Enbe

Content:
1. Introduction (describe the project brief, the things that you have to do etc)
2. A Town (describe the definition, your findings and information on what is a city-
characteristic etc) Investigation on Better Township or Town or City Guidelines and Issues
(Information that may help you with your city proposal)
3. Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient and old cities/town (describe the city.. give a
conclusion. 1-2 cities preferably almost similar to your selected future city )
4. Investigation & Data Collection: The present towns/cities (describe the city.. give a
conclusion. 1-2 cities preferably almost similar to your selected type of city )
5. Investigation & Data Collection: The future and better township (1-2 towns preferably
almost similar to your selected type of town )
6. The New “X” Town / Or the new name (describe the new facilities, characters etc of the
new town)
7. The Conclusion (describe what was important and others should follow or perhaps should
know and what did you learned)
8. References list
• These are just guidelines. You may add more topic if you want.
• Don’t forget the page number
• Don’t forget to insert images, diagrams etc to support your
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Introduction
In this final project of Element of Build Environment, we were assigned to do build a
model about future city. Before that, we were required to explore and investigate more
on one ancient city, present city and future city. Based on cities we analyzed and came
out with a new ‘X’ city concept. We have to do a report and video to support our new
city’s and idea for our individual works. We need to discuss in group and choose one
where our city will be such as underground, floating on water and etc.
At first, I have do some research about what is a city and how city become a city. I read
some articles about future city from my friends. After that, I will try to surf the internet
to find out some references and information about how to enhance the lifestyle, quality
of humans.
After this assignment, I found out how to create a good city through
 Zoning and structure of city
 Social, economy and potentiality of city
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 Infrastructure, utility, service and amenities of a city
 The needs of people
 Sustainable initiative , climate change and Geography of a city
 Transportation of city
 Technology and facilities of a city
 Renewable resources
The City
The City Definition
City means a large town. When we talk
about city, we know city is a place where
surrounded by Tall buildings, many
people, Advanced Technology and many
people.
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Brief History
Relatively permanent and highly organized Centre of population, of greater size or
importance than a town or village. The first cities appeared in Neolithic times when the
development of agricultural techniques assured surplus crop yields large enough to sustain
a permanent population. Ancient Greece saw the creation of the City-State, a form also
important in the emergence of the Roman Empire as well as the medieval Italian trading
centers of Venice, Genoa, and Florence.
Evolution of city
Rome wasn’t built in a day. Same as city. Before city become a city, it was a small village. A
village need to grow until it’s become a city, it needs a lot of recourses, man power and a
good mayor. When this few things achieved, village will develop into town which have
higher population, bigger area then a village. After few year of hard work and develop, it’s
finally become a city. It seem can be easily explain into few sentences how city become a
city but it’s difficulty was beyond our mind because every city needs to deal will it’s
problem, such
as social
activities, the
safety of
humans, the
natural disaster
and more.
When a city
can overcome
those problems,
it will become a
great city ever.
What makes a city become a city?
A city is a center of population, commerce and culture; a town of significant size and
importance. Cities generally come with a complex system for sanitation, utilities, land
usage, housing, and transportation. Again, to become a city, it need a long time process to
be built and enhance. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction
between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents
challenges to managing urban growth. Big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs
and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan and urban areas, creating
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numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. To become a
city, it needs many elements to form such as
 Transportation
 Facilities
 Technology
 Zoning and Housing
 Ability to overcome the nature disasters
 Sewer systems
 Government (mayor)
 Utilities and Sanitation
What makes a city become a good city?
What means a good city? How do we define a good city, what is our criteria? What makes
an urban environment desirable and livable, and how do we judge the quality of life? What
is socially and environmentally sustainable? Referencing the brilliant Danish urban
planner Jan Gehl, Peñalsoa explained that:
“A great city is one where people want to go out of their homes.
Public space is a magical good, and it never ceases to yield
pleasure; we should give it a lot of attention. Public good
prevails over private interest. A great city is where we all
feel not excluded. The quality of the sidewalks in a city is the
most telling thing. Just as a bird needs to fly, fish need to swim
and deer need to run, we need to walk.”
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A good city consist of:
 Sufficient food supply and water
 High effective of government services
 Justice government tax
 Good planning and zoning
 Enjoyable and clean environment
 Effective sewer and drainage system
 Higher-quality infrastructure and services
 High-performing team of civil servants
 Faster, safety , clean and affordable transportation system
 Least traffic jam problems
 Great Education system
 Efficient power sources
 Renewable resources
 Embrace technology
 Integrates environmental thinking
 Explore investment partnerships
 High quality of lifestyle
 Affordable medical, sanitation and fire protection
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Cities do not consist of freeways, buildings, transit systems, houses, malls, sidewalks, hydro
wires, sewers, water mains, snowplows, corporations or government. Good cities consist of
good people. Like a vibrant company, they tap their best people — those with intelligence,
energy, integrity, goodwill and a large well of experience — to do the best things. With a
critical mass of good people, all the other elements of urban living — transit, wealth, a
healthy environment … the list goes on and on — fall into place.
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Why we need a city floating
on water?
Water is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. Drinking water is essential to
humans and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients.
Humans can survive without food for three weeks but without water, humans cannot
survive for first week. Water is very important for all living things.
In June 2013, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population
Division estimated that as of 2010, the world population was 6.916 billion. The World
Resources Institute states that "Agricultural conversion to croplands and
managed pastures has affected some 3.3 billion [hectares] – roughly 26 percent of the land
area.
9
World population estimates from
1800 to 2100, based on "high", "medium"
and "loW “united (colored red, orange
and green) and us census bureau
historical estimates (in black).
actual recorded population figures
are colored in blue. according to the
highest estimate, the World
population may rise to 16 billion by
2100; according to the loWest
estimate, it may decline to 6 billion.
map shoWing urban areas With at
least one million inhabitants in 2006.
only 3% of the World's population
lived in cities in 1800; this proportion
had risen to 47% by 2000, and reached
50.5% by 2010. by 2050, the proportion
may reach 70%.this map shoWs the
global distribution of top 400 "urban
areas" With at least 1,000,000
inhabitants in 2006.

On year 2010, at least half of cultivable land is already being farmed, and there are
concerns that the remaining reserves are greatly overestimated. The current world
population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase by 1 billion over the next 12 years and
reach 9.6 billion by 2050, according to a United Nations
report. Over population will cause:
• Depletion of Natural Resources:
• Degradation of Environment
• Conflicts and Wars
• Rise in Unemployment
• High Cost of Living
As the conclusion, a floating water city may help:
 Deal with overpopulation
 Increasing space area for humans to live
 To minimize the negative impact to environment
 Produce a sufficient amount of water and food to humans (agricultural area)
 Closer to the natural
 Deal with salvation
 Increase the Employment rate
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Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Cities (Ancient Rome)
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Ancient Rome
One of the most ancient cities in Europe, ancient
Rome has lived through 2,700 years. Since then it has
been continuously inhabited, and, as
headquarters first of the Roman Empire and then of
the Roman, it has had a gigantic impact on the
world. Many European languages are based
on Latin, many political and legal systems follow the
ancient Roman model; and buildings all round the
world utilize styles and techniques perfected in ancient Rome. Ancient Rome was
an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC.
Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to
become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million
inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering
6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq mi) during its height between the first and
second centuries AD.
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In its approximately 12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy
to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire.
Through conquest and as similation, it came to
dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia
Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Rome was preponderant
throughout the Mediterranean region and was one of the most powerful entities of the
ancient world. It is often grouped into "Classical Antiquity" together with ancient Greece,
and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world.
Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering,
art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society. A
civilization highly developed for its time, Rome professionalized and expanded its military
and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics
such as the United States and France. It achieved
impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive
system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.
Founding Myth
13
map of ancient rome

According to the founding
myth of Rome, the city was
founded on 21 April 753 BC by
twin brothers Romulus and
Remus, who descended from
the Trojan prince Aeneas and who
were grandsons of the Latin
King, Numitor of Alba Longa.
King Numitor was deposed from
his throne by his
brother, Amulius, while Numitor's
daughter, Rhea Silvia, gave birth
to the twins. Because Rhea Silvia was raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of
war, the twins were considered half-divine.
Government
Initially, Rome was ruled by kings, who were elected from
each of Rome's major tribes in turn. The exact nature of
the king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-
absolute power, or may also have merely been the chief
executive of the Senate. At least in military matters, the
king's authority (Imperium) was likely absolute. He was
also the head of the state religion. In addition to the
authority of the King, there were three administrative
assemblies: the Senate, which acted as an advisory body
for the King; the Comitia Curiata, which could endorse
and ratify laws suggested by the King; and the Comitia,
which was an assembly of the priestly college that could
assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear
proclamations, and declare the feast and holiday schedule
for the next month.
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Class
structure
People were divided into different classes. There were Patricians, Plebeians and Slaves.
Patrician
Patricians were wealthy citizens of Rome. They usually lived
in grand houses and had slaves to do their work for them.
Because they were citizens of Rome they were allowed to go
to the Assembly to vote.
Plebian
Plebeians were not wealthy but they were citizens of Rome.
They were usually craftsmen or tradesmen and they worked
for a living. Because they were citizens of Rome they were
allowed to go to the Assembly to vote.
Roman Slaves
Slaves had no money, no rights, no freedom and were not
citizens of Rome. Because they were not citizens of Rome
they were not allowed to go to the Assembly to vote.
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Citizens of Rome - Patricians and Plebeians met in the
Assembly and voted for consuls, tribunes and magistrates.
Women and slaves were not allowed in the Assembly and
could not vote.
 Consuls
The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls. They were
elected to serve for one year. It was the Consuls job to govern
Rome. They had to both agree on all decisions. After they had
served their year they were replaced. They were not allowed
to be consuls again for ten years.
Magistrates
The citizens of Rome voted for a number of magistrates. It was
the magistrates’s job to keep law and order and also to manage
Rome's financial affairs. When magistrates retired they became
senators and attended the Senate.
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 Tribunes
The citizens of Rome voted for tribunes.
It was the tribunes job to make sure that
the people were treated fairly.
Law
Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued
into the Byzantine Empire, and formed the basis of
similar codifications in continental Western Europe.
Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied
throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th
century.The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome,
as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law
codes, consisted of Ius Civile, Ius Gentium, and Ius
Naturale. The Ius Civile ("Citizen Law") was the body
of common laws that applied to Roman
citizens. The Praetores Urbani (sg. Praetor Urbanus)
were the people who had jurisdiction over cases
involving citizens. The Ius Gentium ("Law of nations")
was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman
citizens. The Praetores Peregrini (sg. Praetor Peregrinus) were the people who had
jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners. Ius Naturale encompassed natural
law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.
The Roman Military
The Roman military was the most
successful and powerful in history,
dominating the
Western world for
over a thousand
years. The size,
17 Julius Caesar (100– 44 BC)
roman military leader
and diCtator
the roman military
Western histories most
dominate military.

strength and organization of their infantry force wouldn’t be equaled again for another
thousand years. The Romans believed themselves to be descendants of Mars, literally the
sons of the war god. They were a proud and uncompromising people who above all else
excelled at the art of warfare. The core of Rome’s military strength lay in the
professionalism of their heavy infantry. A force that was organized and reorganized as it
evolved and adapted to survive the assaults of its mortal enemies, and conquer the Western
world. What had started as a regional force of citizen soldier farmers evolved into a massive
full time professional army, the world’s first. They became the supreme predator of their
day, unmatched in battle and relentless in conquest. From their unremarkable origins the
brutal Roman military conquered the Mediterranean world from Mesopotamia to Scotland
until finally being absorbed and defeated by waves of barbarian invasions and internal
decay. They were, perhaps, victims of their own success, having grown to large. It was a
remarkable run though, spanning from their founding traditionally placed at 753BC until
the last western Roman emperor was deposed in 486AD. Their success was made possible
through both ruthless military might and a focused, determined population.
Roman Military Engineering
The military engineering of Ancient Rome's armed forces was of a scale and frequency far
beyond that of any of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many
ways institutionally endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by the fact
that each Roman legionary had as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his
gladius (sword) and pila (spears). Heather writes that "Learning to build, and build
quickly, was a standard element of training".
This engineering prowess was, however, only
evident during the peak of Roman military
prowess under the mid-Republic to the mid-
Empire. Prior to the mid-Republic period there is
little evidence of protracted or exceptional
military engineering, and in the late Empire
likewise there is little sign of the kind of
engineering feats that were regularly carried out
in the earlier Empire. Roman military
engineering took both routine and extraordinary
forms, the former a proactive part of standard
military procedure, and the latter of an
extraordinary or reactionary nature. Proactive
18
the massive earthen ramp at masada,
designed By the roman army to BreaCh
the fortress' Walls

military engineering took the form of the regular construction
of fortified camps, in road-building, and in the construction of
siege engines. The knowledge and experience learned through
such routine engineering lent itself readily to any extraordinary
engineering projects required by the army, such as the
circumvallation constructed at Alesia and the earthen ramp
constructed at Masada. This engineering expertise practiced in
daily routines also served in the construction of siege equipment such as ballistae, onagers
and siege towers, as well as allowing the troops to construct roads, bridges and fortified
camps. All of these led to strategic capabilities, allowing Roman troops to, respectively,
assault besieged settlements, move more rapidly to wherever they were needed, cross rivers
to reduce march times and surprise enemies, and to camp in relative security even in enemy
territory.
Sights of Ancient Rome
For almost one thousand years, the city of Rome reigned as the Caput Mundi, the capital of
the world. During its heyday, the city was an architectural marvel, with numerous palaces,
temples and stadiums all built in marble. Many of these magnificent structures have been
destroyed since the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. The city has been
pillaged numerous times by barbaric tribes who burned down buildings, looted its many
treasures and destroyed invaluable works of art. During the Middle Ages the remaining
ruins were left to decay. Popes took marble columns and cladding from some of Rome's
most spectacular buildings like the Colosseum and the Circus Maximus to decorate
churches. Some ancient buildings were even demolished just to make room for the throngs
of pilgrims. It was only in the early 19th century that the interest in the greatest empire of
all time started to grow and monuments like the Arch of Titus were excavated and restored.
Despite the centuries-long destruction there are still many ruins in Rome that give visitors
an idea of the magnificence of the Roman Empire. Below, in alphabetical order, an
overview of some of the most interesting remains from ancient Rome.
Amphitheatrum CastrensE
The Amphitheatrum Castrense is the second largest surviving amphitheater in Rome, only
surpassed in size by the Flavian Amphitheatre. It was built in the early third century and
later incorporated into the Aurelian Wall, when the open arches were bricked up. The
upper stories were demolished in the 16th century.
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Ara Pacis
Originally named Ara Pacis Augustae after Emperor Augustus,
but usually shortened to just Ara Pacis, the altar was
consecrated in 9 BC as the Altar of Majestic Peace. It was
commissioned by Emperor Augustus to celebrate his victories at
Gaul and Hispania (now France and Spain) and the
establishment of peace in the Roman Empire. In its time, it was
considered one of the most important monuments in Rome.
Arch of Constantine
The well-preserved Arch of Constantine is decorated with
beautiful sculpture reliefs and statues. The monument is the
most recent of the ancient triumphal arches. It was erected in
315 AD to commemorate the victory of the army of Emperor
Constantine over that of Emperor Maxentius.
Arch of Janus
The Arch of Janus Quadrifrons was built in the fourth century
AD over the intersection of two roads. It provided shelter for
the merchants of the nearby cattle market at the Forum
Boarium. The arch is named for the Roman god Janus, the god
who opens the gate to heaven.
Arch of Titus
The Arch of Titus is the oldest of the two remaining triumphal
arches at the Roman Forum. It was built in 81 to 85 AD to
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celebrate the suppression of the Jewish revolt in 72 AD. The arch is dedicated to Emperor
Titus, who led the troops in the capture of Jerusalem.
Baths of Diocletian
The Baths of Diocleation were built in 306 AD and occupied
an area 356 meters long and 316 meters wide. A part of the
complex was later converted into a monastery and is now
home to a museum. In 1563-1566 the ancient tepidarium
(which had lukewarm baths) was integrated into the Santa
Maria degli Angeli by Michelangelo.
Design and zoning of city
The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defense
and civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central forum with city services,
surrounded by a compact, rectilinear grid of streets, and wrapped in a wall for defense. To
reduce travel times, two diagonal streets crossed the square grid, passing through the
central square. A river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and
sewage disposal. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in the form of a square grid.
All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which were slightly wider than the
others. One of these ran east–west, the other, north–south, and they intersected in the
middle to form the center of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted flag stones and
filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were constructed where
needed. Each square marked off by four roads was called an insula, the Roman equivalent
of a modern city block. Each insula was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land within it
divided. As the city developed, each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of
various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys. Most insulae were
given to the first settlers of a Roman city, but each person had to pay to construct his own
house. The city was surrounded by a wall to protect it from invaders and to mark the city
limits. Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road
was a large gateway with watchtowers. A portcullis covered the opening when the city was
under siege, and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct
was built outside the city walls.
21
Covered with the city
walls and watchtower.

22
River flowed through city
River mostly covered
with Residential area
All road are equal
Important area such as government built
in middle of city

Conclusion (Ancient City)
Based on the research I found from Ancient Rome, there are few characteristics that I will
included into my X City which are:
 Class structure
 Law
 The Roman Military
 The architecture design of Rome building
 Design and zoning of city
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Present Cities ( Venice Italy)
24

HISTORY OF VENICE
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Founding refugees: 568
When the Lombard invade Italy, in 568, one of the first
cities in their path is Aquileia - a Christian town of long-
standing importance, traditionally held to have been
founded by St Mark. Many of its inhabitants, alarmed at
the prospects of life under the rule of Germanic
tribesmen, opt for the uncertain status of refugees.
Fleeing southwards, some seek safety on a low-lying
offshore island - probably occupied at the time only by a fishing community. The island is
Torcello. And the refugees, seen with the hindsight of history, are the founders of
Venice. Less than twenty years later, in about 584, those parts of the east Italian coast still
in Byzantine hands are grouped together as the exarchate- a defensive arrangement against
the Lombards. The islanders of Torcello, who have perhaps already spread to neighbouring
islands in the Venetian lagoon, are included in the exarchate. But with the northern
mainland in Lombard hands, and with a considerable distance separating them from the
Centre of Byzantine government at Ravenna, their survival is largely in their own hands.
They become increasingly independent. In 726 the Venetians for the first time elect their
own doge (the equivalent of 'duke', from the Latindux meaning' leader').
Doges and diplomacy: 726-814
Orso, the first Venetian doge, comes to power specifically as an opponent of Byzantine rule
over the islands of the lagoon. This first bid for independence fails. Byzantine officials
continue to govern the islands until the fall of the exarchate of Ravenna in 751. The
Venetians, now of necessity on their own though still legally subject to the Byzantine
empire, develop skills as middlemen which eventually bring them great wealth and power.
When Pepin, the son of Charlemagne, campaigns in northeast Italy in 809, the Venetian
doge makes an alliance with him - a move involving considerable risk, in that it is unlikely
to please the Byzantine emperor. Others might be crushed between the new Carolingian
empire to the west and the ancient Byzantine in the east. But Venice successfully plays the
giants off against each other. A treaty in 814 between the Franks and the Byzantines
establishes that Venice is to remain independent of the Carolingian empire; but no special
emphasis is laid on the existing obligation to Constantinople. As part of both worlds, east
and west, perfectly placed between the Mediterranean and the mountain passes up through
the Alps into northern Europe, Venice is now poised to make her fortune from trade.
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The floating city - Venice Italy City
VENICE. One of the first cities in Italy to engage in
international commerce after the devastations of the
early “Middle Ages”. Venice Italy City is a very famous and
interesting place. Now, Venice has been known as the "City
of Water", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". It
had been descripted as paradise and the most beautiful city
built by man. The Venice Italy
City is made up by 118 islands
that are linked together by
water canals, some small
bridges and 3 larger bridge of
the Grand Canal. The buildings in Venice were not built
directly on the islands. Instead, they were built upon wooden
platforms that were supported by wooden stakes driven
into the ground.
The geometric shape of Venice Italy
The Venice Italy City is located in the marshy Venetian
Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline, between the
mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Basically, the
Venice was built according to the canal shape which
called as Grand Canal. The canal leads into
the lagoon near the Santa Lucia railway station and the
other end leads into Saint Mark Basin; in between, it
makes a large reverse-S shape through the central districts
of Venice. It is 3,800 m long, 30–90 m wide, with an
average depth of five meters (16.5 ft).
27
the grand Canal of veniCe,
italy
veniCe italy City
the grand Canal and the
veniCe City

How does the Venice Italy built?
Venice history dates back many years when people
sought refuge. These people built upon the lagoon for
safety from being attacked. In the lagoon there a
collection of Small Island of rock and mud and it was
here that these people started driving wood pilings into
the mud and sand and into clay. The wood pilings
became the initial foundation. The Venetians first
drove wooden stakes into the sandy ground. Then,
wooden platforms were constructed on top of
these stakes. In 17 century, the Santa Maria Della
Salute church was built, 1,106,657 wooden
stakes, each measuring 4 meters, were driven
underwater. This process took two years and two months to be completed. On top of that,
the wood had to be obtained from the forests of Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro, and
transported to Venice via water.
Modern structure of wooden
Foundation
The foundations of the buildings in Venice are based on a complex
system composed of wood, water and soil. The knowledge of the
conservation status of the foundation is important to know the
influence on the statics of the building and its overall stability.
Nevertheless, after few centuries, the wood subjected to constant
imbibition, in almost anoxia conditions, could be deteriorated by
anaerobic bacteria. There is a lack of scientific knowledge about the
actual state of conservation of the foundations, being not true the
legend telling that a wooden pole in the mud last
forever. By means of in-depth and accurate
surveys, it has been possible to find the correlation
between parameters which describe the entire
system (wood, water and soil): this is fundamental
to reckon the stability of Venetian buildings.
Why the longevity of wood
can brace and stay for hundreds of years?
28
the City of veniCe Was Built on
Wooden foundations.

The secret of the longevity of Venice wooden foundation is they are submerged underwater.
The decay of wood is caused by the microorganism such as fungi and bacteria. Wood is
composed of three main substances: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Microorganisms
need oxygen to survive. When the wooden foundation is submerged underwater, the
wooden doesn’t exposed to oxygen. In addition, the constant flow of salt water around and
through the wood petrifies the wood over time, turning the wood into a hardened stone-
like structure.
The transportation of Venice Italy City
Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is a public company responsible for
public transportation in Venice City. The transportation of Venice Italy city had
been categories into 3 areas which are Lagoon Area, Lido and Pallestrina islands
and the Mainland.

  L
agoon area
The main public transportation means are motorized waterbuses (vaporetto) which play
regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. The only gondola
still in common use by Venetians are the traghetto, foot passenger ferries crossing the
Grand Canal at certain points without bridges. The Venice People Mover (managed by
ASM) is a cable-operated public transit system connecting Tronchetto island with
Piazza Roma. Water taxis are also active.
 Lido and Pellestrina islands
Lido and Pellestrina are two islands forming a barrier
between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic
Sea. In those islands, road traffic is allowed.
There are bus services on islands and waterbus
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the lagoon arealido and pellestrina islands
vaporetto (WaterBuses)
gondola (Boat)
mainland

venezia santa luCia
railWay station
services linking islands with others islands (Venice, Murano, Burano) and with the
peninsula of Cavallino-Treporti.
 Mainland
The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs: Mestre-Carpenedo, Marghera,
Chirignago-Zelarino and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the center and the most populated
urban area of the mainland of Venice. There are several
bus routes and one tramway. Several bus routes link
mainland with piazza Roma, the main bus station in
Venice, via Ponte della Libertà, a road bridge
connecting the historical center of the city of Venice,
that is a group of islands, to the mainland.
Airport of Venice Italy
Venice airport is located in Italy. This facility is
particularly to the north of Venice, in Tessera. This
airport was named
after Marco Polo who was a Venetian traveler and it his
book that introduced China and Central Asia to
Europeans. It has one modern terminal building that
first opened in 2002 and in 2011 there were almost
8,600,000 passengers pass through this terminal. This
amount of passengers is the maximum it can handle.
With regard to air
traffic, this airport ranks fourth in the country. The
airport handles charter and scheduled flights.
Venezia Santa Lucia Railway
Station
This typical head station, the only real access gate to
the city of canals, is located right in the heart of the
30
traghetto (Boat)
Bus serviCe
airport

city, in Fundamental Santa Lucia, and is frequented by an average of 82 thousand persons
per day, for a total of around 30 million presences per year; it hosts some 450 trains per
day. The public transport system in its vicinity consists solely of “vaporetto” boat-transport
lines along the Grand Canal, while the urban and extra-urban road transport lines are
concentrated in Piazzale Roma.
The bridges of Venice Italy
With its hundreds of bridges built over the course of centuries, most of which are still in
use today, Venice probably has more bridges than any other city in the world. It is also a
city where the culture of bridges and bridge-building is closely linked to the culture of the
town. Over the centuries, many different building techniques and materials have been used
in the construction of Venice’s bridges. This natural selection process has left us today with
a heritage of over 400 bridges. There are two main types of bridge in Venice: girder bridges
and arch bridges.
Girder bridges
Girder bridges generally have a horizontal deck
between two imposts, and therefore require
longer access ramps than arch bridges, whose
ramps are inclined from the keystone to the
31
Constitution Bridge

abutments; in addition, generally speaking, girder bridges need to have higher structural
depth than arch bridges. Against these disadvantages, truss bridges have the undoubted
advantage of generating mainly vertical reactions on the foundations, making them highly
suitable for the city’s soil characteristics.
Arch bridges
Arch bridges are much more prevalent, as they
successfully integrate the need for a continuous
pedestrian walkway with the need to leave
sufficient space underneath for boats to pass.
Arches are designed according to various formal
types: semicircular, horseshoe segmental,
equilateral pointed and elliptical.
The Zoning and
structure of Venice Italy
The Planning and Zoning Department
guides growth and development by initiating current and long-range planning activities.
These activities are performed through implementation of the Land Development Code,
review and management of new development projects, the coordination and development
of sector area plans, and the city’s comprehensive plan. The department presents
recommendations ensuring growth and change is consistent with the land development
ordinance and the comprehensive plan. Planning and Zoning staff members work in
partnership with citizen boards, commissions, community groups and City Council to
balance the needs of residents, business owners, and visitors. The zoning of Venice have
divided into fourteen of the city’s zoning districts.
Residential Single Family (SF-1), (RSF-2), (RSF-3), (RSF-4):
Variation among the four RFS districts concern lot area, width and certain yards.
32
rialto Bridge Quarto Ponte sul Canal grande
Ponte degli sCalziBridge of sighs Wrought iron Bridge

Residential, Multi Family (RMF-1), (RMF-2), (RMF-3), (RMF-
4): The permitted uses are the same in all RMF districts, but uses permissible by
special exceptions vary, with more dense residential uses providing for more special
exceptions.
Commercial, Business District (CBD): Is intended to be applied only to
that area which forms the city’s center for financial, commercial, governmental,
professional, cultural and associated activities.
Commercial, General (CG): Is intended for general commercial activity;
Commercial, Shopping Center (CSC): Is intended to encourage the
development of planned commercial facilities with depth rather than strip-type
commercial development.
Industrial, Light and Warehousing (ILW): Is intended for light
manufacturing, processing, storage and warehousing, wholesaling and distribution.
Office, Professional, and Institutional (OPI): Is intended for
professional and business offices and institutional, cultural and allied uses. The OPI
district is designed to be compatible with residential uses.
Commercial, Intensive (CI): Is intended for intensive, highly automotive-
oriented uses that require a conspicuous and accessible location convenient to streets
carrying large volumes of traffic.
Sewage System of Venice Italy
Venice is very unique in terms of its sewage disposal;
the canals are the main way waste is disposed of in Venice,
though new technology has improved the sewage aspect of
Venice's infrastructure. However, bringing a more
modern, efficient sewage disposal system to Venice is a
challenge that currently has many obstacles. The city does
not have a complete modern sewage system, meaning
its canals are also its sewer system. This poses some
obvious health and sanitation concerns.
Modern Day
The main sewage disposal system in Venice today
continues to be the canals and naturally occurring
33
utilities in VeniCe exPosed By
an insula maintenanCe
ProjeCt
an outlet of a gatolo in VeniCe

tides. As new technology has become available, newer forms of sewage disposal have been
implemented. However, these changes have not been made throughout the whole city, and
not uniformly to all of Venice's buildings, so the current sewage disposal system is a
patchwork of old and new and still does not fully function to the city's needs. The edges of
the physical city and the peripheral islands, such as the areas of St. Helena, Giudecca, Santa
Marta, and Murano, have more modern networks of sewage disposal, but many still dispose
directly into the lagoon's waters. A central sewage treatment plant was built in Porto
Marghera in the 1980s, but it is far removed from the main center of the city of Venice.
Sewage is removed and treated there when possible, but some sewage continues to enter
directly into the canals. Venice has 140 small biological plants installed throughout the city
for waste treatment, and more than 6,000 septic tanks. Private residences and businesses
such as hotels are required to have their own septic tanks in Venice to help alleviate some of
the problems caused by sewage, but the sheer number of people and amount of sewage plus
the outdated sewage systems have been causing a variety of problems in Venice.
Acqua Alta
Acqua alta (Italian: 'high water') is the term used
in Veneto for the exceptional tide peaks that occur
periodically in the northern Adriatic Sea. The
peaks reach their maximum in the Venetian
Lagoon, where they cause partial flooding
of Venice and Chioggia; flooding also occurs
elsewhere around the northern Adriatic, for
instance at Grado and Trieste, but much less often
and to a lesser degree. The phenomenon occurs
mainly between autumn and spring, when the astronomical tides are reinforced by the
prevailing seasonal winds which hamper the usual reflux. The main winds involved are the
sirocco, which blows northbound along the Adriatic Sea, and the bora, which has a specific
local effect due to the shape and location of the Venetian lagoon.
Conclusion (Present City)
34

The Venice Italy city seem like “Prefect City” to live but the water level is increasing day by
day and soon the Venice city will become 1part of ocean.
There are some characteristics that I hope can designed as my “X city” which are:
 The foundation of Venice city
 The modern of transportation
 The Technology of bridge construction
 Zoning and structure of Venice city
The sewer systems of Venice still can be improve. The Acqua Alta will be the main problem
to my “X” city which are floating on city but in this era, every can be possible to complete.
The future and Better City
The concept of Floating City Project (A fresh start on
a floating city could be just a few years away)
35

For five years, The Sea steading Institute has been conducting research into the potential
for permanent, innovative communities – floating at sea. We are now able to apply this
foundation of knowledge and our network towards an actual design, along with additional
efforts to determine specific needs and desires of potential customers, and to select a
practical location for what could become the world’s first city at sea.
Phase I
The Floating City Project combines principles of both sea steading and startup cities, by
seeking to locate a floating city within the territorial waters of an existing nation.
Historically, The Sea steading Institute has looked to international waters for the freedom
to establish new nations and spur competitive governance from the outside. However, there
are several reasons we are now seeking a host nation:
a) It is less expensive to engineer a sea stead for relatively calm, shallow waters compared
with the open ocean outside of territorial waters.
b) It will be easier for residents to travel to and from the sea stead, as well as to acquire
goods and services from existing supply chains; and
c) A host nation will provide a place for a floating city within the existing international
legal framework, with the associated protections and responsibilities. The following
represent our current core focuses, which we anticipate to span no later than the end 2014:
Floating City Project Phase I (COMPLETE) – Our detailed report demonstrates the
feasibility – from market demand to safety and to construction costs – of a floating city.
Crowdfunding a floating city design (COMPLETE) - We have partnered with Dutch
aquatic urban design firm, Delta Sync, to engineer a novel architectural sea stead design,
and successfully crowd funded over $27,000 for this component. The report and
calculation model are available for download below.
Surveying potential customers at floating-city.org (ONGOING) – We are continuing to
gather data from potential floating city residents and business owners using a survey
housed at floating-city.org. This survey measures the preferences and demands of future
36

pioneers – including full- and part-time
residents as well as time-share holders. Please
take a minute to participate in this stage and fill
out the brief survey.
Exploring floating city designs (COMPLETE) –
We investigated both the Delta Sync design and
a semi-submersible alternative (view research here), and determined that Delta Sync’s
concept is better adapted for the strategy of the Floating City Project, which encourages
early sea steads to form within protected waters. In the future it will be important to do
additional research on various components of Delta Sync’s design.
Honing the location – Our geopolitical and oceanographic experts investigated practical
locations for a free city at sea. Our in-house team is now actively engaged in diplomacy
with host nations, making the case that hosting an autonomous sea stead city in their
territorial waters would produce significant economic, social, and environmental benefits
for their citizens. Our work was partially based off of our existing location study published
in November of 2011.
The first floating city with significant political autonomy may be established by 2020. The
key findings of Floating City Project report are:
1. A market for a residential sea stead exists,
2. A practical design can be built to match the
market’s price point, and
3. It is likely that the Sea steading Institute can
reach a deal with a host nation willing to grant a
floating city substantial political independence.
Phase II
In consultation with experts, we are advancing on all four
aspects of Phase II, which include:
 Enhancing our novel sea stead designs, which includes
wave tank testing and acquiring more detailed financial
calculations;
 Deepening our diplomatic negotiations with potential
host nations;
37

Collecting potential resident feedback;
 Prospecting investors.
What would it take to build a semi-submersible sea
stead community?
One promising sea stead design based in existing technology is the semi-submersible – a
very stable floating platform, most often used in the offshore drilling industry. Our
engineering team, led by George Petrie, set out to determine the feasibility of this design
for an early sea stead platform in terms of costs and logistics, while factoring in the
necessary amenities to sustain a small residential and commercial community. The study is
part of our Floating City Project, but is not the only design under consideration. We are
also partnering with Dutch aquatic urban design firm, Delta Sync, to engineer a novel
architectural sea stead design. We will release the design in the fall of 2013.The top-side
residential and commercial space was designed by naval architect Lina Suarez.
38

Self-sustaining life support system
The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier
process was discovered by
the French chemist Paul Sabatier in
the 1910s. It involves the reaction
of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at
elevated temperatures (optimally
300–400 °C) and pressures in the
presence of a nickel catalyst to
produce methane and water.
Optionally, ruthenium on alumina (
aluminum oxide) makes a more
efficient catalyst. It is described by
the following exothermic reaction:
CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O + energy
∆H = −165.0 kJ/mol
(Some initial energy/heat is required to start the
reaction)
Ignoring other results of respiration, this cycle looks
like:
2 H2O → O2 + 2 H2 → (respiration) → CO2 + 2 H2 + 2
H2 (added) → 2 H2O + CH4 (discarded)
The loop could be further closed if the waste methane
was separated into its component parts by pyrolysis:
CH4 + heat ¡ú C + 2 H2
The released hydrogen would then be recycled back into the Sabatier reactor, leaving an
easily removed deposit of paralytic graphite. The reactor would be little more than a steel
pipe, and could be periodically serviced by an astronaut where the deposit is chiseled out.
The Bosch reaction is also being investigated for this purpose. Though the Bosch reaction
would present a completely closed hydrogen and oxygen cycle which only produces atomic
carbon as waste, difficulties maintaining its higher required temperature and properly
handling carbon deposits mean significantly more research will be required before a Bosch
reactor could become a reality. One problem is that the production of elemental carbon
tends to foul the catalyst's surface, which is detrimental
to the reaction's efficiency.
Maglev
39

Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) is a method of transportation that uses magnetic
levitation to carry vehicles with magnets rather than with wheels, axles and bearings. With
maglev, a vehicle is levitated a short distance away from a guide way using magnets to
create both lift and propulsion.
Maglev trains move more smoothly and somewhat
more quietly than wheeled transit systems. Their non-
reliance on traction and friction means that
acceleration and deceleration can surpass that of
wheeled transports, and they are unaffected by
weather. The power needed for levitation is typically
not a large percentage of the overall energy
consumption; most of the power is used to overcome
air resistance (drag), as with any other high-speed form
of transport. Although conventional wheeled transportation can travel very quickly, a
maglev system allows routine use of higher top speeds than doe’s conventional rail, and it is
this type which holds the speed record for rail transportation. Vacuum tube train systems
might hypothetically allow maglev trains to attain speeds in a different order of magnitude.
While no such tracks have been built commercially yet, there are efforts being made to
study and develop "super-maglev" trains.
Electromagnetic Suspension
(EMS)
If you've ever played with magnets, you know that
opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other. This
is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion.
Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they
attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary.
As you can read about in How Electromagnets Work, you
can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to
the positive and negative ends of an AA, C or D-cell battery. This creates a small magnetic
field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken
away.
The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a
maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system:
 A large electrical power source
 Metal coils lining a guide way or track
 Large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the
Train
40

The big difference between a maglev train and
a conventional train is that maglev trains do
not have an engine -- at least not the kind of
engine used to pull typical train cars along
steel tracks. The engine for maglev trains is
rather inconspicuous. Instead of using fossil
fuels, the magnetic field created by the
electrified coils in the guide way walls and the
track combine to propel the train.
Vactrain
A vactrain (or vacuum tube train) is a proposed design for very-high-speed
rail transportation. It is a maglev (magnetic levitation) line using evacuated (air-less) or
partly evacuated tubes or tunnels. The lack of air resistance could permit vactrains to travel
at very high speeds—up to 4,000–5,000 mph (6,400–8,000 km/h), which is 5–6 times
the speed of sound—using relatively little power. Vactrains might use gravity to assist their
acceleration. If these trains achieve the predicted speeds, the trip between Beijing and New
York would take less than 2 hours, surpassing aircraft as the world's fastest mode of public
transportation. However, without major advances in tunneling and other technology,
vactrains would be prohibitively expensive. In 2010, Researchers at Southwest Jiaotong
University in China were developing a vactrain to reach speeds of 1,000 km/h (620 mph).
They say the technology could be put into operation by 2020.
Genetically Modified Crops
The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-
modified organisms) is most commonly used to
refer to crop plants created for human or animal
consumption using the latest molecular biology
techniques. These plants have been modified in the
laboratory to enhance desired traits such as
increased resistance to herbicides or improved
nutritional content. The enhancement of desired
traits has traditionally been undertaken through
breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods
can be very time consuming and are often not very
accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand,
can create plants with the exact desired trait very
rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant
geneticists can isolate a gene responsible for
drought tolerance and insert that gene into a
different plant. The new genetically-modified plant
will gain drought tolerance as well. Not only can
genes be transferred from one plant to another, but genes from non-plant organisms also
41

can be used. The best known example of this is the
use of B.T. genes in corn and other crops. B.T., or
Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring
bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are
lethal to insect larvae. B.T. crystal protein genes
have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn
to produce its own pesticides against insects such
as the European corn borer.
What are some of the advantages of GM crops?
The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50
years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a
major challenge in the years to come. GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of
ways:
Pest resistance
Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for
farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of
chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with
pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from
excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the
environment. Growing GM foods such as B.T. corn can help eliminate the application of
chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market.
Herbicide tolerance
For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling,
so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to destroy
weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process that requires care so that the herbicide
doesn't harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be
resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by
reducing the amount of herbicides needed. For example, Monsanto has created a strain of
soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup. A
farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead
of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural
waste run-off.
Disease resistance
42

There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are
working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases.
Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive
seedlings.
An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco
and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures
that normally would kill unmodified seedlings. (Note: I have not been able to find any
journal articles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I
have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application
has yet been published or patented.)
Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance
As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food
production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant
cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content
in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places.
Nutrition
Malnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a
single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet. However, rice does not contain
adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be
genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies
could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common
problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of "golden" rice containing an unusually
high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A). Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller
Foundation, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free
to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice
that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these
two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting
in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice may not come to market at all.
Pharmaceuticals
Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage
conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to
43

develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes. These vaccines will be much easier to
ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines.
Pneumatic Tube
Pneumatic tubes (or capsule
pipelines; also known as Pneumatic
Tube Transport or PTT) are systems
that propel cylindrical containers
through a network
of tubes by compressed air or by
partial vacuum. They are used for
transporting solid objects, as
opposed to conventional pipelines,
which transport fluids. Pneumatic tube networks gained acceptance in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries for offices that needed to transport small, urgent packages (such as
mail or money) over relatively short distances (within a building, or, at most within a city).
Some installations grew to great complexity, but were mostly superseded. In some settings,
such as hospitals, they remain widespread and
have been further extended and developed in
recent decades.
The technology is still used on a smaller
scale. While its use for communicating
information has been superseded, pneumatic
tubes are widely used for transporting small
objects, or where convenience and speed in a
local environment is useful. In the United
States, drive-up banks often use pneumatic
tubes to transport cash and documents
between cars and tellers. Most hospitals have a computer-controlled pneumatic tube
system to deliver drugs, documents and specimens to and from laboratories and nurses'
stations. Many factories use them to deliver parts quickly across large campuses. Many
larger stores use systems to securely transport excess cash from checkout stands to back
offices, and to send change back to
cashiers. NASA's original Mission
Control Center had pneumatic
tubes connecting controller consoles
with staff support rooms. Denver
International Airport uses many
44

pneumatic tube systems, including a 25 cm diameter system for moving aircraft parts to
remote concourses, a 10 cm system for United Airlines ticketing, and a robust system in
the parking toll collection system with an outlet at every booth.
45

The plasma field
First, what is plasma? Plasma is one of the four
fundamental states of matter, the others
being solid, liquid, and gas. A plasma has properties
which are unlike those of the other states. A plasma can
be created by heating a gas or subjecting it to a strong
electromagnetic field applied with
a laser or microwave generator. This reduces or increases
the number of electrons, creating positive or
negative charged particles called ions, and is
accompanied by the dissociation of molecular bonds, if present. Plasma is loosely described
as an electrically neutral medium of positive and negative particles (i.e. the overall charge of
a plasma is roughly zero). It is important to note that although they are unbound, these
particles are not ‘free’
Plasma temperature is commonly
measured in Kelvins or electron volts and
is, informally, a measure of the thermal
kinetic energy per particle. Very high
temperatures are usually needed to sustain
ionization, which is a defining feature of a
plasma.
Inertial electrostatic confinement is a
branch of fusion research which uses an
electric field to heat a plasma to fusion conditions. Electric fields can do work on charged
particles (either ions or electrons), heating them to fusion conditions.
46
Image of IonIzed deuterIum In an IeC
reaCtor. Image shows wIth hIgh
ClarIty the CharaCterIstIC pInkIsh-
red glow of IonIzed deuterIum.
sChematIC from phIlo farnsworth 1968
patent. thIs devICe has an Inner Cage
to make the fIeld, and four Ion guns on
the outsIde.
fusIon for the future: Iter

Biomass energy (renewable recourses)
Biomass is biological material derived
from living, or recently living
organisms. It most often refers to
plants or plant-based materials which
are specifically called lignocellulose
biomass. As an energy source, biomass
can either be used directly via
combustion to produce heat, or
indirectly after converting it to
various forms of biofuel. Conversion
of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified
into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.
Wood remains the largest biomass energy
source to date; examples include forest
residues (such as dead trees, branches and
tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips
and even municipal solid waste. In the
second sense, biomass includes plant or
animal matter that can be converted into
fibers or other industrial chemicals,
including biofuels. Industrial biomass can
be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switch grass, hemp,
corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, and a variety of tree species,
ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil).
Thermal conversion processes use heat as the
dominant mechanism to convert biomass into
another chemical form. The basic alternatives
of combustion (torrefaction, pyrolysis, and
gasification) are separated principally by the
extent to which the chemical reactions involved
are allowed to proceed (mainly controlled by
the availability of oxygen and conversion
temperature).
47

Inspiration of my ‘X’ city
48

THE RISING ATLANTIS:
SAINT HEAVEN
(THE END OF
APOCALYPSE)
Ocean is a sacred place to all kind of beings. Without ocean, there is nothing left. I name
my city as Saint Heaven because it represents a new beginning of history, a hope from
despair, rising from the doom. Saint Means a person acknowledged as holy or virtuous and
typically regarded as being in heaven after death. In the name of Saint Heaven, like an
angel from heaven who has been ordered to save all kinds of living. The Saint heaven has
been designed according to what humans need. It withstand anything kind of nature
disaster such as earthquake, Tsunami and etc. It was built on the surface of water by using
submarine concept. The Saint Heaven can be divided in 4 part which are the “The Island”,
“Protector”, “The Idea” and the airport. The bridge for airport is the further then the “The
Idea” and the watch tower is nearer to the main city. This is to avoid the sound pollution
break the peaceful of the main city. The Airport had longest bridge because it need to
ensure the security of the main city is safe and prevent the intruder come into main city.
When the something happened, the bridge will be turn off and block the way.
49
Protector
The Island
T I (The Idea)
AirPort
Gaps and second check point before
enter the main city.

The Island (main city)
The Island was built by using the radial concept. At the middle of the “The Island” is the
guardian which are main tower of the city and surrounded by the residential area.
Government area was built beside the guardian and the only way to enter guardian is using
the bridge where connected to the government area. The big cone shapes are representing
every single area. The residential area was surrounded by the commercial and business area,
hospital, recreational area, religious and culture area, education area and the hall (place to
host the event). The main transportation for the Saint Heaven is the maglev train where the
small circle next the main city. Another half circle is the garden walkway. The garden
walkway consists thousands of plants and flowers along the walkway. There are three main
bridge which are connect the main city to the watch tower, industrial area and airport.
50
Recreational area
Education
Tunnel To underground
Business&
commercial area
Hospital
Guardian
Transportation
Garden Walkway
Main
Bridge
Main
Bridge
Residential area
Government area
Police& Army
Hall and customer
service center

The Concept and design of the Saint Heaven
The Radial concept. The focal point of the
main city is the Guardian where at the
middle and it surrounded by the
residential area. There are 7 residential
area and it been divided according to your
profession and what you need. Residential
area be designed and built around the
middle of the city. This is to increase the
safety of the citizen because the safety of
the citizens are the primary element and
first objective that we are pay more attentions in Saint Heaven. When something
emergency happened, the citizens can use the tunnel where constructed in every
residential area immediately.
The Cone
Why is Cone shape using as the
roof design? This is to suit the
design solar panel. The roof of 6
areas were installed with the solar
panels. The solar panel had to be
slant to increase the area receiving
51
Religious & Cultures area

sunlight and prevent the Sekisui (water drop).Another function is easy to collect the
water drop in one point. This one of the precaution step when lack of water.
The Solar panel and be open when the sunlight is not very
strong. This is bring citizens more closer to the
environment.
Each of the area have a tunnel to the
transportation.
The Zoning of “The Island”.
Secondly objective is to create a
good environment to the
citizens. The reactional, hospital
and the religious area have the
bigger area compare with the
business, hall and education
area. Those area were built
around the residential area. This
is to easy the citizens reach the
area for example, a teacher will
be easier when he or she is live
near to education area. Even
though the place she live is very
far from religious area, but the
transportation is very
convenience and faster, it only need 5 minutes to reach the another site of city.
52

The two areas beside the guardian where I
indicate with white circle are the area is to
maintain and repair the guardian. Guardian is
the main “control room” of main city and it
must always in good condition. The guardian
connect to the underground along through the
propeller. The guardian controls the electrical
system, drainage system, water and oxygen
supply, food transport and act as the detector.
The guardian is protected by the government
and cover with high walls. The government area
is at the right of the guardian. There are two
floor of the government areas. Ground floor is deference area where the police and army
are. The second floor is government area where the
only way to go guardian. The Bridge of watch tower
and industrial area are directly connected to the
government area.
The Protector
The “Protector”, known as observer tower. It is
a combination of observer tower and the
agricultural area. The ground floor is
agricultural area where are using GMC method.
The GMC method can produce a lot of food in
a short time. (Refer to page 38 and 39)The
upper floor is the observer area and the Plasma
Field generator is between the Observer areas.
As we know, the Plasma field is high
temperature force that can burn and melt
everything in a sec. (Refer to page 41)
53
Ground Floor
Second Floor
Bridge
Bridge

Agricultural area
Industrial areaDamConverter and
Purifier
Research,
Invention and
technology area
The plasma field will open
from the top of the Saint
Heaven like raining until
the sea level.
The agricultural area is
below the observer area.
The Tunnel is transport and carry the food along
through the guardian. The guardian will send the
food. The tunnel is one way only when the food
can be transport to guardian but cannot reverse
back. This is to ensure the food can only be
transport to but cannot back.
The Idea
“The Idea” is the key to
open future door. “The
54
Observer TowerPlasma Field
Generator

Idea” combines the industrial area and the research, invention and technology area
together. The Industrial area have the cylinder building. The one of the main task for the
industrial area is producing the biomass energy. The research, invention and technology
area is keep update and upgrade the technical elements of the city.
The dam have 2 area. First is the portrait
and other is the landscape. The landscape
arrangement of dam have bigger area then
portrait because landscape is more
effective. Portrait dam is to receive the
wave when it hits on portrait dam and it
vibrate back. This is to create the larger
surface area of wave hitting. Another
portrait area is connect with the
converter.
The converter is to converter
the water (H20) into oxygen
(O2) and hydrogen (H+)
which can be used as fuel for
transportation.
55
Research, Invention&
technology area
Portrait and landscape Dam arrangementConverter
Water go inside by the gaps

The tunnel from guardian to “The Idea” is only 1 way. Transfer the wastes to “The
Idea”.
The Ring is to purify the water into clear water and store the extra water for
emergency purpose.
The Airport
The airport is the only one platform where connected
to outside. The airport have many layers. The top
layer is for airplane and middle is for helicopter. The
mainly purpose is for helicopters.
The bridge of the connected with
one of the tunnel but it been
redesigned as a blocker to ensure
“The Island” is safe. The tunnel have
bigger radius then other two bridge
because it is two ways. It can be in or
out.
56

1.Conclusion
(describe what was important and others should follow or perhaps should know and what did you
learned)
Max 3 paragraph.. not more that 150 words
57

2.Reference Links
58

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