 1 (East Asia and Pacific)...............................................................39
5.4.2 Low-Income Country 2 (South Asia) .............................................................................41
5.4.3 Low-Income Country 3 (Africa) ....................................................................................44
5.4.4 Middle-Income Country 1 (Middle East and North Africa)................................................45
5.4.5 Middle-Income Country 2 (Latin America and Caribbean) ...............................................46
5.5 Wastes by Facility Type.......................................................................................................47
5.5.1 Livestock Market Wastes .............................................................................................47
5.5.2 Slaughterhouse Wastes...............................................................................................52
5.5.3 Meat Processing Wastes..............................................................................................65
5.5.4 Public Market Wastes..................................................................................................65
5.5.5 Retail Sector Wastes ...................................................................................................67
5.6 Estimate of Slaughter Waste Quantities ................................................................................68
5.7 Summary and Discussion of Issues.......................................................................................70
6. Infrastructure and Services.............................................................................73
6.1 Introduction to Issues.........................................................................................................73
6.2 General Findings.................................................................................................................73
6.3 Livestock Markets ...............................................................................................................74
6.3.1 Location and Access....................................................................................................74
6.3.2 Infrastructure and Services..........................................................................................77
6.4 Slaughterhouses.................................................................................................................86
6.4.1 Location and Access....................................................................................................86
6.4.2 Infrastructure and Services..........................................................................................91
6.5 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 115
6.6 Analysis of Infrastructure Issues ........................................................................................117
7. Operational Issues at Facilities .....................................................................119
7.1 Livestock Markets .............................................................................................................120
7.1.1 General....................................................................................................................120
7.1.2 Hygiene and Sanitation .............................................................................................121
7.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety .................................................................................122
7.1.4 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................123
7.2 Slaughterhouses...............................................................................................................124

Final Report (iii)
7.2.1 Overview of Slaughter Operations ..............................................................................124
7.2.2 Roles and Relationships.............................................................................................125
7.2.4 Process Control ........................................................................................................130
7.2.5 Fifth-Quarter Processing............................................................................................132
7.2.6 Occupational Health and Safety .................................................................................133
7.2.7 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................133
7.3 Meat Processing Facilities ..................................................................................................135
7.3.2 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................136
7.4 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 136
7.4.1 General....................................................................................................................136
7.4.2 Hygiene, Sanitation, and Safety .................................................................................137
7.4.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................137
7.5 Retail Sector .................................................................................................................... 138
7.5.1 General....................................................................................................................138
7.5.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................139
7.6 Informal Sector ................................................................................................................139
7.6.1 General....................................................................................................................139
7.6.3 Disease Risks ...........................................................................................................141
7.7 Summary and Analysis of Operational Issues ......................................................................141
8. Animal Welfare and Transportation...............................................................145
8.1 Background...................................................................................................................... 145
8.2 Transportation .................................................................................................................147
8.3 Livestock Markets .............................................................................................................152
8.4 Slaughterhouses...............................................................................................................156
8.4.1 General....................................................................................................................156
8.4.2 Summary .................................................................................................................160
8.5 Public Markets.................................................................................................................. 162
8.6 Retail Butchers................................................................................................................. 163
8.7 Informal Sector ................................................................................................................163
8.8 Sugggested Actions for Animal Welfare Improvement..........................................................164
9. Epidemiology, Disease Control and Public Health.........................................166
9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 166
9.2 Overview of Epidemiology and Relevant Techniques............................................................169
9.2.1 General....................................................................................................................169
9.2.2 Understanding Disease Causes and Transmission ........................................................170
9.2.3 Investigating Causes of Disease.................................................................................171
9.2.4 Measuring Disease Levels..........................................................................................171
9.2.5 Disease Monitoring and Surveillance...........................................................................171
9.2.6 Evaluating Costs of Disease and Disease Control .........................................................171
9.2.7 Developing Control Strategies....................................................................................172
9.2.8 Monitoring Efficiency of Control Strategies. .................................................................172
9.3 Disease Control Mechanisms..............................................................................................172
9.3.1 Fundamental Principles of Disease Control ..................................................................172
9.3.2 Limiting Disease Spread ............................................................................................173
9.3.3 Endemic Disease Control and Outbreak Prevention ......................................................174

Final Report (iv)
9.3.4 Waste Management ..................................................................................................175
9.3.5 Interactive Control Mechanisms .................................................................................176
9.4 Diseases Identified, Their Importance, and Global Distribution .............................................176
9.5 Effectiveness of Disease Control, Monitoring, and Surveillance Techniques ............................177
9.5.1 General....................................................................................................................177
9.5.2 Disease Identification and Reporting ..........................................................................177
9.5.3 On-Farm Activities ....................................................................................................181
9.5.4 Market Activities .......................................................................................................182
9.5.5 Market Hygiene ........................................................................................................183
9.5.6 Slaughterhouse Activities...........................................................................................183
9.5.7 Public Markets..........................................................................................................185
9.5.8 Retail Outlets ...........................................................................................................185
9.5.9 Supermarkets...........................................................................................................186
9.5.10 Informal Sector ........................................................................................................186
9.5.11 Waste Management ..................................................................................................187
9.6 Public Health Issues..........................................................................................................188
9.7 Summary......................................................................................................................... 189
10. Environmental Issues ....................................................................................191
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 191
10.2 In-Country Status and Observations...................................................................................191
10.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................191
10.2.2 Solid Wastes ............................................................................................................192
10.2.3 Liquid Wastes...........................................................................................................194
10.3 Summary of Impacts and Issues........................................................................................195
10.3.1 Solid Wastes ............................................................................................................195
10.3.2 Liquid Wastes...........................................................................................................196
10.3.3 Impact of Religious Considerations.............................................................................196
10.3.4 Potential solutions ....................................................................................................197
10.3.5 The Environmental trade-off ......................................................................................198
11. Feed Additives and Anti-Microbials ...............................................................199
11.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 199
11.2 Agents of Concern ............................................................................................................199
11.3 Accidental Contamination ..................................................................................................201
11.4 Mechanisms for Control.....................................................................................................201
11.5 Regional Observations ......................................................................................................201
12. Technical Options...........................................................................................203
12.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 203
12.2 Overview of Livestock Markets in High-Income Countries .....................................................203
12.3 Overview of Meat Plant Waste Management in High-Income Countries..................................204
12.3.1 Legislation ...............................................................................................................204
12.3.2 Waste Products, Treatment, and Disposal ...................................................................205
12.3.3 Seldom Used Technologies ........................................................................................222
12.4 Technical Options for Developing countries.........................................................................222
12.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................222
12.4.2 Waste Treatment and Disposal ..................................................................................224
12.4.3 Technical Options by Facility Type..............................................................................226
12.5 Planning and Implementation ............................................................................................230

Final Report (v)
13. Institutional Issues and Financial & Economic Situation..............................233
13.1 Institutional Issues ...........................................................................................................233
13.1.1 Government Issues...................................................................................................233
13.1.2 Animal Health...........................................................................................................234
13.1.3 Devolution ...............................................................................................................234
13.1.4 Local Government Issues...........................................................................................235
13.1.5 Informal Slaughter....................................................................................................235
13.2 Finance and Economics.....................................................................................................235
13.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................235
13.2.2 The Economics of Meat Quality and Disease................................................................236
13.2.3 Municipal Livestock Market and Slaughter Fees ...........................................................236
13.2.4 Meat and Offal Prices................................................................................................237
13.2.5 Financial and Economic Analyses................................................................................238
13.2.6 Economic Instruments and Benefitting from the Solid Waste Management Experience....238
14. Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................................242
14.1 Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 242
14.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................247
14.2.1 General Recommendations ........................................................................................247
14.2.2 Recommendations for Further Study / Action ..............................................................252

Final Report (vi)
List of Tables
Table 2.1 – Typical Wastes Generated by the Livestock Markets.....................................................13
Table 2.2 – Typical Wastes Generated by Slaughterhouses ............................................................14
Table 3.1 – Schedule of Country Visits .........................................................................................19
Table 3.2 – Fieldwork Responsibility Matrix...................................................................................20
Table 5.1 – Poultry Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1) ......................................................52
Table 5.2 – Pig Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1)............................................................53
Table 5.3 – Cattle Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 1)........................................................53
Table 5.4 – Poultry Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 2) ......................................................54
Table 5.5 – Ruminant Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 2)...................................................54
Table 5.6 – Ruminant Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 3)...................................................55
Table 5.7 – Pig Slaughter Wastes (Low-Income Country 3)............................................................56
Table 5.8 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Poultry ...........................69
Table 5.9 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight – Sheep and Goats ............69
Table 5.10 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight– Cattle .............................70
Table 5.11 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Pigs................................70
Table 5.12 – Present Slaughter and Livestock Waste Related CDM Projects.......................................71
Table 7.1 – Number of Facilities Visited by Country .....................................................................119
Table 7.2 - Estimated Size of Informal Slaughter Sector..............................................................140
Table 8.1 – Level of Welfare Score............................................................................................. 146
Table 8.2 – Transportation Techniques ......................................................................................148
Table 8.3 – General Animal Handling Techniques........................................................................148
Table 8.4 – Transportation Problems Identified...........................................................................151
Table 8.5 – Market Techniques and Facilities ..............................................................................153
Table 8.6 – Market Problems Identified ......................................................................................155
Table 8.7 – Slaughterhouse Design and Facilities ........................................................................157
Table 8.8 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Poultry ................................................157
Table 8.9 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Pigs ....................................................158
Table 8.10 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Cattle..................................................159
Table 8.11 – Slaughterhouse Practices Affecting Welfare of Sheep and Goats..................................160
Table 8.12 – Suggested Actions to Enable Improvements in Animal Welfare....................................165
Table 9.1 – Criteria for Diseases to be included in OIE List for a given country ..............................167
Table 9.2 – OIE List of Diseases ................................................................................................ 168
Table 9.3 – Confirmed and Suspected Cases of Livestock Diseases of the Different Regions............178
Table 9.4 – Summary of Hygiene and Disease Control Efficiency ..................................................189
Table 12.1 - Indicative Blood Protein Meal Revenue .....................................................................206
Table 12.2 – Composting Cost Examples for Three Operators in Michigan, USA (US units)................210
Table 12.3 – Typical High-Income and Developing Country Disposal Routes....................................211
Table 12.4 – Alternative Processes for Rendering Certain Waste Products .......................................212
Table 12.5 – Typical Business Structures for Rendering in High-Income Countries ...........................214
Table 12.6 – Indicative Capital Costs for Rendering Plants in High-Income Countries .......................214
Table 12.7 – Indicative Rendered Product Revenue.......................................................................215
Table 12.8 – Common Wastewater Treatment Systems .................................................................219
Table 12.9 – Indicative Australian Water/Wastewater Costs...........................................................220

Final Report (vii)
Table 12.10 – Indicative Wastewater Costs ....................................................................................220
Table 12.11 – Summary of Most Used Technologies in High-Income Countries..................................221
Table 12.12 – Improvements for Livestock Markets ........................................................................227
Table 12.13 – Improvements for Slaughterhouses ..........................................................................228
Table 12.14 – Categories for Selection of Slaughterhouses Upgrading ..............................................231
Table 13.1 – Comparison of Typical Municipal Market and Slaughter Fees.......................................237
Table 13.2 – Initial Observations of Costs Items, Actions, and Potential Benefits .............................239

Final Report (viii)
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 – World Meat Production 1980 – 2030...............................................................................3
Figure 1.2 – World Meat Consumption 1980 – 2030 ...........................................................................3
Figure 2.1 – Diagram of Typical Slaughterhouse Inputs, Processes, and Outputs in High-Income
Countries ...................................................................................................................16
Figure 3.1 – Study Organisation Chart.............................................................................................18
Figure 5.1 – Small Quantities of Animal Wastes Collected by MSWM Company at Pig
Slaughterhouse...........................................................................................................27
Figure 5.2 – Solid Waste Strewn Across a Large Urban Area (Dairy Cattle Colony) adjacent to
Municipal Waste Collection Vehicles..............................................................................27
Figure 5.3 – Cattle Bathing in Waste Contaminated Water Amongst Piles of Solid Waste .....................28
Figure 5.4 – Collection of Cattle Manure for Distribution to Local Farms .............................................28
Figure 5.5 – Typical Photos at Main City Dumpsite Showing Scavenging and Animal Wastes ................29
Figure 5.6 – Municipal and Animal Wastes Only a Few Hundred Metres from the Main City
Dumpsite ...................................................................................................................29
Figure 5.7 – Modern Composting Plant Adjacent to the Main City Dumpsite........................................30
Figure 5.8 – Waste-Pickers Scavenging for Metal Products at Dumpsite..............................................31
Figure 5.9 – Waste-Pickers Scavenging ‘Fresh’ Waste at the Dumpsite (left) and One Picker
Carrying a Scavenged Carcass Leg (right) .....................................................................31
Figure 5.10 – Poisoned Stray Dogs Outside the Main Livestock Market Destined for Disposal at the
Dumpsite ...................................................................................................................32
Figure 5.11 – Slaughter Waste from Main Slaughterhouse Arriving at the Dumpsite ..............................32
Figure 5.12 – Cattle Grazing amongst slaughter waste at Dumpsite (left) and Leachate Running
into the Road Below the Dumpsite (right) .....................................................................34
Figure 5.13 – First Completed Cell (left) and the Future MRF (right) at New Sanitary Landfill.................34
Figure 5.14 – Sheep and Goats Scavenging Food from Illegally Dumped MSW......................................35
Figure 5.15 – Operational Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................................................38
Figure 5.16 – Crude Screening of Wastewater from Private Slaughterhouse .........................................38
Figure 5.17 – Evidence of Open Defecation at Drainage Canal Adjacent to Slaughterhouse....................41
Figure 5.18 – On-Site Facility for Open Defecation at a Slaughterhouse (left) and the Channel to
which it Discharges (right)...........................................................................................41
Figure 5.19 – Cattle Truck Wastes Dumped adjacent to the Local River ...............................................42
Figure 5.20 – Fifth-Quarter Wastes Being Collected from the Slaughterhouse Drain ..............................42
Figure 5.21 – Collection of Blood from Open Drains at the Cattle Slaughterhouse .................................43
Figure 5.23 – Recycled Slaughter Products at a Slaughterhouse ..........................................................47
Figure 5.24 – Disposal of Poultry Wastes to Fish Ponds, Either Directly (left) or Via Market Drainage
(right)........................................................................................................................48
Figure 5.25 – Removal of dead birds (left) and animal wastes in truck (right).......................................48
Figure 5.26 – Drainage channel upstream (left) and alongside (right) Urban Poultry Market ..................49
Figure 5.27 – Manure and Bedding Waste .........................................................................................49
Figure 5.28 – Emergency Slaughter Waste in the Street Outside the Slaughterhouse ............................50
Figure 5.29 – Typical Informal Market for Sheep and Goats ................................................................50
Figure 5.30 – Litter and Animal and Human Wastes at Livestock Markets.............................................51
Figure 5.31 – Slaughter Waste Piled Outside Local Slaughterhouses ....................................................57
Figure 5.32 – Poor SWM Practices at Local Slaughterhouse.................................................................58
Figure 5.33 – Stockpiled Hides and the Incinerator ............................................................................59

Final Report (ix)
Figure 5.34 – White Offal Collection (left) and Incinerator (right) ........................................................60
Figure 5.35 – Slaughter Waste Storage cage (left) and Liquid Waste Screening (right) at a
Processing Facility.......................................................................................................61
Figure 5.36 – Ruminant Waste at a Dumpsite (left), Rendering at a Slaughterhouse (centre) and
Dogs Scavenging by the outlet from a Slaughterhouse (right).........................................62
Figure 5.37 – Collection of Feathers after Slaughter (left), and Storage of Chicken Viscera Prior to
Collection (right).........................................................................................................64
Figure 5.38 – Informal Sheep Slaughter, Municipality-Provided Drums, River Disposal, and Dogs
Scavenging (left) and a Hydatid Cyst Found on the Ground (right) ..................................64
Figure 5.39 – Slaughtering of Poultry at Public Market (left) and Adjacent Fish Ponds Where Waste
is Discharged..............................................................................................................66
Figure 5.40 – Blood from Retail Market Seeps Under Other Stalls (left), Market Waste Collection
Point at a Fifth-Quarter Market (centre), and the Interior of the Central Market (right)
.................................................................................................................................66
Table 5.8 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Poultry .............................69
Table 5.9 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight – Sheep and Goats ..............69
Table 5.10 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight– Cattle ...............................70
Table 5.11 – Breakdown of Waste Products as Percentage of Live Weight - Pigs..................................70
Table 5.12 – Present Slaughter and Livestock Waste Related CDM Projects.........................................71
Figure 6.1 – Narrow Access Road to and through the Poultry Market .................................................74
Figure 6.2 – Poor Quality and Congested Access Road to the Main Cattle Market ................................75
Figure 6.3 – Location of the Poultry Market in Car Park of Market Building .........................................75
Figure 6.4 – Access to the Main Market (top left) and to Three Peri-Urban Markets.............................76
Figure 6.5 – Control Check Point at the Poultry Market and Spraying of Arriving Poultry ......................77
Figure 6.6 – Typical Structures at the Poultry Market........................................................................78
Figure 6.7 – Main Ruminant Market on Old Dumpsite .......................................................................79
Figure 6.8 – Poultry Market and Market Building (slaughtering).........................................................79
Figure 6.9 – Electrical Installation at the Main Poultry Market............................................................80
Figure 6.10 – Main Livestock Market.................................................................................................81
Figure 6.11 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 1......................................................................................81
Figure 6.12 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 2......................................................................................81
Figure 6.13 – Peri-Urban Livestock Market 3.....................................................................................82
Figure 6.14 – Outlet for Drainage at Main Market (left) and Covered Drain at One Peri-Urban
Market (right).............................................................................................................82
Figure 6.15 – Outlet for Drainage at Peri-Urban Market (left) and Area Reserved for a Retention
Pond at Another (right) ...............................................................................................83
Figure 6.16 – Examples of Livestock Market Layouts from Middle Income Country 1 .............................83
Figure 6.17 – Very Basic Infrastructure Typical of Livestock Markets in Middle Income Country 1...........84
Figure 6.18 – Differing standards of infrastructure and layout observed in Middle Income Country 2
.................................................................................................................................85
Figure 6.19 – Typical Access Roads to a Pig Slaughterhouse...............................................................86
Figure 6.20 – Cattle Slaughterhouse Location (left) and Narrow Access for Cattle from the Street
(right)........................................................................................................................87
Figure 6.21 – Poor Condition of Road and Congestion at the Main Ruminant Slaughterhouse.................88
Figure 6.22 – Access Roads to the Two Small Ruminant Slaughterhouses ............................................88
Figure 6.23 – Poor Access to the Poultry Slaughter ............................................................................89
Figure 6.24 – Excellent Access Arrangement at Private Facilities..........................................................90

Final Report (x)
Figure 6.25 – Security Measures (or Lack Thereof) at the Facilities......................................................91
Figure 6.26 – Fifth-Quarter Processing in Front of Slaughter Units and Typical Unit Layout....................92
Figure 6.27 – Processing Units at the Larger Pig Slaughterhouse and Typical Unit Layout......................92
Figure 6.28 – Processing Units at Urban Poultry Slaughterhouse / Market ............................................92
Figure 6.29 – Modern Poultry Slaughter Line .....................................................................................93
Figure 6.30 – Cattle Slaughterhouse Processing Area (left) and Holding Area (right) .............................93
Figure 6.31 – Modern Private Pig Slaughter Facilities (left) and Evisceration Room (right)......................94
Figure 6.32 – Typical Buildings at Smaller Pig Slaughterhouse.............................................................94
Figure 6.33 – Typical Building at Large Pig Slaughterhouse (left) and Fifth-Quarter Processing Area
(right)........................................................................................................................94
Figure 6.34 – Main Cattle Slaughterhouse (Exterior and Interior).........................................................96
Figure 6.35 – Main Sheep and Goat Slaughterhouse (Empty and During Operation)..............................96
Figure 6.36 – Older Local Slaughterhouse for Cattle (left) and Sheep/Goats (right)...............................97
Figure 6.37 – Newer Local Slaughterhouse for Cattle (left) and Sheep/Goats (right) .............................97
Figure 6.38 – Main Poultry Slaughter / Market - Slaughtering and Processing at Rear............................98
Figure 6.39 – Main Poultry Slaughter / Market - Typical unit (left) and Retail at the Front (right) ...........98
Figure 6.40 – Roof and Floor in Poor Condition at Older Local Slaughterhouse......................................99
Figure 6.41 – Yards, Lairage, and Abattoir Building at Peri-Urban Municipal Slaughterhouse ................ 101
Figure 6.42 – Main Municipal Slaughterhouse Facilities 1 ..................................................................102
Figure 6.43 – Main Municipal Slaughterhouse Facilities 2 ..................................................................103
Figure 6.44 – Private Ruminant Slaughterhouse...............................................................................104
Figure 6.45 – Rear Access Road at the Main Municipal Slaughterhouse ..............................................105
Figure 6.46 – Small Municipal Slaughterhouse Site and Discharge to Local Creek................................ 106
Figure 6.47 – Electric Saws Used at the Main Slaughterhouse, in the European Hall (left) and the
Non-religious Hall (right) ...........................................................................................106
Figure 6.48 – Typical Motorised Lifting Equipment at Main Slaughterhouse Non-Religious Hall (left)
and the Small Municipal Slaughterhouse (right) ...........................................................107
Figure 6.49 – Simple Interior Layouts at Local Slaughterhouses in Middle-Income Country 1 ............... 108
Figure 6.50 – Municipal Slaughterhouse Site Layout in Middle-Income Country 1................................108
Figure 6.51 – Layout Plan for Modern Slaughterhouse in City 2 of Middle-Income Country 1................ 109
Figure 6.52 – Older Local Slaughterhouse (left) and City 2 Slaughterhouse (right) ..............................109
Figure 6.53 – The City 1 Municipal Slaughterhouse Internal Infrastructure ......................................... 110
Figure 6.54 – The City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse External Infrastructure......................................... 110
Figure 6.55 – Slaughter Equipment in City 1 (left) and City 2 (right) Slaughterhouses .........................111
Figure 6.56 – Layouts of Small Chicken Slaughterhouses ..................................................................112
Figure 6.57 – Typical Slaughterhouse Drainage ...............................................................................113
Figure 6.58 – Slaughterhouse Interior (left) and Construction of New Wing (right)..............................114
Figure 6.59 – Exterior and Interior of a Municipal Slaughterhouse .....................................................114
Figure 6.60 – Cattle Lairage at a Modern Private Facility and at a Municipal Facility ............................115
Figure 6.61 – Typical Buildings Public Market 1 (East Asia and Pacific)............................................... 116
Figure 6.62 – Typical Buildings at Public Market 2 (East Asia and Pacific)...........................................116
Figure 6.63 – Typical Stalls at Public Markets (Middle East and North Africa)......................................117
Figure 7.1 - Drainage Conditions at African Livestock Markets.........................................................122
Figure 7.2 – Example Pathway and Relationships ...........................................................................125

Final Report (xi)
Figure 7.3 – Poor Hygiene Conditions: Municipal Abattoirs in Africa and North Africa following
Wash-down Operations .............................................................................................128
Figure 7.4 – Dressing Operations on Slaughterhouse Floor in Africa and MENA.................................129
Figure 7.5 – Hygiene and Cleanliness Levels at a Municipal Facility (left) and at a Modern Private
Facility (right) in the LAC region.................................................................................130
Figure 7.6 – Inadequate Poultry Slaughter and Processing Facilities.................................................131
Figure 7.7 – Slaughter Waste Adjacent to On-Floor Fifth-Quarter Preparation and in Public Area
Adjacent to Slaughterhouses in MENA Region..............................................................134
Figure 7.8 – High Standards at Low Volume Red Meat Processing Facilities in the LAC and MENA
Regions ...................................................................................................................135
Figure 7.9 – Informal Small-Stock Markets in Africa........................................................................140
Figure 7.10 – Informal Slaughter Carried Out by Youths in North Africa ............................................. 141
Figure 8.1 - Transport of Cattle in South Asia................................................................................149
Figure 8.2 - Transport of Poultry and Goats in South Asia...............................................................149
Figure 8.3 - Typical Transport for Poultry in South-East Asia...........................................................149
Figure 8.4 - Typical Livestock Transport in Africa...........................................................................150
Figure 8.5 - Loading / Unloading Facilities at a Livestock Market in Africa ........................................ 150
Figure 8.6 - Head-Leg Hobble (left) & Hobbled Chickens & Turkeys (right) ......................................150
Figure 8.7 - Sheep Lifted by One Leg (Left) and Manhandling Cattle (Right) ....................................152
Figure 8.8 - Unloading of Cattle at a Market in South Asia..............................................................152
Figure 8.9 - Results of Ill-Fitting Harness (left) and Poor Condition in Harness (right) .......................152
Figure 8.10 - Livestock handling at a Livestock Market in North Africa...............................................153
Figure 8.11 - Chickens Stacked in Cages Next to the Transport Vehicle (left) and the Unloading of
Cattle at a Market (right) in South America .................................................................154
Figure 8.13 - Head Tether, Horn Damage (left) and Poor Handling of Goat kids (right).......................154
Figure 8.14 – Slaughter Case Study A ............................................................................................. 161
Figure 8.15 – Slaughter Case Study B ............................................................................................. 162
Figure 10.1 – Wastes at a Cattle Market in South Asia......................................................................192
Figure 10.2 – Wastes Collected for Disposal at Smaller Slaughterhouses ............................................193
Figure 10.3 – Poor Solid Waste Management Leading to Environmental and Public health Concerns.
...............................................................................................................................193
Figure 10.4 – Failure to Treat Liquid Wastes Prior to Discharge Causing Environmental Impacts and
Additional Cleanup Work ...........................................................................................194
Figure 12.1 – Rendered Co-Product Price Trends (in AU$/tonne).......................................................207
Figure 12.2 - Processing/Disposal Options for Rendering Raw Material ..............................................213
Figure 12.3 – Impact on Rendering Sector of BSE Category 1 and 2 Wastes....................................... 213
Figure 12.4 – Rendering Plant Operating Costs in High-Income Countries (AU$).................................215
Figure 12.5 – Overall Logic Decision Tree........................................................................................ 217
Figure 12.6 – Appropriate Disposal Route Decision Tree ...................................................................218
Figure 12.7 – Flowchart for Selection of Upgrading Category ............................................................232

Final Report (xii)
ACRONYMS
AFD Agence France de Developpement
ASPCA American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
BCCDC British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CWF Compassion in World Farming
DEFRA Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMS Environmental Management System
EU European Union
FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GPS Global Positioning System
HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
HGPs Hormonal Growth Promotants
HPAI Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
HSA Humane Slaughter Association
IFC International Finance Corporation
JCTF Japan Country-Tied Fund
KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
LAC Latin America & Caribbean
MENA Middle East & North Africa
MM Metropolitan Municipality
MRF Materials Recovery Facility
MRL Maximum Residue Level
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
NEC National Environmental Council
NVS National Veterinary Service
OIE World Organisation for Animal Health
PVS Performance of Veterinary Services
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
SRM Specific Risk Material
SWM Solid Waste Management
TOR Terms of Reference
TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
WASA Water and Sewerage Authority

Final Report Page 1 of 253
GLOBAL STUDY OF
AND RELATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FINAL REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 STUDY RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
In June 2007, Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. was contracted to undertake a study for the World Bank entitled
“Livestock and Slaughter Waste Management”, under a Japan Country-Tied Fund (JCTF) grant, hereinafter
referred to as “the Study”. The purpose of the Study was to investigate the prevailing conditions with
respect to livestock and slaughter wastes in developing countries (both low and middle-income countries).
Five member countries were selected for the Study; one in each of the World Bank’s geographical regions,
excepting the Europe and Central Asia region.
To provide additional expertise in the livestock and meat processing sector, the services of ProAnd
Associates Australia Pty. Ltd. were engaged as a sub-consultant in accordance with the terms of the JCTF
grant.
The principal rationale for the Study is the World Bank’s recognition that the private investment and
cooperation that was expected to have developed in the livestock and slaughter sector over the past 25
years has not taken place, following the World Bank’s departure from the sector some at that time. As a
result many developing countries have grossly outdated, decrepit and overloaded facilities, which have seen
little investment or improvement over this period. This has created far-reaching impacts in terms of waste
management, public health, animal welfare, and disease. The present study has the overall aim, therefore,
of providing a snapshot of the magnitude of the problems, and setting in motion the steps necessary to
address the issues on the ground.
Based on the Terms of Reference (TOR) the primary objectives of the Study are to:
Gather data on livestock markets, municipal slaughter facilities (abattoirs), meat processing, and
related systems of waste management;
Examine the prevalence, handling, treatment, disposal, and recycling of wastes;
Collect and examine available data on related bio-security and food safety issues;
Identify and report on the problems and needs of the facilities; and
Identify appropriate technical options to develop guidance for municipalities.
The main focus of the Study was originally waste management and all work pertaining to slaughtering or
livestock issues was to be related to the safe management of wastes only. However, as identified during the
course of the Study and as described in this report, the issues involving livestock and slaughter wastes are
more complex and multi-faceted and often cannot easily be delineated. A major concern of the Study was
also the protection of human health, particularly in relation to the recycling of wastes for animal feeds.
In addition, the Study was to focus on the assessment of options for municipal facilities only. During the
study, however, it was found that the private slaughter sector had a significant presence in some countries
and, as such, the impact of this could not be ignored. Furthermore, the informal sector was considered
potentially too large and elusive to be covered within the scope of the Study and thus was generally
excluded. It is appreciated, however, that there are often close links between the informal sector and
municipal facilities and thus the Study addressed those situations where waste is re-used / recycled; such as
where waste recyclers obtain their materials from municipal facilities and the informal disposal of animal
hides.

Outputs from the Study also included the collection of professional-grade raw video footage, where possible,
from each of the countries visited. This footage, for a proposed Bank video production, includes interviews
with stakeholders and footage of facilities and associated operations. Hand-held video footage and
extensive photography taken by the Study Team would provide raw data for an additional study entitled
“Global Study on Reconstruction of Public Live Market, Slaughter and Meat Processing Facilities, including
Related Cost Recovery and Economic Instruments” also through a JCTF grant.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the Study and provide a basis for the selection of
appropriate technical options for the treatment and disposal of livestock and slaughterhouse wastes in
developing countries. The report is based primarily on the findings of the Study Team during its visits to the
five selected member countries, as contained in the Interim Report (January 2008); however a certain
amount of discussion is contained herein, backed up where possible by citations from published literature.
The report is arranged as follows:
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Livestock and Slaughter Wastes
Chapter 3 – Methodology for Data Collection
Chapter 4 – Brief Country Overviews
Chapter 5 – Waste Management
Chapter 6 – Infrastructure and Services
Chapter 7 – Operational Issues at Facilities
Chapter 8 – Animal Welfare and Transportation
Chapter 9 – Epidemiology, Disease Control and Public Health
Chapter 10 – Environmental Issues
Chapter 11 – Feed Additives and Anti-Microbials
Chapter 12 – Technical Options
Chapter 13 – Institutional Issues and Financial & Economic Situation
Chapter 14 – Conclusions and Recommendations
Given the large amount of data collected during the field visits, and the study as a whole, and to maintain
clarity and ease of reference the report has been compiled using figures, tables, bullet points, and
photographs as much as possible.
Whilst this report cannot provide solutions to specific site or country conditions, its purpose is to provide a
summary of issues and findings, and more importantly direction on the most appropriate courses of action
in the selection of technical options and their implementation.
1.3 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1.3.1 Overview
Solid waste management, and to a lesser extent wastewater management, has been given a relatively high
priority in developing countries over the past 15-20 years, often with great success. However, one particular
area of neglect has been wastes generated by urban livestock markets, slaughterhouses, and related
facilities. In developing countries these are typically municipal facilities that are often old, in poor condition,
and operating well beyond their original design capacity. If not appropriately treated and disposed, wastes
from such facilities pose a high risk to public health and the environment.
Due to population growth, urbanization, and increased per capita demand for meat products, livestock and
poultry production is projected to grow four times faster in developing countries than in high-income
countries, with growth in pork and poultry more than twice the growth in the production of ruminate meat.

Figure 1.1 overleaf shows the historical and projected meat production in developed and developing
countries for the period 1980 to 2030. Between 1980 and 2004 the consumption of meat and poultry in
developing countries increased three-fold, see Figure 1.2 below. Nevertheless, it is estimated that 800
million people worldwide still suffer chronic under-nutrition and hunger; thus, the growth in livestock and
poultry production is expected to continue to escalate with a resulting increase in the quantity of livestock
wastes generated.
Figure 1.1 – World Meat Production 1980 – 2030
Figure 1.2 – World Meat Consumption 1980 – 2030

Municipal Live markets, Slaughterhouses and Waste Systems in Developing Countries, final report feb 2009

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