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WHO/HIV/2012.22	
  
Annex	
  1.	
  PICO	
  questions	
  
	
  
Question	
  1:	
  	
   Should	
  a	
  rapid	
  HBV	
  vaccination	
  regimen	
  versus	
  a	
  standard	
  HBV	
  vaccination	
  
regimen	
  be	
  used	
  among	
  PWID?	
  
	
  
Population:	
   PWID	
  
Intervention:	
   rapid	
  HBV	
  vaccination	
  
Control:	
   standard	
  HBV	
  vaccination	
  
Outcome:	
   completion	
  of	
  vaccine	
  regimen	
  
	
   	
   satisfaction	
  
	
  
Question	
  2:	
  	
   Should	
  incentives	
  for	
  HBV	
  vaccination	
  completion	
  versus	
  no	
  incentives	
  be	
  used	
  
among	
  PWID?	
  
	
  
Population:	
   PWID	
  
Intervention:	
   incentive	
  (financial,	
  voucher,	
  other)	
  
Control:	
   no	
  incentive	
  
Outcome:	
   completion	
  of	
  vaccine	
  regimen	
  
	
  
Question	
  3:	
  	
  	
   Should	
  low	
  dead	
  space-­‐syringes	
  versus	
  high	
  dead	
  space	
  syringes	
  be	
  provided	
  to	
  
PWID?	
  
	
  
Population:	
   PWID	
  
Intervention:	
   provision	
  of	
  low	
  dead	
  space	
  syringes	
  
Control:	
   provision	
  of	
  high	
  dead	
  space	
  syringes	
  
Outcome:	
   Incidence	
  of	
  HBV,	
  HCV,	
  HIV	
  	
  
	
  
  2	
  
	
  
Question	
  4:	
  	
  	
   Should	
  psychosocial	
  interventions	
  versus	
  no	
  psychosocial	
  interventions	
  be	
  used	
  
among	
  PWID?	
  
	
  
Population:	
   PWID	
  
Intervention:	
   psychosocial	
  interventions	
  
Control:	
   no	
  psychosocial	
  interventions	
  
Outcome:	
   Incidence	
  of	
  HCV,	
  HIV	
  	
  
	
   	
   Needle-­‐sharing	
  behavior	
  
	
   	
   High	
  risk	
  sexual	
  behavior	
  
	
   	
   Quality	
  of	
  life	
  
	
  
Question	
  5:	
  	
   Should	
  peer	
  based	
  interventions	
  versus	
  no	
  peer	
  based	
  interventions	
  be	
  used	
  
among	
  PWID?	
  
	
  
Population:	
   PWID	
  
Intervention:	
   peer	
  based	
  interventions	
  
Control:	
   no	
  peer	
  based	
  interventions	
  
Outcome:	
   Incidence	
  of	
  HCV,	
  HIV	
  	
  
	
   	
   Needle-­‐sharing	
  behavior	
  
	
   	
   High	
  risk	
  sexual	
  behavior	
  
	
   	
   Quality	
  of	
  life	
  
	
   	
  
  3	
  
© World Health Organization 2012
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site
(www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia,
1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail:
bookorders@who.int).
Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for
noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site
(http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html).
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal
status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may
not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are
endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature
that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are
distinguished by initial capital letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information
contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of
any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material
lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from
its use.
	
  
	
  
	
  

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Who hiv 2012.22_eng

  • 1. WHO/HIV/2012.22   Annex  1.  PICO  questions     Question  1:     Should  a  rapid  HBV  vaccination  regimen  versus  a  standard  HBV  vaccination   regimen  be  used  among  PWID?     Population:   PWID   Intervention:   rapid  HBV  vaccination   Control:   standard  HBV  vaccination   Outcome:   completion  of  vaccine  regimen       satisfaction     Question  2:     Should  incentives  for  HBV  vaccination  completion  versus  no  incentives  be  used   among  PWID?     Population:   PWID   Intervention:   incentive  (financial,  voucher,  other)   Control:   no  incentive   Outcome:   completion  of  vaccine  regimen     Question  3:       Should  low  dead  space-­‐syringes  versus  high  dead  space  syringes  be  provided  to   PWID?     Population:   PWID   Intervention:   provision  of  low  dead  space  syringes   Control:   provision  of  high  dead  space  syringes   Outcome:   Incidence  of  HBV,  HCV,  HIV      
  • 2.   2     Question  4:       Should  psychosocial  interventions  versus  no  psychosocial  interventions  be  used   among  PWID?     Population:   PWID   Intervention:   psychosocial  interventions   Control:   no  psychosocial  interventions   Outcome:   Incidence  of  HCV,  HIV         Needle-­‐sharing  behavior       High  risk  sexual  behavior       Quality  of  life     Question  5:     Should  peer  based  interventions  versus  no  peer  based  interventions  be  used   among  PWID?     Population:   PWID   Intervention:   peer  based  interventions   Control:   no  peer  based  interventions   Outcome:   Incidence  of  HCV,  HIV         Needle-­‐sharing  behavior       High  risk  sexual  behavior       Quality  of  life      
  • 3.   3   © World Health Organization 2012 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.