Atomic processes in photoionized gaseous nebulae

IAU Symposium No 283, Planetary Nebulae: an Eye to the Future, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain

Atomic processes
in photoionized gaseous nebulae
Xiaowei Liu
DoA and KIAA-PKU (x.liu@pku.edu.cn)

Thanks:
PKU: Xuan Fang, Haibo Yuan, and Ian McNabb
HKU: Yong Zhang
UCL: Pete J. Storey and M. J. Barlow
北京大学物理学院天文学系北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所
http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/astro/astro.htm http://kiaa.pku.edu.cn/

Layout
• Atomic processes, plasma diagnostics and
abundance determinations
• New calculations of atomic data since 2006
– Collision strengths
– Photoionization cross-sections and
recombination rates
– Radiative data
• New plasma diagnostics based on
recombination spectra


PNe: Low density plasmas ionized and heated by diluted UV radiation fields (NLTE)
Ionization and thermal structures determined by micro-physical processes:
Photoionization(aν), Radiative and di-electronic recombination (αR, αD), CXT, ion-electron collisions (ϒ)

Photoionization
Collisional excitation
Heating
H + hν ⇔
0
H +e
+ − O2+ + e− → O2+* + e−
Cooling
→ O2+ + hν + e−
Cooling
Recombination
[O III] 2p2,2s2p3
e− recombination e− Strömgren spheres 86797 S 2 3.4 1010
5 o

ionization cont. em.

1661
1666
hνcn 1
62137 S0 2.5 107
H +

He+

2331
4363

2321
He++
line em. O+
O ++
29170
1
D2 6.9 105

*
O 3+

hνnn

4931
4959
5007
Ionizing photons Ne = 102 – 106 cm−3
440 2 3500
Te = 5,000 – 20,000 K 163 1
3
P 500
hν > 13.6 eV (for cosmic composition)
0
Tex 88µm 52µm
0
Nc


[O III] Collisionally excited lines H I Recombination lines/continua
O2+ + e− → O2+* + e− → O2+ + hν + e− H+ + e− → H0* → H0 + hν
[O III] 2p2,2s2p3 CELs Photoionization Recombination
86797 5 o
S 2 3.4 1010 jν ∝ Te-1/2exp(-Tex/Te) Heating Cooling
jν ∝ N(X+i)Ne for Ne << Nc

1661
1666
Balmer Paschen
∝ N(X+i) for Ne >> Nc cont. cont.

1 jν increases as Te increases
62137 S0 2.5 107 3
Paschen
4363

2321
2331
2
Balmer

10.2eV = 112,816 K
1
29170 D2 6.9 105
4931
4959
5007

ORLs/Cont.
440 2 3
3500 jν ∝ Te where α ∼ 1
−α
163 1 P 500
0 jν ∝ N(X+i+1)Ne
Tex 88µm 52µm 0 Nc jν decreases as Te increases 1
Lyman
Weak dependence on Ne
Recombination
O + e− → O+ + hν
2+
4
S S
4 o 4
P 4 Po 4 D 4
Do 4
F F
4 o 4
G 4
Go

265 5d 5d 5f 5f 5f
Plasma diagnostics:
5s
4d 4d
5p
4f 4d 4f 4f • Te and Ne
245 4p • and stratifications/inhomogeneities
Energy (103 cm−1)

4s M48
3d 3d 3d
M11 3p 4Do
225 M28
M19
M12 M10 J = 7/2 Abundance determinations:
3p
205 3p M20 3p J = 5/2 • Ionic abundance ratios Xi+/H+
M2
M1
J = 3/2 • ICFs
J = 1/2
• Inhomogeneities
46 49

185 3s
46

46 42

125
39

2s2p4
115
0 2p3 O II 2p2nl ORLs M1


O IV

Keenan, F. P., et al., “Ultraviolet and extreme-ultraviolet line
ratio diagnostics for O IV”, 2009, A&A, 495, 359

max. O3+


O II
ϒ(4S3/2 – 2D5/2)/ϒ(4S3/2 – 2D3/2) = 1.5
Relativistic effects insignificant amongst the 2p3 ground configuration

Tayal, S. S., “Oscillator Strengths and Electron Collision Rates for Fine-Structure Transitions in O II”, 2007, ApJS, 171, 331
Tayal, S. S., “Electron impact excitation of forbidden and allowed transitions in O II”, 2006, JPhB, 39, 4393
Montenegro, et al., "Relativistic and Correlation Effects in Electron Impact Excitation of Forbidden Transitions of O II",
2006, JPhB, 39, 1863
Pradhan, et al., "[O II] Line Ratios", 2006, MNRAS, 366, L6


S II
Tayal, S. S. and Zatsarinny, O.,
"Breit-Pauli Transition Probabilities
and Electron Excitation Collision
Strengths for Singly Ionized Sulfur",
2010, ApJS, 188, 32

70 bound levels of S II covering all
possible terms of the ground 3s23p3
and singly excited 3s3p4, 3s23p23d,
3s23p24s, and 3s23p24p configurations,
involving a total 2415 transitions
between fine-structure levels.

ϒ(4S3/2 – 2D5/2)/ϒ(4S3/2 – 2D3/2) = 1.5


O III
∼ 4% for 3P −1D

∼ 10% for 1D− 1S
(6% in I Zw18 conditions)

Péquignot, D., “Heating of blue compact dwarf galaxies:
gas distribution and photoionization by stars in IZw 18”,
2008, A&A, 478, 371


N II
Tayal, S. S., “Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for Singly Ionized Nitrogen”, 2011, ApJS, 195, 11

3
P0 – 3P1 3
P1 – 3P2


Fe XI

Del Zanna, G., Storey, P. J., Mason, H. E., “Atomic data from the
IRON project. LXVIII. Electron impact excitation of Fe XI”, A&A,
514, 40

Fe XIII

Storey, P. J., Zeippen, C. J., “Atomic data from the IRON project.
LXVII. Electron impact excitation of Fe XIII”, A&A, 511, 78


Mesa-Delgado A., et al., 2009, MN, 395, 855

[Fe III]

(Blue-shifted) shock component: Ne = 2890 cm−3
(Red-shifted) nebular component: Ne = 17,430 cm−3

Te = 9000 K

Bautista, M. A., Ballance, C. P., Quinet, P., “Atomic Data
and Spectral Model For Fe III”, 2010, ApJL, 718, L189

See also Poster by Zhang et al.


PI cross-sections and recombination rates for n-capture elements

Sterling, N. C., “Atomic data for neutron-capture elements II. Photoionization and recombination
properties of low-charge krypton ions”, arXiv:1107.3843
Sterling, N. C., Witthoeft, M. C., “Atomic data for neutron-capture elements. I. Photoionization and
recombination properties of low charge selenium ions”, 2011, A&A, 529A, 147

Cross-section measures at energies 44 – 2500 eV/u
Si3+ + H0(1s) → Si2+ + H+
Bruhns, H., et al., “Low-energy charge transfer for collisions of Si3+ with atomic hydrogen”, 2008, PhRvA, 77, 4702

Classical trajectory
Monte Carlo

Molecular orbital
Close coupling

Multicharged Ion
Research Facility


Liu, J. R., Mao, S. D., Wang Q. D., “Charge-exchange X-ray emission of M82: Kα triplets
of O VII, Ne IX and Mg XI”, 2011, MN, 415, 64

Lisse et al., “Discovery of
X-ray and Extreme
Ultraviolet Emission from
Comet C/Hyakutake 1996
B2”, 1996, Sci., 274, 205

Dennerl, K., “Charge
transfer reactions”, 2010,
Space Sci. Rev., 157, 57

Important in PNe?
See Posters by
Guerrero et al.

O VI abs/em detected

The flux contribution of the CXE is 90, 50 and 30 per cent to
the O VII, Ne IX and Mg XI triplets, respectively.

Zhang et al., 2005, MNRAS, 358, 457

Good agreement between
Te's deduced from the two
line ratios, except that
Te(λ7281/λ5876) may have
been underestimated due to
self-absorption effects from
the 2s 3S metastable level.

But see Poster by A. Peimbert & M. Peimbert
Te(He I) < Te (H I) He I temperatures in planetary nebulae

Consistent with the expectations of the two-abundance model

Zhang et al., 2009, ApJ, 695, 488

He I λ3421 He I H I λ3646 Balmer discontinuity
discontinuity line ratios

Single
abundance

H I F(J3646)/F(H11)
model
2-abundance
model

He I F(J3421)/F(λ3634)


Liu et al. 2000, MNRAS, 312, 585
Liu et al. 2001, MNRAS, 327, 141
NGC 6153

2s 1So – np 1Po series
Weakened by factors 2 – 3 Departure from
pure case B to
2p 1Po – ns 1S series
Case A?
Weakened by 40%

2p 1Po – nd 1D series
OK

2s 3So – np 3Po series
Weakened Self absorption
from the 2s 3S
2p 3Po – ns 3S series metastable level
Strengthened

2p 3Po – nd 3D series
OK

Destruction of He I Lyman line
photons by photoionization of
H0 and/or by dust grains?


Liu 2006, Proc. IAUS 234, p.219

Plasma diagnostics and heavy elemental abundance determinations
Collisionally excited lines versus recombination lines/continua

86 PNe

solar

X i+ X i+
1) T e ORLs/Cont.T e CELs 2) + ORLs + CELs
H H
Conclusions: The nebulae contain another component of plasma of vastly different physical
conditions (Te ∼ 1000 K) and chemical composition (CNONe enhanced by a factor of ∼100)
in the form of H-deficient inclusions. Origins?

Need of new atomic data valid at such low Te's and (ORL-based) diagnostic tools to probe
the physical conditions (Ne – mass, Te), chemical composition, sizes and spatial distribution.


Yuan et al. 2011, MN, 411, 1035

Photoionization models of NGC 6153
The model predicts:
Te([O III]) = 8800 K >> Te(H I BJ) = 6080 K >> Te(He I J3421) = 3300 K >> Te(O II ORLs) = 800 K
HST images Chemically homogeneous model
Hα [O III] λ5007

Model with H-deficient inclusions (0.125˝×0.167˝)
[Ne II]12.8μm [Ne III]15.5μm

Te= 9007 K
NH= 1840 cm−3
ff = 0.998
M = 0.243 Msun

Te= 815 K Normal component H-deficient component
H: 10000 He: 1000 C: 3.20 H: 10000 He: 5000 C: 177
NH= 4000 cm−3 N: 3.80 O: 5.53 Ne: 1.76 N: 150 O: 440 Ne: 177
ff = 0.002
M = 0.0031 Msun H-deficient knots are cooled by infrared fine-structure lines:
[O III] 52μm, [Ne II] 12.8μm and [Ne III] 16μm

Reference line
O+ 3d 4F O+ 4f G[5]o O+ 3d 4F
J = 9/2 J = 11/2 J = 9/2
76 J = 7/2 89 J = 7/2
 40 40 J = 9/2
72 J = 5/2
J = 5/2 
J = 3/2
J = 7/2
 40 J = 3/2
J = 5/2

λ4072/λ4089 and λ4515/λ4089 yield
apparently higher Te's than
λ4076/λ4089 and λ4649/λ4089.

O++ 2p2 3P2 is underpopulated
compared to the thermal value.

O+ 3p 4Do O+ 3p 2Do
J = 7/2
O 2p P
++ 2 3
J = 5/2
9 5
64 J = 5/2 J=2 51 J = 3/2
4 J = 3/2 4
J=1
J = 1/2 J=0

O++ level population at
Te = 1000 K, Ne = 3000 cm−3
J Actual Thermal
2 0.30 0.56
1 0.43 0.33
0 0.40 0.11

For direct recombinations, the upper levels of the λ4089, λ4076 and λ4649 lines can only be
populated by recombinations originated from the O++ 2p2 3P2 level, but not by those from the
3
P1 level, whereas the λ4072 and λ4515 lines can be populated by recombinations from both
the 3P2 and 3P1 levels. (Liu X-W., IAU Symp. #209, Canberra, 2001 November)

Ruiz et al. 2003, ApJ, 595, 247 Peimbert & Peimbert 2005, RMxAC, 23, 9

(Forbidden line densities)

Bastin & Storey 2005, AIP Conf. Proc., 804, p.63; Bastin & Storey 2006, Proc. IAU Symp. 234, p.369


Ab initio calculations of the O II and N II effective recombination coefficients
 Calculations extend to very low electron temperatures (Te ~ 100 K)
 Full dependence on the level populations of the ground states of the recombining ion
 DR via high-n resonances lying between the ground states of the recombining ion
Close coupling R-matrix method Close coupling R-matrix method
in the pair coupling scheme in the intermediate coupling scheme

Storey 2010, private communication Fang, Storey & Liu, 2011, A&A, 530, 18

Effective recombination
coefficients of selected
O II and N II lines as a
function of electron
temperature and density

McNabb et al., 2011, in preparation.
Poster #


Fractional intensities of O II 3p 4Do – 3s 4P (V1) as a function of density
The ratio of λ4649 (J = 7/2 – 5/2) to λ4662 (J = 3/2 – 3/2) is a sensitive density diagnostic

Storey 2010, private communication

The ratio of the O II 3p 4D7/2o – 3s 4P5/2 λ4649 (V1) to 4fG[5]11/2o – 3d 4F9/2 λ4089
is a sensitive temperature diagnostic

Storey 2010, private communication

Fractional intensities of N II 3p 3D – 3s 3Po (V3) as a function of density
The ratio of λ5679 (J = 3 – 2) to λ5666 (J = 2 – 1) is a sensitive density diagnostic

Fang, Storey & Liu, 2011, A&A, 530, 18

The ratio of the N II 3p 3D3 – 3s 3P2o λ5679 (V3) to 4f G[9/2]5 – 3d 3F4o λ4041
is a sensitive temperature diagnostic

Fang, Storey & Liu, 2011, A&A, 530, 18

Te and Ne, and associated NGC 7009 Te and Ne, and associated
errors from O II lines adf = 4.7 errors from N II lines


Te and Ne, and associated Hf 2-2 Te and Ne, and associated
errors from O II lines adf = 84 errors from N II lines


Te and Ne, and associated M 1-42 Te and Ne, and associated
errors from O II lines adf = 22 errors from N II lines


Te and Ne, and associated NGC 6153 Te and Ne, and associated
errors from O II lines Adf = 9.2 errors from N II lines


Te and Ne, and associated M 42 Te and Ne, and associated
errors from O II lines Adf = 1.02 errors from N II lines


Simulated distributions of N II and O II line intensities in NGC 7009

McNabb et al., 2011, in preparation.
Poster #


Conclusions
• New ab initio effective recombination coefficients of N II and
O II recombination spectra have been calculated, extending
down to temperatures as low as 100 K and taking into
account the dependence on electron density of the level
populations of the ground states of the recombining ions.
• Suits of temperature- and density-diagnostics based on those
heavy element recombination lines have been developed.
• Applications of the above tools to PNe show that heavy
element recombination lines arise from plasmas of
temperatures of ∼1000 K, consistent with the expectations of
the two-abundance model for high adf nebulae.


Dirac Atomic R-matrix Code (DARC)
Flexible Atomic Code (FAC): Non-resonance

Collision strengths Most important at low Te's

H-like ions
He to Zn : Hamada, K., et al., “Effective collision strengths for optically allowed transitions among degenerate levels
+ 29+

of hydrogenic ions with 2⩽Z⩽30”, 2010, ADNDT, 96, 481
N6+ to Na10+: Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Heeter, R. F., “Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact
excitation rates for transitions in H-like N VII, O VIII, F IX, Ne X and Na XI”, 2010, PhysScr, 82, 5006
He-like ions
Li , Be , B , C : Aggarwal, K. M., Kato, T., Keenan, F. P., Murakami, I., “Energy Levels, Radiative Rates and
+ 2+ 3+ 4+

Electron Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in He-like Li II, Be III, B IV and C V”, 2011, PhysScr, 83, 5302
N5+, F7+, Na9+: Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Heeter, R. F., “Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact
excitation rates for transitions in He-like N VI, F VIII and Na X”, 2009, PhysScr, 80, 5301
N5+, Ne6+, Mg10+, Al11+, Si12+, S14+, Ca18+: Delahaye, F., Pradhan, A. K., Zeippen, C. J., "Electron Impact Excitation
of Helium-like Ions up to n = 4 Levels Including Radiation Damping", 2006, JPhB, 39, 3465
Li-like ions
Be to Kr : Liang, G. Y., Badnell, N. R., "R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Li-like Iso-Electronic
+ 33+

Sequence Including Auger and Radiation Damping", 2011, A&A, 528, A69
N4+, F6+, Ne7+, Na8+: Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Heeter, R. F., “Energy Levels, Radiative Rates and Electron
Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in Li-like N V, F VII, Ne VIII and Na IX”, 2010, PhysScr, 81, 5303
Be-like ions
Mg : Hudson, C. E., "Breit-Pauli R-Matrix Calculation for Fine Structure Effective Collision Strengths from Electron
8+

Impact Excitation of Mg IX”, 2009, A&A, 493, 697
C2+, N3+, O4+: Fogle, M., et al.,“Electron-Impact Ionization of Be-like C III, N IV, and O V”, 2008, ApJS, 175, 543
Ar14+: Bhatia, A. K., Landi, E., “Atomic data and spectral line intensities for Ar XV”, 2008, ADNDT, 94, 223
B-like ions
C : Tayal, S. S., "Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strength for Transitions in C II", 2008, A&A, 486, 629; Tayal, S.
+

S., "Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strength for Transitions in C II", 2009, A&A, 501, 381
O3+: Keenan, F. P., et al., “Ultraviolet and extreme-ultraviolet line ratio diagnostics for O IV”, 2009, A&A, 495, 359


Collision strengths
C-like ions
N : Tayal, S. S., “Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for Singly Ionized Nitrogen”, 2011, ApJS, 195, 11
+

N-like ions
N0: Tayal, S. S., "New Accurate Oscillator Strengths and Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for N I", 2006, ApJS,
163, 207
O+: Tayal, S. S., “Oscillator Strengths and Electron Collision Rates for Fine-Structure Transitions in O II ”, 2007, ApJS,
171, 331; Tayal, S. S., “Electron impact excitation of forbidden and allowed transitions in O II”, 2006, J.Phys.B, 39, 4393;
Montenegro, M., Eissner, W., Nahar, S. N., Pradhan, A. K., "Relativistic and Correlation Effects in Electron Impact
Excitation of Forbidden Transitions of O II", 2006, JPhB, 39, 1863; Pradhan, A. K., Montenegro, M., Nahar, S. N.,
Eissner, W., "[O II] Line Ratios", 2006, MNRAS, 366, L6
O-like ions
Mg : Hudson, C. E., Ramsbottom, C. A., Norrington, P. H., Scott, M. P., "Breit-Pauli R-Matrix Calculation of Fine
4+

Structure Effective Collision Strengths for the Electron Impact Excitation of Mg V", 2009, A&A, 494, 729
F-like ions
Ne to Kr : Witthoeft, M. C., Whiteford, A. D., Badnell, N. R., "R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Calculations
+ 27+

along the F-like Iso-Electronic Sequence", 2007, JPhB, 40, 2969
Kr27+: Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Lawson, K. D., “Electron impact excitation of Kr XXVIII”, 2011, ADNDT, 97, 225
Ne-like ions
Ni : Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., "Effective Collision Strengths for Transitions in Ni XIX", 2008, A&A, 488, 365
18+

Na+ to Kr26+: Liang, G. Y., Badnell, N. R., “R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Ne-like Iso-Electronic
Sequence”, 2010, A&A, 518, A64


Collision strengths
Na-like ions
Mg to Kr : Liang, G. Y., Whiteford, A. D., Badnell, N. R., "R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Na-
+ 25+

like Iso-Electronic Sequence", 2009, A&A, 500, 1263
Mg-like ions
Fe : Norrington, P. H., Hudson, C. E., “Effective Collision Strengths for Mg-like Iron Peak Ions”, 2009, JPhCS, 163,
14+

2033
Al-like ions
Si+: Bautista, M. A., et al., "Radiative Transfer Rates and Collision Strengths for Si II", 2009, A&A, 508, 1527
P-like ions
S : Tayal, S. S. and Zatsarinny, O., "Breit-Pauli Transition Probabilities and Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for
+

Singly Ionized Sulfur", 2010, ApJS, 188, 32
S-like ions
Ar2+: Munoz Burgos, J. M., Loch, S. D., Ballance, C. P., Boivin, R. F., "Electron-Impact Excitation of Ar2+", 2009, A&A,
500, 1253
Ar-like ions
K : Tayal, S. S., Zatsarinny, O., "Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for Transitions in K II", 2010, A&A, 510, A79
+

Ni10+: Verma, N., Jha, A. K. S., Mohan, M., “Electron Collisional Excitation of Argon-like Ni XI using the Breit-Pauli R-
Matrix Method”, 2007, EurPhysJ, 42, 235

K-like ions
Ca+: Meléndez, M., Bautista, M. A., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project⋆ LXIV. Radiative transition
rates and collision strengths for Ca II”, 2007, A&A, 469, 1203


Collision strengths
Iron-peak ions
Cr : Wasson, I. R., Ramsbottom, C. A., Norrington, P. H., "Electron-Impact Excitation of Cr II A Theoretical
+

Calculation of Collision and Effective Collision Strengths for Forbidden Transitions", 2010, A&A, 524, A35
Ni+: Cassidy, C. M., Ramsbottom, C. A., Scott, M. P., Burke, P. G., "Electron-Impact Excitation of Ni II Collision
Strengths and Effective Collision Strengths for Low-Lying Fine-Structure Forbidden Transitions", 2010, A&A, 513, A55
Fe0, Fe1+, Fe15+, Fe16+: Montenegro, M., et al., “The Iron Project And The RMAX Project: Radiative and Collisional
Processes of Iron Ions - Fe I, Fe II, Fe XVI, Fe XVII”, 2008, APS DMP, L2056
Fe2+: Bautista, M. A., Balance, C. P., Quinet, P., "Atomic Data and Spectral Model for Fe III", 2010, ApJL, 718, L189
Fe6+: Witthoeft, M. C., Badnell, N. R., "Atomic data from the IRON Project. LXV. Electron-impact excitation of Fe 6+",
2008, A&A, 481, 543
Fe10+: Del Zanna, G., Storey, P. J., Mason, H. E., “Atomic data from the IRON project. LXVIII. Electron impact
excitation of Fe xi”, 2010, A&A, 514, A40
Fe12+: Storey, P. J., Zeippen, C. J., “Atomic data from the IRON project. LXVII. Electron impact excitation of Fe XIII”,
2010, A&A, 511, A78
Fe14+, Fe15+: Montenegro, M., et al., “The Iron Project and the RMAX Project: Transitions in Fe XV, Fe XVI, and
Astrophysical Applications”, 2007, APS DMP, D1060
Fe17+: Nahar, S. N., “Atomic data from the Iron Project. LXII. Allowed and forbidden transitions in Fe XVIII in
relativistic Breit-Pauli approximation”, 2006, A&A, 457, 721; Witthoeft, M. C., et al., “Atomic data from the IRON
project. LX. Electron-impact excitation of n = 3, 4 levels of Fe17+”, 2006, A&A, 446, 361
Fe18+: Butler, K., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project. LXVI. Electron impact excitation of Fe18+”, 2008,
A&A, 489, 1369
Fe19+: Witthoeft, M. C., Del Zanna, G., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project. LXIII. Electron-impact
excitation of Fe19+ up to n = 4”, 2007, A&A, 466, 763
Fe16+ to Fe22+: Landi, E., and Gu, M. F., “Atomic Data For High-Energy Configurations In Fe xvii–xxiii”, 2006, ApJ,
640, 1171
Others
Si , Si , Si : Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., “Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact excitation rates for
11+ 12+ 13+

transitions in Si XII, Si XIII and Si XIV”, 2010, PhysScr, 82, 5302


Radiative and di-electronic recombination rates
He-like (recombined) ions
Ne IX: Nahar, S. N., Pradhan, A. K.,“Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. X. Ne VIII and Ne IX for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, ApJS, 2006, 162, 417
N VI, F VIII: Nahar, S. N., “Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. XI. N V–VI and F VII–VIII for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, 2006, ApJS, 164, 280
Na X, Mg XI: Nahar, S. N., “Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. XII. Na IX, Na X, Mg X, and Mg XI for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, 2006, ApJS,
167, 315
Total 32 ions, from He I to Zn XXIX, plus Kr XXXV, Mo XXXXI and Xe XXXXXIII: Badnell, N. R.,
“Dielectronic recombination data for dynamic finite-density plasmas X. The hydrogen isoelectronic sequence”, 2006, A&A,
447, 389
Li-like (recombined) ions
Ne VIII: Nahar, S. N., Pradhan, A. K.,“Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. X. Ne VIII and Ne IX for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, ApJS, 2006, 162, 417
N V, F VII: Nahar, S. N., “Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. XI. N V–VI and F VII–VIII for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, 2006, ApJS, 164, 280
Na IX, Mg X: Nahar, S. N., “Electron-ion recombination rate coefficients and photoionization cross sections for
astrophysically abundant elements. XII. Na IX, Na X, Mg X, and Mg XI for ultraviolet and X-ray modeling”, 2006, ApJS,
167, 315
Li – Ni, Zn, Kr, Mo, and Xe: Bautista, M. A., Badnell, N. R., “Dielectronic recombination data for dynamic finite-
density plasmas XII. The helium isoelectronic sequence”, 2007, A&A, 466, 755


Di-electronic recombination rates
Ne-like (recombined) ions
From Ne I to Zn XXI, as well as for Kr XXVII, Mo XXXIII, and Xe XXXXV: Zatsarinny, O., et al.,
“Dielectronic recombination data for dynamic finite-density plasmas IX. The fluorine isoelectronic sequence”, 2006, A&A,
447, 379
Mg-like (recombined) ions
Total 22 ions, from Mg I to Zn XIX, as well as Kr XXV, Mo XXXI, and Xe XXXXIII: Altun, Z., et al.
“Dielectronic recombination data for dynamic finite-density plasmas XI. The sodium isoelectronic sequence”, 2007, A&A,
447, 1165
Ca IX to Zn XIX: Kwon, D. H., Savin, D. W., “Effects of Configuration Interaction for Dielectronic Recombination of
Na-like Ions Forming Mg-like Ions”, 2011, ApJ, 734, 2
Al-like (recombined) ions
Fe XIV: Lukic D. V., et al., “Dielectronic recombination of Fe XV forming Fe XIV: Laboratory measurements and
theoretical calculations”, 2007, ApJ, 664, 1244
K-like (recombined) ions
From KI to Zn XII: Nikolic, D., et al, “Dielectronic recombination of argon-like ions”, 2010, A&A, 516, 97
Iron (recombined) ions
Fe VIII – Fe XII: Badnell, N. R., “Dielectronic recombination of Fe 3pq ions: A key ingredient for describing X-ray
absorption in active galactic nuclei”, 2006, ApJ, 651, L73
Fe XIII: Badnell, N. R., “Dielectronic recombination of Fe13+: benchmarking the M-shell”, 2006, JphB, 39, 4825
Fe XXII: Savin, D. W., et al, “Dielectronic recombination of Fe XXIII forming Fe XXII: Laboratory measurements and
theoretical calculations”, 2006, ApJ, 642, 1275
Neutron-capture (recombined) ions
Se I – Se VI: Sterling, N. C., Witthoeft, M. C., “Atomic data for neutron-capture elements. I. Photoionization and
recombination properties of low charge selenium ions”, 2011, A&A, 529A, 147
Kr I – Kr VI: Sterling, N. C., “Atomic data for neutron-capture elements II. Photoionization and recombination
properties of low-charge krypton ions”, arXiv:1107.3843


Radiative rates
H-like ions
N to Na : Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Heeter, R. F., “Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact
6+ 10+

excitation rates for transitions in H-like N VII, O VIII, F IX, Ne X and Na XI”, 2010, PhysScr, 82, 5006
Si13+: Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., “Energy levels, radiative rates and electron impact excitation rates for transitions
in Si XII, Si XIII and Si XIV”, 2010, PhysScr, 82, 5302
He-like ions
N , Ne , Mg , Al , Si , S , Ca : Delahaye, F., Pradhan, A. K., Zeippen, C. J., “Electron Impact Excitation
5+ 6+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 14+ 18+

of Helium-like Ions up to n = 4 Levels Including Radiation Damping”, 2006, JPhB, 39, 3465
Li+, Be2+, B3+, C4+: Aggarwal, K. M., Kato, T., Keenan, F. P., Murakami, I., “Energy Levels, Radiative Rates and
Electron Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in He-like Li II, Be III, B IV and C V”, 2011, PhysScr, 83, 5302
Li-like ions
N , F , Ne , Na : Aggarwal, K. M., Keenan, F. P., Heeter, R. F., “Energy Levels, Radiative Rates and Electron
4+ 6+ 7+ 8+

Impact Excitation Rates for Transitions in Li-like N V, F VII, Ne VIII and Na IX”, 2010, PhysScr, 81, 5303
Be+ to Kr33+: Liang, G. Y., Badnell, N. R., “R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Li-like Iso-Electronic
Sequence Including Auger and Radiation Damping”, 2011, A&A, 528, A69

Be-like ions
C , N , O : Fogle, M., et al.,“Electron-Impact Ionization of Be-like C III, N IV, and O V”, 2008, ApJS, 175, 543
2+ 3+ 4+

Ar14+: Bhatia, A. K., Landi, E., “Atomic data and spectral line intensities for Ar XV”, 2008, ADNDT, 94, 223
Mg8+: Zanna, G. D., Rozum, I., and Badnell, N. R., “Electron-impact excitation of Be-like Mg”, 2008, A&A, 487, 1023;
Hudson, C. E., "Breit-Pauli R-Matrix Calculation for Fine Structure Effective Collision Strengths from Electron Impact
Excitation of Mg IX”, 2009, A&A, 493, 697


Radiative rates
B-like ions
C : Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., “New Critical Compilations of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly
+

Ionized Carbon, Nitrogen, and Iron”, 2006, NLA Conf. 278 S., "Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strength for
Transitions in C II", 2008, A&A, 486, 629; Tayal, S. S., "Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strength for Transitions in C
II", 2009, A&A, 501, 381
O3+: Aggarwal, K.M., Keenan, F. P., ”Energy levels, radiative rates, and excitation rates for transitions in O IV”, 2008,
A&A, 486, 1053
C-like ions
C : Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., “New Critical Compilations of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly
0

Ionized Carbon, Nitrogen, and Iron”, 2006, NLA Conf. 278
N+: Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., “New Critical Compilations of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly
Ionized Carbon, Nitrogen, and Iron”, 2006, NLA Conf. 278; Fang, X., Storey, P. J., Liu, X. -W., “New effective
recombination coefficients for nebular N II lines⋆”, 2011, A&A, 530, A18

N-like ions
N : Tayal, S. S., "New Accurate Oscillator Strengths and Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for N I", 2006, ApJS,
0

163, 207; Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., “New Critical Compilations of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly
O+: Montenegro, M., Eissner, W., Nahar, S. N., Pradhan, A. K., "Relativistic and Correlation Effects in Electron Impact
Excitation of Forbidden Transitions of O II", 2006, JPhB, 39, 1863; Tayal, S. S., “Oscillator Strengths and Electron Collision
Rates for Fine-Structure Transitions in O II”, 2007, ApJS, 171, 331

F-like ions
Ne to Kr : Witthoeft, M. C., Whiteford, A. D., Badnell, N. R., "R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Calculations
+ 27+

along the F-like Iso-Electronic Sequence", 2007, JPhB, 40, 2969


Radiative rates
Ne-like ions
Na to Kr : Liang, G. Y., Badnell, N. R., “R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Ne-like Iso-Electronic
+ 26+

Sequence”, 2010, A&A, 518, A64
Na-like ions
Mg to Kr : Liang, G. Y., Whiteford, A. D., Badnell, N. R., “R-Matrix Electron-Impact Excitation Data for the Na-
+ 25+

like Iso-Electronic Sequence”, 2009, A&A, 500, 1263
Al-like ions
Si+: Bautista, M. A., et al., “Radiative Transfer Rates and Collision Strengths for Si II”, 2009, A&A, 508, 1527
P-like ions
S : Tayal, S. S., Zatsarinny, O., “Breit-Pauli Transition Probabilities and Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for
+

Singly Ionized Sulfur”, 2010, ApJS, 188, 32
Ar-like ions
K+: Tayal, S. S., Zatsarinny, O., “Electron Excitation Collision Strengths for Transitions in K II”, 2010, A&A, 510, A79
Ni10+: Verma, N., Jha, A. K. S., Mohan, M., “Electron Collisional Excitation of Argon-like Ni XI using the Breit-Pauli R-
Matrix Method”, 2007, EurPhysJ, 42, 235

K-like ions
Ca+: Meléndez, M., Bautista, M. A., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project⋆ LXIV. Radiative transition
rates and collision strengths for Ca II”, 2007, A&A, 469, 1203
K-Vacancy
Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca: Palmeri, P., et al., “Radiative and Auger Decay of K-Vacancy Levels in the Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar,
and Ca Isonuclear Sequences”, 2008, ApJ, 177, 408
Be+ to Zn27+: Gorczyca, T.W., et al., “Importance of Configuration Interaction For Accurate Atomic Data: Fluorescence
Yields of K-Shell Vacancy, Lithium-Like Ions”, 2006, ApJ, 638, L121


Radiative rates
Iron-peak ions
Sc : Bautista, M. A., et al., “Scandium and chromium in the strontium filament in the Homunculus of η Carinae”, 2009,
+

MNRAS, 1503, 1512
Cr+: Bautista, M. A., et al., “Scandium and chromium in the strontium filament in the Homunculus of η Carinae”, 2009,
MNRAS, 1503, 1512; Wasson, I. R., Ramsbottom, C. A., Norrington, P. H., "Electron-Impact Excitation of Cr II A
Theoretical Calculation of Collision and Effective Collision Strengths for Forbidden Transitions", 2010, A&A, 524, A35
Fe0, Fe+: Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., “New Critical Compilations of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly
Fe2+: Bautista, M. A., Ballance, C. P., Quinet, P., “Atomic Data and Spectral Model For Fe III”, 2010, ApJL, 718, L189
Fe3+: Nahar, S. N., “Atomic data from the iron project LXI. Radiative E1, E2, E3, and M1 transition probabilities for Fe
IV⋆”, 2006, A&A, 448, 779
Fe6+: Witthoeft, M. C., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON Project LXV. Electron-impact excitation of Fe6+”,
2008, A&A, 481, 543
Fe13+: Liang, G. Y., et al., “R-matrix Electron-Impact Excitation of Fe13+ and its Application To the Soft X-ray and
Extreme-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Corona-Like Plasmas”, 2010, ApJS, 190, 322
Fe15+: Liang, G. Y., Whiteford, A. D., and Badnell, N. R., “R-matrix inner-shell electron-impact excitation of Fe15+
including Auger-plus-radiation damping”, 2008, JPhB, 41, 5203
Fe17+: Witthoeft, M. C., et al., “Atomic data from the IRON project LX. Electron-impact excitation of n = 3, 4 levels of
Fe17+”, 2006, A&A, 446, 361; Nahar, S. N., “Atomic data from the Iron Project⋆ LXII. Allowed and forbidden transitions in
Fe XVIII in relativistic Breit-Pauli approximation”, 2006, A&A, 457, 721
Fe18+: Butler, K., Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project LXVI. Electron impact excitation of Fe18+⋆”, 2008,
A&A, 489, 1369
Fe19+: Witthoeft, M. C., Zanna, G. Del, and Badnell, N. R., “Atomic data from the IRON project⋆ LXIII. Electron-impact
excitation of Fe19+ up to n = 4”, 2007, A&A, 466, 763
Fe16+ to Fe22+: Landi, E., and Gu, M. F., “Atomic Data For High-Energy Configurations In Fe xvii–xxiii”, 2006, ApJ, 640,
1171
Ni+ to Ni27+: Palmeri, P., et al., “Radiative and Auger Decay Data For Modeling Nickel K Lines”, 2008, ApJ, 179, 542


Atomic processes in photoionized gaseous nebulae

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