2. 3.0 Vertical Structural Systems Pt. 2 Historical evolution of tall buildings
3. Timeline of the tallest structures in the world with the tallest non-building structures (blue) and the new ecological skyscapers (green).
4. The Monadnock Building Burnham & Root Chicago, IL 1891 16 story solid masonry load-bearing walls. Note the shear walls in the transverse direction for resisting wind loads.
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6. Home Insurance Building William Le Baron Jenney Chicago, IL 1885 Often considered to be the first modern skyscraper because of its early use of a steel frame. Above the sixth floor the framing employed the first rolled steel sections. All connections are bolted. The Home Insurance Bldg. also incorporated an elevator although not the first to do so (the Equitable Building in NYC 1870 by Gilman and Kendall). Above left: diagram of the Fair Store Building, Chicago, 1891 by Wm. LB. Jenney illustrating floor construction and prefabricated terracotta fireproofing.
7. Portal Frame: Lateral load Portal Frame: Gravity load Distribution of bending moments in a portal frame under lateral loading.
8. The deflection of a tall frame structure is a combination of the movement due to bending of the whole structure and the horizontal deflection due to the bending of individual beams and columns.
9. Three buildings by Holabird and Roche. Chicago, 1899. The façade of the Gage Building on the far left is by Louis Sullivan.
10. Auditorium Building Louis Sullivan & Charles Adler 1889 Bayard Building Louis Sullivan 1898 NYC The expression of “romanesque style” as attributed to the architect H. H. Richardson. An overall Strong expression of verticality combined with abstracted unity to the composition is achieved through expression of the bay combined with a variation in ornamentation based on naturalistic themes. the rustication of the masonry and the scale and grouping of the window openings.
11. Reliance Building Daniel Burnham & John Wellborn Root 1894 The Reliance Building expresses the transparency of the modern glass curtain wall although the glass frames here are still infill units between the spandrel beams. The reading of the columns is suppressed lending a strong horizontality To the fenestration. Window bay units are cantilevered out from the structural frame.
23. Woolworth Building Cass Gilbert NYC 1913 The Woolworth Building at 235m was the tallest building in the world (the Eiffel Tower at 300m is not considered a building as it lacks floor loads and enclosure). The 29-story base is U-shaped. The slender tower of the Woolworth Building grows gracefully out of the base with a compositional flatness and layering that presages phenomenal transparency.
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26. Empire State Building Shreve lamb & Harmon NYC 1931 At 383m the Empire State Building remained the tallest building in the world for 40 years. The time of realization from preliminary drawings to completion was only 18 months. The structure of the tower is a braced steel frame with semi-rigid connections. It remains one of the stiffest towers for its height, largely due to the heavy cladding that is designed to stiffen the frame.
50. First Wisconsin Center Skidmore Owings & Merrill Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1974 An example of a steel frame with a belt truss and outrigger system at the 15th and 41st floors, and a transfer truss at the 3rd level. Note that the outrigger trusses are in the direction of the wind only indicating that wind resistance in the longi- tudinal direction is provided only by the stiffness of the frame. Diagrams illustrate the effect of belt truss and outriggers in stiffening a core-frame structure. On the right, the bending moment decreases in response to increasing stiffness provided by the belt trusses.
52. Design research on tall buildings at IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology (under Mies van der Rohe) Aesthetics of the tall building derived from rational structure design for efficiency and economy. Myron Goldsmith Superframe 80+ story high rise
