1. Research-Related TEKS
• organize information gathered from multiple
sources to create a variety of graphics and forms
(e.g., notes, learning logs).[21B]
• marshals evidencein support of a clear thesis
statement and related claims.[23A]

2. Review

3. Review: Figurative language we’ve
studied in HOMS
(You chose three of these as the focus of your research project.)
• Diction—wordchoice
• Simile—adirectcomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,usuallywith
thewordslikeoras.
• Metaphor—impliedcomparisonbetweentworelativelyunlike
things.Thecomparisonisnotannouncedbylikeoras.
• Personification—givesthequalitiesofapersontoananimal,an
object,oranidea.
• Tone—writer'sattitudetowardthematerialand/orreaders.
• Imagery—Descriptionsofpeopleorobjectsintermsofoursenses
• Paradox—astatementthatseemstocontradictitselfbutmakes
sensewithmorethought
• Analogy—comparisonofsimilaritiesoftwosituations

4. Review: Essential Question >
Subsidiary Questions
• Essential Question is the basis of
what statement?
• Thesis Statement
• Subsidiary Questions are the basis of
what sentences?
• Topic Sentences

5. Review: Essential Question =
Thesis Statement
• (Essential Question)
• How does Sandra Cisneros use
figurative language to develop
characters and themes in The
House On Mango Street?

6. Review: Essential Question =
Thesis Statement
• EssentialQuestionisthebasisofyourThesisStatement.
• Example Thesis Statement: In The House On
Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros uses figurative
language to bring her characters to life, and to
develop a theme of an outsider struggling to
overcome limitations of her restrictive culture
in order to establish a sense of personal
identity and personal freedom; struggling to
create her own sense of “home” in the world.

7. Subsidiary Questions = Topic Sentences
• (Subsidiary Questions)
• How does Sandra Cisneros use
personification to develop characters
and themes in The House On Mango
Street?

8. Subsidiary Questions = Topic Sentences
• SubsidiaryQuestions are the basis of your Topic
Sentences.
• Example Topic Sentence: In the vignette
“Four Skinny Trees”, trees become
inspirational characters through
personification as Esperanza views them
from her bedroom window.

9. Ready? Set? Write!
• Once you understand what you’redoing in regard
to Thesis Statement and Topic Sentences, you’re
ready to outline and draft your research paper!
• Let’s work together on you Introductory
Paragraph…

10. Introductory Paragraph: Four Elements
• YourIntroductoryParagraphcontainsthesefourelements:
• Lead(openingsentenceto “hook”thereader;getthe
reader’sattention)
• Author and title oftheprimarysource(Thiscanbe
incorporatedintoyourLead,butitdoesn’thavetobe.)
• Gist of the story (verybriefsummationofwhatthe
bookisabout;it’stheme,theessentialmessagetoreaders)
• Thesis statement (declarationofwhyyou’rewriting—
whatitisyou willdemonstrateandprove.)

11. Introductory Paragraph: Lead
• Your IntroductoryParagraphcontainsthe LEAD:
• Lead(opening sentenceto “hook”thereader; get
thereader’s attention)
• Example:The Houseon MangoStreetby Sandra
Cisneros is the coming-of-agestory of Esperanza,a girl
child in the Mango Streetbarrio. The neighborhood’s
male-orientedsocietydemands thatwomen make
themselvessubservientto men and “acceptas
normal and legitimate”a male systemof valuesthatis
abusiveto women.

12. Introductory Paragraph: Name & Title
• Your IntroductoryParagraphcontainsthe NAME &
TITLE:
• Name and Title: (We worked it into our Lead on the
previous slide…
• Example:The House on Mango Streetby Sandra
Cisneros is thecoming-of-agestory of Esperanza,a
girl child in theMango Streetbarrio. The
neighborhood’s male-orientedsocietydemands that
women makethemselvessubservientto men and
“acceptas normal and legitimate”a male systemof
values thatis abusiveto women.

13. Introductory Paragraph: Name & Title
• Your IntroductoryParagraphcontainsthe GIST of the
STORY:
• Example:The book consistsof 44 vignettesthat
portray the plightfemales trappedin various ways by
traditionalHispanicsociety. Esperanzawants no part
of such a fate. She dreams and schemesof ways in
which she might eventuallybreak free—freeto
determineher own identityand fate,to charther own
life course,to createher own senseof placein the
world; to createa new home.

14. Introductory Paragraph: Thesis
• Your Introductory Paragraph contains the THESIS:
• Example: In The House On Mango Street, Sandra
Cisneros uses (simile, diction and personification)
to bring her characters to life, and to develop a
theme of an outsider struggling to overcome
limitations of her restrictive culture in order to
establish a sense of personal identity and personal
freedom; struggling to create her own sense of
“home” in the world.

15. Introductory Paragraph: Example
• SoyourIntroductoryParagraphmightcometogetherlikethis:
• Example:TheHouseonMangoStreetbySandraCisnerosisthecoming-of-
agestoryofEsperanza,agirlchildintheMangoStreetbarrio.The
neighborhood’smale-orientedsocietydemandsthatwomenmake
themselvessubservienttomenand“acceptasnormalandlegitimate”a
malesystemofvaluesthatisabusivetowomen.Thebookconsistsof42
vignettesthatportraytheplightfemalestrappedinvariouswaysby
traditionalHispanicsociety.Esperanzawantsnopartofsuchafate.She
dreamsandschemesofwaysinwhichshemighteventuallybreakfree—
freetodetermineherownidentityandfate,tochartherownlifecourse,to
createherownsenseofplaceintheworld;tocreateanewhome.InThe
HouseOnMangoStreet,SandraCisnerosuses(simile,dictionand
personification)tobringhercharacterstolife,andtodevelopathemeofan
outsiderstrugglingtoovercomelimitationsofherrestrictivecultureinorder
toestablishasenseofpersonalidentityandpersonalfreedom;strugglingto
createherownsenseof“home”intheworld.Thispaperwillanalyzehow
shedoesthis.

16. Body Paragraphs: Elements
• Transition(providesasmoothtransitionfromthe
previousparagraphtothisone.NOTE:TheTransition
StatementCANbeworkedintoyourTopicSentence)
• TopicSentence(stateswhichelementofFigurative
Languagethisparagraphwillbeaboutandhowit
relatestothetheme)
• TextEvidence(aquotefromthetextthatillustrates
howyourchosenFigurativeLanguageelementrelates
tothetheme)
• Yourcommentary(sentencesinwhichyouexpress
yourownpersonalinsightswithregardtotheText
Evidence)

17. Body Paragraphs: Transition
• Transition (provides a smooth transition from the
previous paragraph to this one)
• Example of a Transition worked into Topic Sentence:
• In the vignette “Four Skinny Trees, Cisneros uses
personification extensively to develop her theme of
the lonely outsider, seeking friends—allies—asshe
struggles to survive in an environment that she feels .

18. Body Paragraphs: Text Evidence
• TextEvidence(aquotefromthetextthatillustrates
howyourchosenFigurativeLanguage element
relatestothetheme)
• “Theyaretheonlyoneswhounderstandme.Iam
theonlyonewhounderstandsthem. Fourskinny
treeswithskinny necksandpointyelbowslike
mine.”

19. Body Paragraphs: Commentary
• Your commentary (sentences in which you express
your own personal insights with regard to the Text
Evidence)
• Example: Esperanza speaks of the trees as if they
are human—as if their physical form has features
like human anatomy, as if they have the capacity
for human understanding. Esperanza imagines
into these trees qualities with which she identifies.
She imagines that the trees share her struggle for
survival.

20. Body Paragraphs: Example
• Your commentary (sentences in which you express
your own personal insights with regard to the Text
Evidence)
• Example: Inthevignette“FourSkinnyTrees,Cisnerosuses
personificationextensivelytodevelopherthemeofthelonely
outsider,seekingfriends—allies—asshestrugglestosurviveina
hostileenvironment.“They are the only ones who understand
me. I am the only one who understands them. Four skinny
trees with skinny necks and pointy elbows like mine.” Inthis
passage,Esperanzaspeaksofthetreesasiftheyarehuman—asif
theirphysicalformhasfeaturesofhumananatomy,asiftheyhave
thecapacityforhumanunderstanding.Shehasnofriendswhocan
empathize.Sosheimaginesthequalitiessheneedsintothesetrees.