Presentation made in CRS headquarters in Baltimore, on a special relationship that CIAT has with CRS.

1. Research into Development: CIAT and
CRS’s special relationship
Andy Jarvis and Andre Zandstra
9th April 2013
Since 1967 / Science to cultivate change www.ciat.cgiar.org

2. The greatest food security
challenge ever in human history:
How to feed a growing population
with scarce land and water,
a fast-changing climate, and
inadequate investment in
agricultural research!

3. CIAT: A partner in global research for a
food secure future
• One of the 4 Centers that started the CGIAR, (founded in 1967)
and currently operates from Kenya, Vietnam, and Colombia (HQ)
• Our mission is to reduce hunger and poverty, and improve
human health in the tropics through research aimed at
increasing the eco-efficiency of agriculture
• 400 professional staff, 200 scientists working across Africa, Asia,
and Latin America. Annual budget close to $100USM

4. CIAT is aligned with the
CGIAR research portfolio
• CIAT is Lead Center of CCAFS and
contributes to 11 other CGIAR Research
Programs, including Genebanks
• About 90% of CIAT’s research agenda is
fully integrated into the CGIAR Research
Portfolio
• CIAT contributes to all four System Level
Outcomes
• The focused diversity of CIAT’s research
agenda enables the Center to position
itself strongly within the CGIAR research
portfolio

5. Improving agriculture and
changing lives across the tropics
Cali,
Since the 1960s, with a Since the 1980s, with
current focus on Central Since the 1980s, with activities now in China,
America, Colombia, and activities now in 11 Vietnam, Laos,
the Amazon African countries Cambodia, and Thailand

6. Focus of CIAT’s research for development
Natural
Productivity Policy
Resources
Bean Soil Health & Climate Change
Productivity
Tropical Forages
Gender
Restoring Degraded
Cassava
Landscapes
Linking Farmers to
Markets
Rice
Carbon
Genetic Resources Sequestration
Impact Assessment

7. Examples of Impacts
• Over 5.3 million rural households in sub-
Saharan Africa have adopted modern bean
varieties over the last 17 years, generating
benefits worth nearly US$200 million
• Adoption of improved cassava varieties in
Thailand and Vietnam has nearly reached
90%, creating benefits worth almost $12
billion over the last 20 years
• Improved forages now cover an area
estimated at 25.4 million hectares in tropical
America, generating huge benefits through
improved livestock production – estimated
at $1 billion in Colombia, for example
• Nearly 60% of Latin America’s rice area is
planted to improved rice, with benefits
valued at $860 million from 1967 to 1995
alone

8. CIAT and CRS: A Special Relationship
• Staff rotation : CIAT -> CRS!
• Joint projects:
• Tortillas on the Roaster
• Learning Alliances
• Borderlands
• Green Water Initiative 2
• Coffee Under Pressure
• Carbon insetting
• Seed systems, soils etc.
• Mutual leveraging of expertise, partners and approaches

9. Leb by
Climate Change, Agriculture and
Food Security (CCAFS)
CGIAR Research Program
1 January 2013

10. Leb by
Global alliance
15 CG centers and ~70 regional offices
Lead center - CIAT
1 January 2013

11. Liderado por
Objectives
Identify and develop pro-poor adaptation
and mitigation practices, technologies and
policies for agriculture and food systems.
Support the inclusion of agricultural issues
in climate change policies, and of climate
issues in agricultural policies, at all levels.
Commit to data availability, cross-center
cooperation, and making an impact on
both the global and regional level.
1 January 2013

12. CCAFS Framework
Adapting Agriculture to
Climate Variability and Change
Technologies, practices, partnerships and
policies for:
Improved
1. Adaptation to Progressive Climate Environmental Improved
Change Health Rural
2. Adaptation through Managing Livelihoods
Climate Risk Improved
3. Pro-poor Climate Change Mitigation Food
Security
4. Integration for Decision Making
• Linking Knowledge with Action
• Assembling Data and Tools for Analysis
and Planning
• Refining Frameworks for Policy Analysis
Enhanced adaptive capacity
in agricultural, natural
resource management, and
food systems
1 January 2013

13. Place-based field work
Sur de Asia:
Lider Regional
Pramod Aggarwal
Africa del Oeste
Lider Regional
Robert Zougmoré
Africa del Este
Lider Regional
James Kinyangi
Latinoamerica:
Lider Regional
Ana Maria Loboguerrero
1 January 2013

14. THE VISION
To adapt farming
systems, we need
to:
• Close the
production gap by
effectively using
Progressive
current
technologies,
practices and
Adaptation
policies
• Increase the bar:
develop new ways
to increase food
production
potential
• Enable policies
and institutions,
from the farm to
national level

15. THE VISION
• Climate-related
risk impedes
development,
leading to chronic
poverty and
dependency
• Actions taken
now can reduce
Risk
vulnerability in the
short term and
enhance resilience
Management
in the long term
•Improving current
climate risk
management will
reduce obstacles
to making future
structural
adaptations.

16. VISION Pro-poor
Short-term:
Identifying
options feasible
Mitigation
for smallholder
mitigation and
trade-offs with
other outcomes
Long-term:
Addressing
conflict between
achieving food
security and
agricultural
mitigation

17. VISION
•Provide an
analytical and
diagnostic
Integration
framework,
grounded in the
policy context
• Synthesize
lessons learned
•Effectively
engage with rural
stakeholders and
decision makers
•Communicate
likely effects of
specific policies
and interventions
•Build partners’
capacity

18. Agriculture and Rural Development Day:
Engaging world policy leaders in the climate change dialogue
•Agriculture and Rural
Development Day 2011 +
The analysis What Next for
2012 brought together Agriculture After Durban? was co-
several hundred policy- authored by a group that includes
members of the Commission on
makers, farmers, scientists Sustainable Agriculture and Climate
and development experts Change. It was covered by media
outlets worldwide.
from around the world
•Recommendations to the
UNFCC COP-17 conference in
Durban, South Africa, Rio+20
and Qatar COP-18
•Organized by CCAFS and
partners

19. Analogue Tool: Finding Tomorrow’s agriculture
today
Methodology development Regional trainings
Katmandu
Dakar
Nairobi
http://gismap.ciat.cgiar.org/Analogues/
• 15 countries
• 70 local researchers
• WP:Climate Analogues: Finding
tomorrow's agriculture today

20. Farms of in Tanzania
FOTF the future
Journey to Yamba’s plausible futures
Analogue study Tour
Villages visited Starting point
Lushoto
Mbuzii
Yamba
Kinole
Morogoro
Mwitikilwa
-Market value chain social -Weather station visit
enterprise visit - Bean trial visit
- Input supply Stockists Njombe - Tree nursery visit
Nyombo
Sepukila Village:
-Matengo pits: Traditional soil and
water conservation technique
-Coffee nursery
-Stoves
Masasi Village:
-Water source
Mbinga -Fish pond
-Biogas
Mtama Village:
- Bee keeping

21. Leb by
Climate smart villages:
Key agricultural activities for managing risks
1 January 2013

22. Where do we work?
CCAFS sites Main crops Main livestock
(forages)
Maize Beans Wheat Beef cattle Goats
Borana(ET)
(96.6%) (86.4%) (33.1%) (93.2%) (77.8%)
Maize Sorghum Beans Goats Chicken/hens
Nyando (KE)
(99.2%) (73.3%) (34.4%) (66.9%) (61.2%)
Maize Beans Tomatoes Chicken/hens Dairy cows
Usambara (TZ)
(87.1%) (75%) (29%) (82.1%) (56.4%)
Sweet
Albertine Cassava Beans Chicken/hens
potatoes Pigs (63.1%)
Rift (UG) (78.6%) (68.4%) (82.5%)
(59.8%)

23. Leb by
Lushoto (Tanzania)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 January 2013

24. Lushoto (Tanzania)
Weather reasons for adapting
Changes in land use and crop management
a) More erratic rainfall
- introduction of new, higher yielding crop varieties of maize, beans
b) ↘ overall rainfall (88%)
and tomatoes
c) ↗ amount of rainfall (39%)
d) more frequent droughts (71%)
- switching to disease resistant varieties of cassava, bananas and
e) earlier start of the rains 77%)
maize
f) Later start of rains (65%)
Drivers
• Availability of high yielding varieties
more resistant to pest and diseases
• More profitable market prices.
• Less productive land

25. Gender Dimensions
• Why consider gender?
o To develop appropriate adaptation strategies for both male
and female farmers (to ensure inclusion of female farmers)
• Findings (Context Specific)
o Gender division of labor
o Decision-making
o Control and Access of Resources

26. Gender Division of Labor
Overall, men and women tend to report that
they themselves do most of the tasks
Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting
Men
Women
Boys
Girls
• Examples:
– Spraying was reported as a men’s task, and
– Weeding mainly as a women’s task

27. Decision-Making
• Across all 4 sites:
– Women report that men make most decisions
– Men report more decisions are taken jointly
– Example: Nyando, Kenya
Women’s Reporting Men’s Reporting
Men
Women
Together

28. Playing out transformative climate smart
adaptation in CCAFS benchmark sites in
East Africa: When, where, how and with
whom?

29. Persons and items distribution
Rash model (Campell, 1963): Attitude towards change = number + difficulty of change made

30. Determinants of the degree
of adaptation – Poisson
regression model
Variable Coefficient P-value
Lnage -0.259 0.034**
Help 0.281 0.019**
Years of schooling 0.025 0.014**
Ln total asset value 0.060 0.096*
Government influence 0.364 0.002***
Less land productivity 0.164 0.060*
Ability to hire farm labour 0.231 0.031**
Constant 2.135 0.002***
Wald chi2(20)=104.63; p=0.000
Alpha = 0.12
N=131
Dependent variable = number of adaptation strategies undertaken

31. Getting to grips with climate adaptation:
The right choices

32. Var. Carioca
Var. Jamapa Var. Calima
Evaluating varietal adaptation

33. Likely yield with different planting dates

34. Modelling potential losses from extreme
events with different planting dates

35. Benefits of potential adaptation options:
conservation agriculture
% yield loss
% water deficit

36. Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climático
y sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.
Un proyecto en colaboración con:
Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation

37. Cuales son las zonas que necesitan alta atención?
Áreas donde los sistemas de producción de los cultivos de
fríjol pueden ser adaptados
Adaptation-Spots (mas del 25% perdida de producción)
Enfocarse en la adaptación de los sistemas de
producción.
Áreas donde estos cultivos de fríjol ya no son una opción
Hot-Spots (mas del 50% perdida de producción)
Enfocarse en la diversificación de medios de
subsistencia.
Nuevas áreas donde aumenta la producción de los cultivos.
Pressure-Spots
Migración de agricultura– Riesgo de deforestación!

38. Results: Hot-spots for beans production areas in Central America

39. Tortillas on the Roaster (TOR): Cambio Climático
y sistema de producción de maíz-frijol en Centroamérica.
Se dedujeron cinco estrategias de adaptación a nivel de finca!
Intensificación Sostenible: Dirigido a aumentar la productividad física, preservando los
recursos naturales (tierra y agua) en sistemas productivos (Eco-eficiencia)
Diversificación: Aumentar la cantidad de fuentes de consumo y los ingresos
procedentes de la agricultura.
Expansión: Expandir las dotaciones de los diferentes tipos de capitales.
Incremento de ingresos no agrícolas: incrementar las fuentes de ingresos diferentes a
los que están ligados a la agricultura.
Abandonar la agricultura como estrategia de vida: La familia abandona la agricultura
como fuente de consumo he ingresos.
Un proyecto en colaboración con:
Financiado por: The Howard G. Buffett Foundation

40. Rewarding for Ecosystem Services
in watersheds

41. Different groups want different things
• Downstream
o Urban dwellers want clean, reliable water supplies
o Lowland farmers want cheap, reliable irrigation water
o Tourists want clean, attractive water
• Midstream
o Hydropower companies want reliable low-silt water
without having to invest in large storage reservoirs
• Upstream
o Highland communities want to live better
o Citizens want to preserve highland ecosystem services

42. Peruvian case study, Canete River watershed – Current situation
Ecosystemanduse (m3/s)
River flow land uses
Water service provision
(4000-5800
Upper basin
(4000-5800
(4000-5800
Upper
(Water yield (mm))
Extensive degrading0 grazing, subsistence
agriculture 1111-1507
(mostly from springs)
Hydropower company
51-256
Middle basin
(350 – 4000
(350 – 4000
(350 – 4000
Shrimp growers
250, 64
Urban dwellers 0-50
(0-350)
(0-350)
Lower basin
(0-350)
Water inefficient commercial agriculture
Tourists (rafting)

43. Desired situation
Investment in
(4000-5800
Upper basin
productive
alternatives
Middle basin
(350 – 4000
Watershed’s Transfer part
socioeconomic of their
asymmetries might benefits
be balanced by this
benefit-sharing
mechanism
(0-350)
Lower basin

44. Research outputs and
intermediate project outcomes
• Conceptual approach:
Adopted by MINAM …
Is not only about paying for
improving the delivery of
the ESS but also about
rewarding for ESS already
being delivered (positive
externalities)
Recently presented by
Vice-Ministry of Environment
(Nov, 2012)

45. Linking Farmers to Markets
Under what conditions can market linkages be an effective tool
for rural poverty reduction for gender and socially
differentiated actors?
Iterative process of design, testing and documentation of
approaches for inclusive business models, R4D platforms
and public policies in Latin America, E. Africa and S.E. Asia

46. AMBITIOUS DESTINATIONS,
FEW ROADS
Donors, business and civil society are in broad consensus on
benefits of linking smallholders to markets.
• Many islands of success but few cases of sustained, transformational
change that benefit women, minorities and the rural poor.
• The concept is clear but HOW to achieve beneficial and sustained
market access is not.
• Need to understand appropriate roles for public, private and civil society
actors

47. Supply chain policies in Colombia CUADRO 4
10 ORGANIZACIONES DE LAS CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS:
ANALISIS DE FOCALIZACIÓN
FOCALIZACIÓN Aguacate Arroz Cacao Caucho Cítricos
GEOGRÁFICA Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI
% Población con NBI       
  
% Población Rural con
             
NBI 
Índice Desarrollo
            
Humano
Índice Gini de Tierras
        
2009  
Índice Gini de
    
Propietarios 2009    
Núm. Intervenciones
USAID (Programas         
  
MIDAS y ADAM)
Núm. Intervenciones
MADR (Oportunidades
            
Rurales y Alianzas
Productivas)
FOCALIZACIÓN Fique Fruticola Guayaba Mango Platano
GEOGRÁFICA Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI Y Yha NBI
% Población con NBI     
  
% Población Rural con
              
NBI 
Índice Desarrollo
            
Humano    
Índice Gini de Tierras
               
2009   
Índice Gini de
                
Propietarios 2009   
Núm. Intervenciones
USAID (Programas                  
  
MIDAS y ADAM)
Núm. Intervenciones
MADR (Oportunidades
                    
Rurales y Alianzas
Productivas)
Policy density (# chains) by Department Social performance by supply chain
Quantitative macro analysis
I
R (policies & development outcomes)
n
e
c
s
Qualitative meso analysis i
e
(why does the policy work /fail?) d
a
e
r
n
c
Household level surveys c
h
(what does it mean for the poor?) e
Policy performance by Department

48. Sustainable trading relationships
Common methods
Training & testing the approach
(10 pilots in 5 countries)
Build data
(Common metrics, tools, data)
Engage leverage points for outcomes
(BiNGOs, MNCs, Donors, etc.)

49. Site-Specific Agriculture (SSA)
Environmental characterization of the production Observations made by farmers according to their
system particular circumstances
Farmers’ production
experiences
SSA
Modern
Principles of
information
operational
technology
research
Kg/Arbol Temperatura Edad
Analysis of the Observations to optimize the system

50. Site-specific Agriculture Based on Farmers
Experiences (SSAFE)
•More than 3000 experiments characterized
• Bridging the yield gap
• Optimizing the production system
•Providing insights on How, What and Where to grow through the SSAFE
Informatic platform (optimal zones /crops, management practices)
• More than 3500 farmers enrolled in the program
•By implementing where and how to grow, estimated return on research
investment : US 315 million /year
www.ciat.cgiar.org Agricultura Eco-Eficiente para Reducir la Pobreza

51. Opportunities for institutionalising the special
relationship
• Use of our research products
– You need solutions, and we need adoption of our “solutions”
– Tell us what you need to know to better direct your efforts
• Continued and enhanced collaboration on a project basis:
– Research backstopping
– Joint learning approaches on development impact
• Joint project development
– Second round of CGIAR Research programs: big projects co-designed
CIAT/CRS, co-funded, co-implemented
– 20-21 June Montpellier major CGIAR partnership meeting to co-design
US$10-20m big projects
– From the CRS side?
• To start with, a joint MOU CIAT-CRS
– Focal points on both sides
– Monitoring of progress, annual reflection on new opportunities

52. CIAT: Science to Cultivate Change
Website: www.ciat.cgiar.org Follow us: http://twitter.com/ciat_
Blog: www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/en/
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