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CHAPTER 7:
 SOUND             By
              Sean Fogar ty,
             Chelsea Massa,
                    &
                Mar y Kate
               Thomerson
SOUNDTRACK BASICS
All sound that accompanies the film
  Music, dialogue, sound effects
Digital
  Crisp and clean
Constructed separately
  Flexible
  Easy to manipulate
Hard to study
  Cannot freeze a sound
POWER OF SOUND IN FILM
 Interest
    Silent Films accompanied by orchestra
 Narration
    Voice over narration contributes/introduces the story line
       http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOaV06ruMqg Good
        Fellas Diner Scene
 Understanding
    Alter perception of scene depending on sound
       http://frivolousdisorder.com/?p=535
    Guidance
    Direct the attention of the audience
POWER OF SOUND IN FILM
 Anticipation
   Create suspense; Horror Films
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnRxQ3dcaQk
      Jurassic Park Raptor Scene

 Value to Silence
    Sound is routinely used, lack of sound becomes alien
      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6j1wKBbRQhk
       Panic Room
FUNDAMENTALS
Loudness
  Amplitude
  Vibrations of the air
  Constantly manipulated
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vltUWa_tOhE&feature=rel
    ated Twist and Shout
  Characterizes dialogue
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLESwFqDm9k Pulp
    Fiction
  Shows perceived distance
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQQu5BDy2Wo Super 8
FUNDAMENTALS
Pitch
 Frequency of sound vibrations
 Highness or lowness of a sound
 Most sounds are a complex tone, or multiple
  pitches
 Helps to distinguish between music, speech,
  and noises
 Set the tone of a scene
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpipB4yehk
    The Shining
FUNDAMENTALS
Timbre
 Harmonic Components Give a Sound “Color”
 Combination of Harmonics, Frequency, and
  Overtones
 Texture or Feel of a Sound
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhiCFdWeQfA
     Econ Teacher
CHOOSING SOUND
 Each sound serves a purpose
 Select sound to fulfill particular function
 Sound added freely
 Soundtrack is not always made after image track
   In many cartoons it is made first
 Not all sound is recorded for that specific project
   Some editors reuse music and effects stored in a sound library
     Wilhelm Scream; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdbYsoEasio
 Importance of dialogue, music, and sound effects
  vary by film
   Dialogue – Breakfast Club
   Sound Effects – Almost anything Michael Bay
   Music – Musicals and, more recently, dance movies
SOUND MANIPULATION
        AND EDITING
Change acoustic qualities
  Loudness, frequency, tone quality
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAOHVBKTwg
Sound Mixing
  Join sounds together
    End to end; One over the other
      http://www.cracked.com/article_19639_5-ridiculous-origins-movie-
       sound-effects.html
Clarified and simplified to stand out
Dialogue Overlap
  Dialogue continues past a cut
SOUND AND FILM FORM
Film scores
 Use of pre-existing pieces
 Composed specifically for movie
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hh4zxv7gYkY ET
 Music strongly influence emotional reaction
 Melody or music can be associated with
  particular setting, character, situation, idea,
  parts of narrative, or scenes
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn94j5F5YLc
   Darth Vader
DIMENSIONS OF FILM
         SOUND
Rhythm
 Beat, pulse, tempo, pace, or pattern
 Rhythmic qualities in sound effects also
  Gunshots in gangster films
 Speech is rhythmic
  Characters show distinct pacing and syllabic
   stress
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRK541tosfI Joker
RHYTHM IN SOUND
           AND IMAGE
Coordination
 Match rhythmic sound with rhythmic video
    Mickey Mousing
     Disney characters move in sync with music, even when not
      dancing

Disparities
 Creation of contrasting video and audio
  rhythm
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znEf9OVx32g
     Four Nights of a Dreamer
FIDELITY
Extent to which sound is faithful to the source
 as we conceive it.
Purely a matter of expectation.
If sound is unfaithful to its source and we are
 aware of it, usually done for comic effect.

  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE9t98Gox60
FIDELITY
 Jacques Tati is a good specimen for the study of
  sound.
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzAoCsvvFB
    Y

 May be manipulated by change in volume.
  Ex: Curtis Bernhardts “Possessed” alters the
   volume in ways that aren’t faithful to sources.
SPACE
 Sound has spatial dimension because it comes from
  a source.
 2 types:
           DIEGETIC    v     NONDIEGETIC

      • Sound that has a              • Sound that comes from a source
        source in the story             outside the story world.
        world.                        • Sound effects can be made from
      • Often hard to                   this type.
        notice.                       • Entire films can be made
      • May be                          completely with nondiegetic
        manipulated in                  sound.
        unrealistic ways.
  • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xav22j_north-by-northwest-run-for-your-
    lif_shortfilms
SPACE
 Diegetic sound can either be on or off screen
     Depends on whether source is in or outside of
the frame.

 Can be used to represent what a character is
  thinking.
   Ex: Speaking thoughts even though lips not moving
        other’s usually can’t hear them


 EXTERNAL DIEGETIC SOUND: way we as spectators
  take to have a physical source in the scene.
SPACE
 INTERNAL DIEGETIC SOUND: comes from inside the
  mind of a character– subjective
      can’t be heard by other characters: SILILOQUIES


 Nondiegetic and internal diegetic sounds are often
  called SOUNDOVER because they don’t come from
  the real space of the scene.

 Diegetic and Nondiegetic sound blur.
      Ex: Cavalry rescue scene from Stagecoach.
OMNISCIENT NARRATOR

 Disembodied voice that gives us information that
  doesn’t belong to any characters in the film

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND1X594F1wY
SPACE
 Many times a film’s narration deliberately blurs
  boundaries between two spatial categories
   Used to puzzle/surprise audience
   Create humor or ambiguity
   Achieve other purposes
 Space of the narrative action isn’t limited to what
  we can see on the screen----same for sound
 Off screen sound:
   Crucial to film – can create illusion of bigger space.
   Can also create restricted and less restricted
    narration
SOUND PERSPECTIVE
 Characteristic of diegetic sound

 Sense of spatial distance and location analogous to
  the cues for visual depth and volume that we get
  with visual perspective.

 Can be suggested by volume
   ex: loud= near ; soft= more distant  changes in volume may
    suggest characters movement through space


 Can be created by timbre
   Most noticeable with echoes
SOUND PERSPECTIVE

 Particularly marked in telephone conversations

 Telephone split – seldom matches what phone calls
 sound like in reality

     http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid= -
               7750754192792496799
SOUND PERSPECTIVE IN
         THEATER SPACE
 Using stereophonic and surround
  tracks a film can more strongly
  imply a sound’s distance and
  placement.

 Without the greater localization
  of fered by the stereophonic
  channels, we might scan the frame
  for sources of the sound.

 Stereo reproduction can specify a
  moving sounds direction.
    Ex: Rumble on right side of screen
     that moves across with plane fly
     over.
TIME
 Synchronous sound- what we see produces what we
  hear
   example: dialogue
 Asynchronous sound- when what we see doesn’t
  match what we hear
   example: the first talkies
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsLqCWP -cT0
 Simultaneous sound-sound that takes place at the
  same time as the image in terms of the story events
 Non-simultaneous sound-we hear sounds that occur
  earlier or later in the story than the events we see in
  the image
   example: sonic flashback- one character hears the voice
    of another from earlier
DIEGETIC SOUND
 Non-simultaneous sound earlier than the image
   sounds come from earlier in the story
   Examples: sound flashback, sound bridges(the sound lingers
    even through the image as moved on), and flash forward
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIkpD2Nr5yI
 Sound simultaneous with the image in the story
   can be external or internal
   http://vimeo.com/25660023
 Non-simultaneous sound later than the image
   http://movies.netflix.com/WiPlayer?movieid=70151172&trkid
    =3325854 start as 35:19
   used as transitions or to help pull the story together
NONDIEGETIC SOUND
 Non-simultaneous sound that came earlier
 sounds that are not part of the story but came
  before the images shone
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpH5L8zCtSk
 Simultaneous
  usually a narration
 Non-simultaneous sound came later
  someone narrating their own past
  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq5NWgSa0iA
FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND:
      THE PRESTIGE
 Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wanted the movie to be like a
  magic act in it of itself.

 The movie isn’t shown in chronological order, the stor y order is
  switched up and some scenes repeat so that the audience has some
  knowledge but is never really cer tain of it. (almost like Citizen
  Kane)

 Rober t and Alfred are two rival magicians who compete to amaze
  their audiences. This competition grows when Alfred is responsible
  for the death of Rober t’s wife in an act. Af ter this Rober t becomes
  obsessed with Alfred’s trick of the transpor ted man, and he
  eventually comes up with his own transpor ted man act using a
  machine built by Tesla. During on of his shows Rober t dies and
  Alfred is blamed and then hanged. The truth behind Alfred’s act was
  that he has an identical twin brother who would per form the acts
  with him, together they had two lives and each lived a par t of both.
  The movie ends with Alfred’s twin killing Rober t, who actually didn’t
  die, and then each tells the truth behind their tricks.
FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND:
      THE PRESTIGE
 Each place and event is given its own sound, such as the warmer
  sound of theater after a trick was preformed or the slow swell of
  the music before an act.
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVTl90m1Auk 1:42:22

 Also there are many sound bridges to connect scenes

 Use a dialogue hook where a scene ends with a line and then
  cuts to another scene, usually having to do with the line.

 Parallels are made between the love lives and careers of the two
  men.

 The sound of metal clinking is repeated throughout the entire
  movie, like the clang of a trap door or the sound of Alfred’s
  chains.
FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND:
      THE PRESTIGE
 The similarity in sound in scenes clarifies the parallelism
  between the two
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV Tl90m1Auk
    1:55:30
 The use of the two magicians’ diaries help the audience
  understand where in time they are in the story and assist in
  leading to flashbacks for more information
    7:30 and 11:32
 Eventually the diaries aren’t shown anymore, but voice overs
  are used, it makes clean transitions from flashbacks back to
  present time
    46:33
 The opening of The Prestige foreshadows the way the rest
  story will be presented by starting with an important scene
  being played with a voice over
    0:57

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Final sound presentation for intro to film

  • 1. CHAPTER 7: SOUND By Sean Fogar ty, Chelsea Massa, & Mar y Kate Thomerson
  • 2. SOUNDTRACK BASICS All sound that accompanies the film  Music, dialogue, sound effects Digital  Crisp and clean Constructed separately  Flexible  Easy to manipulate Hard to study  Cannot freeze a sound
  • 3. POWER OF SOUND IN FILM  Interest  Silent Films accompanied by orchestra  Narration  Voice over narration contributes/introduces the story line  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOaV06ruMqg Good Fellas Diner Scene  Understanding  Alter perception of scene depending on sound  http://frivolousdisorder.com/?p=535  Guidance  Direct the attention of the audience
  • 4. POWER OF SOUND IN FILM  Anticipation  Create suspense; Horror Films  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnRxQ3dcaQk Jurassic Park Raptor Scene  Value to Silence  Sound is routinely used, lack of sound becomes alien  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6j1wKBbRQhk Panic Room
  • 5. FUNDAMENTALS Loudness  Amplitude  Vibrations of the air  Constantly manipulated  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vltUWa_tOhE&feature=rel ated Twist and Shout  Characterizes dialogue  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLESwFqDm9k Pulp Fiction  Shows perceived distance  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQQu5BDy2Wo Super 8
  • 6. FUNDAMENTALS Pitch Frequency of sound vibrations Highness or lowness of a sound Most sounds are a complex tone, or multiple pitches Helps to distinguish between music, speech, and noises Set the tone of a scene  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDpipB4yehk The Shining
  • 7. FUNDAMENTALS Timbre Harmonic Components Give a Sound “Color” Combination of Harmonics, Frequency, and Overtones Texture or Feel of a Sound  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhiCFdWeQfA Econ Teacher
  • 8. CHOOSING SOUND  Each sound serves a purpose  Select sound to fulfill particular function  Sound added freely  Soundtrack is not always made after image track  In many cartoons it is made first  Not all sound is recorded for that specific project  Some editors reuse music and effects stored in a sound library  Wilhelm Scream; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdbYsoEasio  Importance of dialogue, music, and sound effects vary by film  Dialogue – Breakfast Club  Sound Effects – Almost anything Michael Bay  Music – Musicals and, more recently, dance movies
  • 9. SOUND MANIPULATION AND EDITING Change acoustic qualities  Loudness, frequency, tone quality  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAOHVBKTwg Sound Mixing  Join sounds together  End to end; One over the other  http://www.cracked.com/article_19639_5-ridiculous-origins-movie- sound-effects.html Clarified and simplified to stand out Dialogue Overlap  Dialogue continues past a cut
  • 10. SOUND AND FILM FORM Film scores Use of pre-existing pieces Composed specifically for movie  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hh4zxv7gYkY ET Music strongly influence emotional reaction Melody or music can be associated with particular setting, character, situation, idea, parts of narrative, or scenes  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn94j5F5YLc Darth Vader
  • 11. DIMENSIONS OF FILM SOUND Rhythm Beat, pulse, tempo, pace, or pattern Rhythmic qualities in sound effects also Gunshots in gangster films Speech is rhythmic Characters show distinct pacing and syllabic stress  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRK541tosfI Joker
  • 12. RHYTHM IN SOUND AND IMAGE Coordination Match rhythmic sound with rhythmic video  Mickey Mousing  Disney characters move in sync with music, even when not dancing Disparities Creation of contrasting video and audio rhythm  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znEf9OVx32g Four Nights of a Dreamer
  • 13. FIDELITY Extent to which sound is faithful to the source as we conceive it. Purely a matter of expectation. If sound is unfaithful to its source and we are aware of it, usually done for comic effect.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LE9t98Gox60
  • 14. FIDELITY  Jacques Tati is a good specimen for the study of sound. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzAoCsvvFB Y  May be manipulated by change in volume. Ex: Curtis Bernhardts “Possessed” alters the volume in ways that aren’t faithful to sources.
  • 15. SPACE  Sound has spatial dimension because it comes from a source.  2 types: DIEGETIC v NONDIEGETIC • Sound that has a • Sound that comes from a source source in the story outside the story world. world. • Sound effects can be made from • Often hard to this type. notice. • Entire films can be made • May be completely with nondiegetic manipulated in sound. unrealistic ways. • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xav22j_north-by-northwest-run-for-your- lif_shortfilms
  • 16. SPACE  Diegetic sound can either be on or off screen  Depends on whether source is in or outside of the frame.  Can be used to represent what a character is thinking.  Ex: Speaking thoughts even though lips not moving  other’s usually can’t hear them  EXTERNAL DIEGETIC SOUND: way we as spectators take to have a physical source in the scene.
  • 17. SPACE  INTERNAL DIEGETIC SOUND: comes from inside the mind of a character– subjective  can’t be heard by other characters: SILILOQUIES  Nondiegetic and internal diegetic sounds are often called SOUNDOVER because they don’t come from the real space of the scene.  Diegetic and Nondiegetic sound blur. Ex: Cavalry rescue scene from Stagecoach.
  • 18. OMNISCIENT NARRATOR  Disembodied voice that gives us information that doesn’t belong to any characters in the film  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND1X594F1wY
  • 19. SPACE  Many times a film’s narration deliberately blurs boundaries between two spatial categories  Used to puzzle/surprise audience  Create humor or ambiguity  Achieve other purposes  Space of the narrative action isn’t limited to what we can see on the screen----same for sound  Off screen sound:  Crucial to film – can create illusion of bigger space.  Can also create restricted and less restricted narration
  • 20. SOUND PERSPECTIVE  Characteristic of diegetic sound  Sense of spatial distance and location analogous to the cues for visual depth and volume that we get with visual perspective.  Can be suggested by volume  ex: loud= near ; soft= more distant  changes in volume may suggest characters movement through space  Can be created by timbre  Most noticeable with echoes
  • 21. SOUND PERSPECTIVE  Particularly marked in telephone conversations  Telephone split – seldom matches what phone calls sound like in reality  http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid= - 7750754192792496799
  • 22. SOUND PERSPECTIVE IN THEATER SPACE  Using stereophonic and surround tracks a film can more strongly imply a sound’s distance and placement.  Without the greater localization of fered by the stereophonic channels, we might scan the frame for sources of the sound.  Stereo reproduction can specify a moving sounds direction.  Ex: Rumble on right side of screen that moves across with plane fly over.
  • 23. TIME  Synchronous sound- what we see produces what we hear  example: dialogue  Asynchronous sound- when what we see doesn’t match what we hear  example: the first talkies  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsLqCWP -cT0  Simultaneous sound-sound that takes place at the same time as the image in terms of the story events  Non-simultaneous sound-we hear sounds that occur earlier or later in the story than the events we see in the image  example: sonic flashback- one character hears the voice of another from earlier
  • 24. DIEGETIC SOUND  Non-simultaneous sound earlier than the image  sounds come from earlier in the story  Examples: sound flashback, sound bridges(the sound lingers even through the image as moved on), and flash forward  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIkpD2Nr5yI  Sound simultaneous with the image in the story  can be external or internal  http://vimeo.com/25660023  Non-simultaneous sound later than the image  http://movies.netflix.com/WiPlayer?movieid=70151172&trkid =3325854 start as 35:19  used as transitions or to help pull the story together
  • 25. NONDIEGETIC SOUND  Non-simultaneous sound that came earlier sounds that are not part of the story but came before the images shone http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpH5L8zCtSk  Simultaneous  usually a narration  Non-simultaneous sound came later someone narrating their own past  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qq5NWgSa0iA
  • 26. FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND: THE PRESTIGE  Christopher and Jonathan Nolan wanted the movie to be like a magic act in it of itself.  The movie isn’t shown in chronological order, the stor y order is switched up and some scenes repeat so that the audience has some knowledge but is never really cer tain of it. (almost like Citizen Kane)  Rober t and Alfred are two rival magicians who compete to amaze their audiences. This competition grows when Alfred is responsible for the death of Rober t’s wife in an act. Af ter this Rober t becomes obsessed with Alfred’s trick of the transpor ted man, and he eventually comes up with his own transpor ted man act using a machine built by Tesla. During on of his shows Rober t dies and Alfred is blamed and then hanged. The truth behind Alfred’s act was that he has an identical twin brother who would per form the acts with him, together they had two lives and each lived a par t of both. The movie ends with Alfred’s twin killing Rober t, who actually didn’t die, and then each tells the truth behind their tricks.
  • 27. FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND: THE PRESTIGE  Each place and event is given its own sound, such as the warmer sound of theater after a trick was preformed or the slow swell of the music before an act.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVTl90m1Auk 1:42:22  Also there are many sound bridges to connect scenes  Use a dialogue hook where a scene ends with a line and then cuts to another scene, usually having to do with the line.  Parallels are made between the love lives and careers of the two men.  The sound of metal clinking is repeated throughout the entire movie, like the clang of a trap door or the sound of Alfred’s chains.
  • 28. FUNCTIONS OF FILM SOUND: THE PRESTIGE  The similarity in sound in scenes clarifies the parallelism between the two  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV Tl90m1Auk  1:55:30  The use of the two magicians’ diaries help the audience understand where in time they are in the story and assist in leading to flashbacks for more information  7:30 and 11:32  Eventually the diaries aren’t shown anymore, but voice overs are used, it makes clean transitions from flashbacks back to present time  46:33  The opening of The Prestige foreshadows the way the rest story will be presented by starting with an important scene being played with a voice over  0:57