1. Intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations
Chapter 5

2. Outline
 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations
Incentives
 External Regulation of Motivation Consequences
Rewards
 Hidden Costs of Rewards
 Cognitive Evaluation Theory External Regulation
Introjected Regulation
Identified Regulation
 Types of Extrinsic Motivation Integrated Regulation
 Motivating Others To Do Uninteresting Activities
 Building Interest

3. Intrinsic Motivation
The inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop
one’s capacities.
“I am doing this because it is ….” type of motivation
engaged activity interesting,
fun, enjoyable,
Satisfying psychological needs
(i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness)

4. Origins of Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Psychological
Need Satisfaction
Autonom y Competenc Relatedne
e ss
Autonomy Support Competence Support Relatedness Support
from the from the from the
Environment and Environment and Environment and
One’s Relationships One’s Relationships One’s Relationships

5. Benefits of Intrinsic Motivation
The higher a person’s intrinsic motivation,
Persistence the greater will be his or her persistence on that task.
The greater people experience interest,
Creativity enjoyment, satisfaction, and challenge of the
work itself, the higher people being creative.
Flexible thinking,
Conceptual Understanding/ Active information processing,
High-Quality Learning Learning in conceptual way…
Greater self-actualization,
Greater subjective vitality,
Optimal Functioning & Well-Being
Less anxiety and depression,
Greater self-esteem….

6. Extrinsic Motivation
An environmentally created reason (e.g., incentives or consequences)
to engage in an action or activity.
“Do this in order to get that” type of motivation
requested behavior extrinsic incentive or consequence
“What’s in it for me?” type of motivation

7. External Regulation of Motivation:
Incentives, Consequences, & Rewards
Incentives Consequenc Rewards
es
An environmental 1. Positive Reinforcers Any offering from
event that attracts Vs. one person given to
or repels a person Negative Reinforcers another person in
toward or away exchange for his or her
from initiating service or achievement.
a particular course 2. Punishers
of action.
(e.g., S: R)

8. Managing Behavior by
Offering Reinforcers
Figure 5.2 Effect of Reinforcement on use of Orthodontic Device

9. Rewards
How Rewards Work—Do They Facilitate Desirable Behavior?
 An extrinsic reward enlivens  When events take an
positive emotion and unexpected turn for the better,
facilitates behavior because then dopamine release and
it signals the opportunity for BAS neural activation occur,
a personal gain. as the brain inherently latches
onto the environmental signal
of the unexpected gain.

10. Hidden Cost of Rewards: Figure 5.5
the unexpected, unintended, and adverse effects that extrinsic rewards sometimes have on intrinsic
motivation, high-quality learning, and autonomous self-regulation.
Using A Reward To Engage Someone In An Activity
Intended Unintended
Primary Effect Primary Effect
 Promotes Compliance  Undermines Intrinsic
(Behavioral Engagement Motivation
in the Activity)  Interferes with the Quality and
Process of Learning
 Interferes with the Capacity for
Autonomous Self-Regulation

11. Do Punishers Work?
Do They Suppress Undesirable Behavior?
Research shows that punishment is an ineffective motivational strategy (popular but ineffective nonetheless)
“side effects”
Negative Impaired Negative
Emotionality relationship modeling
(e.g.), between punisher and of how to cope with
• crying, punishee. undesirable behavior in
• screaming, others.
• feeling afraid

12. Figure 5. 4 Immediate and Long-Term Consequences of
Corporal Punishment (Spanking)
A purnisher is any
environmental
stimulus that,
when presented,
decreases the
future probability
of the undesired
behavior

13. Benefits of Incentives, Consequences, and Rewards
When there isno intrinsic motivation to be undermined (uninteresting tasks),
rewards can make an otherwise uninteresting task seem suddenly worth pursuing.
Increasing older
Preventing
adults’
Undesirable
participating in
behaviors such
physical activity
as biting

14. Four Reasons Not to Use
Extrinsic Motivation (even for uninteresting endeavors)
Extrinsic motivators still undermine the quality of performance
and interfere with the process of learning.
Using rewards distracts attention away from asking the hard question of
why another person is being asked to do an uninteresting task in the first place.
There are better ways to encourage participation than extrinsic
bribery.
Extrinsic motivators still undermine the individual’s long-
term capacity for autonomous self-regulation.

15. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
 Cognitive evaluation theory provides a way for predicting the effects
that any extrinsic event will have on motivation.
 The theory explains how an extrinsic event (e.g., money, grade,
deadline) affects intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as mediated by the
event’s effect on the psychological needs for competence and autonomy.
All external events have two functions:
●
Control behavior
●
inform competence
Which functions more salient determines how the
external event will affect intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

16. Table 5.1 Cognitive Evaluation Theory

17. Any External Event (Rewards)
Controlling Function Informational Function
“Because you
“If you do X, were able to do X,
that means
then you get Y.” you are effective,
competent.”
1. Decreases intrinsic motivation 1. Increases intrinsic motivation
2. Interferes with quality of learning. 2. Enhances high-quality learning.
3. External regulation increases; 3. Enhances self-regulation.
Self-regulation undermined

18. Types of Extrinsic Motivation
Self-determination theory posits that different types of motivation can be organized
along a continuum of self-determination or perceived locus of causality.
Extrinsic Motivation
External Introjected Identified Integrated
Regulation Regulation Regulation Regulation

19. Table 5.2
Four Types of Extrinsic Motivation, Illustrated by Different Reasons of “Why I Recycle”

20. Figure 5.6
Self-Determination Continuum Showing T ypes of
Motivation

21. Motivating Others To Do
Uninteresting Activities
Ways to Promote More Autonomous Types of Extrinsic Motivation
e.g.,
Providing a
Building Interest
R ationale
Involves first catching one’s
to explain why the
situational interest in an activity
uninteresting activity is
and then holding that initial
important and useful enough
interest over time by developing
to warrant one’s volitional
an individual interest in the
engagement
activity.

22. Explanatory r ationales enhance effort
by cultivation an identified regulation
Figure 5.7

23. Building interest in a particular domain
Characteristics of
the Environment
Object and activities
that are novel, Builds Situational Interest
surprising, need-
satisfying, and relevant
to one’s goals. Increased:
Actualized • Attention
Experience of • Learning
Interest • Knowledge
Characteristics of • Achievement
the person
Object and activities Builds Individual Interest
That are novel,
surprising, need-
satisfying, and relevant
to one’s goals.
Figure 5.8

24. End of Chapter 5