1. The United States Since 1945 The Cold War

2. Cold War = an intense rivalry for global power between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. following World War II that lasted for more than 40 years.

3. Communism – all property is publicly owned (controlled by the government), government controls all aspects of society Capitalism – an economic system based on private ownership of farms and businesses. Containment – U.S. policy of fighting the spread of communism by limiting it to countries where it already existed

5. -Stalin closed all roads, railways, and river routes leading into West Berlin (June 1948) Berlin Blockade -June 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949

6. How will Truman react to the Berlin Blockade?

7. After WW II Germany divided into 4 zones Soviet British American & French zones

8. -North Atlantic Treaty Organization N.A.T.O -June 1949 - military alliance of western democratic countries to defend Europe against Communism Warsaw Pact -U.S.S.R. and communist nations in Eastern Europe unite to counter the threat from N.A.T.O.

10. -for almost a year allies flew 5,000 tons of supplies to West Berlin on a daily basis, planes took off every 3 minutes Berlin Airlift

13. August 1961- November 1989 -built to prevent East Germans from escaping to the West -171 people killed trying to cross Berlin Wall

15. Despite this prediction, Truman wins the election of 1948 and continues his policy of CONTAINMENT .

16. June 1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg-active communists were executed in 1953 for providing the U.S.S.R. with nuclear secrets during WW II allowing them to build an atomic bomb. Americans worry about other spies.

17. -By 1950 a vast percentage of Europe and Asia are communist Spread of Communism in Asia -Will communism ever stop spreading?

19. Wisconsin Senator (R) Joseph McCarthy

21. McCarthy is trying to dictate US domestic and foreign policy. He has a lot of power in DC politics.

22. Senate Hearings are very undemocratic and directly threaten many constitutional rights HUAC

23. McCarthy discredited and lost his influence in HUAC and the Senate

24. Arms Race - June 1949 USSR explodes an atomic bomb - October 1957 USSR launches Sputnik the 1st artificial satellite - the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to build more missiles than the other

25. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) - June 1949 USSR explodes an atomic bomb - October 1957 USSR launches Sputnik the 1st artificial satellite - the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to build more missiles than the other

26. October 1957 Soviet Union Launches “Sputnik” Satellite

27. April 1961: Soviets send a man into space.

29. Yuri Gagarin: Soviet Cosmonaut, first human in space, and first to orbit the earth.

30. The U.S. creates the Federal Civil Defense Administration to educate Americans about what to do in a nuclear attack.

31. Millions of Americans live in fear of nuclear war.

32. Home Fallout Shelter: Many American families in the 1950s built bomb shelters in their homes.

33. Home Fallout Shelter: You may survive the initial blast… but then what?

35. - June 1950 Communist North Korea invades South Korea. United Nations’ forces push them back to North Korea beyond 38th parallel. War in Korea - July 1953 cease-fire issued. Fighting ends, but formal peace never declared. - over 53,000 Americans killed.

38. Korean War Memorial Symbolism There are 19 US Soldiers But when reflected in the nearby wall, there are now 38 Symbolism: Importance of the 38 th Parallel

39. December 1959 Fidel Castro leads a successful communist takeover of democratic, but corrupt government in Cuba, only 90 miles from Florida.

40. World’s newest communist country is only 90 miles off the U.S. coast.

41. Jan. 1961: President John F. Kennedy takes oath of office. “The torch has been passed to a new generation.”

42. -no U.S. air support given Bay of Pigs Invasion -C.I.A. trained exiled Cubans attempt to invade Cuba and assassinate Fidel Castro -invasion fails - all 1,400 Cuban rebels captured or killed -embarrassing for Kennedy

43. -Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba -can hit anywhere in the U.S. Cuban Missile Crisis -spy planes take pictures of nuclear missiles in Cuba -USSR removes missiles

44. October, 1961: Cuban Missile Crisis

47. American Navy Ships Patrolling Cuban Waters With Orders To Shoot At Any Soviet Ship That Crosses “Quarantine” Line

48. May 1961: Believing in the “Domino Theory” (the idea that if a country falls to communism, its neighbor will too) Pres. Kennedy sends advisors to South Vietnam.

49. Gulf of Tonkin Incident, August 1964 North Vietnamese gun ships fire on US ship, the USS Maddox

50. July1965: LBJ sends 150,000 US troops to Vietnam

51. -South Vietnam falls in 1975 -U.S. involvement: 1964-1973 Vietnam War -Americans worried that democratic South Vietnam could become communist (domino theory- if one country falls to communism its neighbor will too) -2.6 million Americans served, over 58,000 Americans died, 304,000 were wounded

58. November 1968: Richard Nixon elected President

59. Ho Chi Minh Trail North Vietnamese supply trail to South Vietnam goes through Laos and Cambodia to avoid US military intervention. US can’t stop supplies from getting through.

60. April 1970 Nixon extends the Vietnam war into Cambodia to disrupt Ho Chi Minh Trail.

63. Vietnam War Ends-1973 Cease-Fire Achieved in Vietnam. All bombing stops. The last US troops leave Vietnam in March.

64. -Nixon visited China and the U.S.S.R. in 1972 End of the Cold War Detente = an easing of tension between the U.S. and communist China and the U.S.S.R. -trade between the countries increased -Strategic Arms Reductions

65. February 1972 Richard Nixon becomes the first president to visit China

66. July 1972 Nixon visits the Soviet Union, starts the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. July 1979- SALT II

67. In the 70s and 80s the USSR and the USA start to focus on different aspects of space exploration. They are no longer “racing” each other. détente = an easing of tensions USSR Space Station USA Space Shuttles

68. “ Mir” with Space Shuttle

69. President Ronald Reagan : Makes defense a main priority. Drastically increases defense spending.

70. COLD WAR CAUSE AND EFFECT: 6. Soviet citizens may feel safe, but they aren’t happy and can’t afford basics. 1. Reagan increases US defense budget. 2. USSR increases defense budget. 3. US is rich and can afford increases. 4. USSR can’t afford increases. 5. US citizens feel safe, secure, & happy.

71. Result: Soviet citizens grow angry. USSR will have hard time controlling millions of unsatisfied people.

72. Polish worker Lech Walesa leads the “Solidarity” movement in Poland. “Solidarity” starts as a shipyard strike. Later it brings down the USSR when Gorbachev is unwilling to use force. August 1980

73. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new Soviet Premier. Ushers in many sweeping reforms. Reaches out to the west. glasnost – more open government (free speech) March 1985

74. June 12, 1987 President Reagan visits the Berlin Wall and pressures Gorbachev to tear it down.

75. November 1989 The Soviet Union allows the Berlin Wall to be destroyed. It is a sign that the Cold War is coming to and end.

78. Communism Collapses -By the end of 1991 the Soviet Union crumbles. Soviet “satellites” declare their independence from the Soviet empire.

82. The Cold War – What was it? McCarthyism – What was it? Why did the Cold War end? What two countries had been allies during WW II, but were now rivals? Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?

83. Cuban Missile Crisis– What was it? Compare the American Revolution with the Vietnam War. Compare the Korean War with the Vietnam War.

84. Civil Rights

85. Following World War II segregation remains legal in the general public Returning Soldiers Face Segregation

86. 1948 President Truman Ends Segregation in the Armed Forces

87. -1947 Jackie Robinson becomes first Black major league baseball player Working to End Segregation -bravely faces death threats, boos, and taunts from fans and white ballplayers

88. -1954 Supreme Court ruled that separate schools could never be equal, thus striking down Plessy v. Ferguson -Linda Brown’s parents sued the Topeka Board of Education which denied her the right to attend a Topeka school -schools are ordered to desegregate

89. -December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and she is arrested and jailed - Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. a Baptist Minister, helps lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott and becomes a national Civil Rights leader. Montgomery Bus Boycott

91. Protesting Segregated Busses

92. Dr. King is arrested for his role in the bus boycott.

93. Economic pressure put on business leaders of Montgomery helps convince them to desegregate busses.

94. Martin Luther King Jr., Celebrating End of Montgomery Bus Boycott

95. Suggestions from Montgomery Improvement Association how to behave on newly desegregated busses .

97. Civil Disobedience: -refusing to obey certain laws in order to change those laws or change government policy -nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing,etc. are used Nonviolent Protest

98. Marches Sit Ins Nonviolent Protest

99. Resisting Arrest Peacefully Students refuse to cooperate. They let their bodies go limp, so police have to carry them out.

100. Integration = desegregation, ending legal segregation

101. Arkansas National Guard Used to Enforce School Segregation Crisis in Little Rock Central High School 1957 Little Rock, Arkansas

102. Police Block Entrance to School

103. Nine African American students (Little Rock Nine) were escorted to school each day by the 101 st U.S. Army Airborne Division and the nationalized Arkansas National Guard for the 1957-1958 school year. The board of education of Little Rock cancelled the entire 1958-1959 school year.

105. Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit In - 1960

106. FREEDOM RIDERS 1961 – challenged segregation on interstate bus trips

107. John Lewis James Zwerg

110. Birmingham, Alabama -one of the most racially divided cities in America -civil rights activists organize nonviolent protests (sit ins, marches), which lead to mass arrests draw media attention and force integration

112. Children’s Marches -6,000 children age 6-16 -police used hoses, dogs and clubs -over 900 were arrested -reported in the media all over the world

113. MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MARCH 1963

114. MARCH ON WASHINGTON Protesting: Police Brutality, Unequal Pay, Job Discrimination, Lack of Rights

115. MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MARCH 1963

116. Four Girls Killed in the Bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church September 1963, Bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church

117. Addie Mae Collins Carole Robertson Denise McNair Cynthia Wesley

119. -ended segregation in public places Civil Rights Act 1964 -outlawed discrimination in hiring -gave the govt. the authority to enforce desegregation

120. Michael Schermer James Chaney Andrew Goodman 1964: Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi

121. Voting Rights Act 1965 -ended literacy tests -allowed federal officials to register voters in states where local officials refused to

122. Under orders of police, fire fighters turn hoses on protesters. Hoses exert 700 pounds of pressure per square inch.

123. April 4, 1968

124. -even in death he is one of the most influential figures in civil rights and nonviolent protest -Dr. King was killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee Assassination -April 4, 1968

126. James Earl Ray

127. Black Power or Non-Violence: How to Bring About Change? Employ the peaceful tactics of Martin Luther King and SNCC, or the more radical tactics proposed by Malcolm X and other black nationalists?

128. Malcolm X -member of the Nation of Islam -favored separation from whites -encouraged African Americans to defend themselves using whatever means necessary -assassinated February 21, 1965

130. Review -Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka -Goal of the Civil Rights Movement -Central High School -civil disobedience -Rosa Parks

131. Contemporary American Society

132. -following WW II the economy boomed Baby Boom -3,548,000 babies born in 1950 -U.S. population grew by 29,000,000 in the 1950’s

133. -new housing built to accommodate growing families -identical houses mass produced in subdivisions -improved economy allows people to move out of cities Suburbs

135. -workers lived farther away from jobs Highways -highways built to cut down on travel time, helped industries transport raw materials and consumer goods, escape nuclear attack -shopping centers, strip malls, supermarkets sprang up

136. -7 million T.V.s sold each year Television -news, comedies, kid shows, dramas, music programs, sporting events televised

137. -rock and roll music influenced American teenagers Music -music industry becomes big business

138. Big Band - Swing Glenn Miller Bluegrass Bill Monroe Blues - Rock & Roll Mamma Thornton Joe Turner The Chords Chuck Berry Rock & Roll Bill Haley The Crew Cuts Elvis Presley

139. -1960s movement that rejected racism, the war in Vietnam, traditional authority, materialism The Counterculture

140. -programs created to provide equal opportunities in employment and college admission to groups that have traditionally been discriminated against Affirmative Action

141. -American Indian Movement (AIM) worked to gain equal rights for Native Americans living in poverty on reservations Women & Native Americans -National Organization for Women (NOW) worked to secure equality in pay, in the workplace and in education

142. June 17, 1972 Watergate Break-in

143. Carl Bernstein Bob Woodward Reporters for the Washington Post

144. -Nixon denied any knowledge Watergate - 1972 burglars caught breaking into Democratic headquarters in D.C. -secret tape recordings showed Nixon was lying -Nixon decides to resign in 1974

145. August 9 1974 Nixon Resigns

146. Political Cartoon making fun of the missing portion of tape.

148. Vice-President Gerald Ford takes over after Nixon’s resignation. One of Ford’s first acts as president is to pardon Nixon.

149. President Jimmy Carter defeats Ford in 1976 election, becoming president during a period of relative calm in the Cold War. The Superpowers continue “détente.”

150. - Arab nations fight Israel in three wars (1948, 1967, 1973) Middle East Peace - State of Israel created in Palestine 1948 - Israel wins territory - Carter helps Israel and Egypt agree on a peace treaty in 1979

153. -J.F.K.’s dream realized 6 years after his death Moon Landing - July 1969: U.S. lands a man on the moon - a feat the U.S.S.R. never matched

154. New Frontier We stand on the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, a frontier of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril. Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.

155. -nuclear test ban treaty -raise minimum wage ($1-$1.25) New Frontier - Peace Corps sent young people to poorer nations to help with education, farming, health, etc. -commitment to the space program

156. November 22, 1963

157. -Lee Harvey Oswald -Dallas, Texas Assassination -November 22, 1963

158. Lyndon Johnson sworn in on Air Force One with widow Jackie Kennedy by his side. JFK’s casket is in the rear of the plane.

163. JFK replaced by V.P. Lyndon Johnson (LBJ)

164. -food stamps -medical care for the poor and elderly The Great Society -to end poverty and racial injustice -civil rights laws enacted

165. -sit-ins and marches -many protested, especially on college campuses War Protests (page 8) -nightly news programs showed scenes of the war (1st televised war) -some young men went to Canada to avoid the draft

167. August 1968: Democratic National Convention in Chicago Protests over Vietnam

168. Violent interactions between police and protesters

173. May 3, 1970 Kent State Incident

174. Kent State Massacre - National Guard troops are called in to maintain order after students vandalize campus while protesting the invasion of Cambodia. National Guard troops kill four students and injure 9 others. May 4, 1970

176. Ohio National Guardsmen are called in to restore order. They have no formal training in crowd control.

177. They do have gas masks and weapons drawn.

180. National Guard troops kill four students and injure 9 others.

181. -U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan 1979 to support pro-Soviet government Foreign Policy Setbacks - 53 Americans taken hostage from U.S. embassy in Iran for over a year -U.S. boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow

182. THE MARCH FROM SELMA TO MONTGOMERY

183. Marchers Cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge, Police In Riot Gear Are Waiting

184. POLICE BEAT MARCHERS