1. 1

2. Aperture (AV mode)
Aperture refers the depth of the field, or how far away the camera is in focus. It is measured
in f-numbers. A low f-number decreases the depth of the field, and only a small section of the
image will be in focus, so things in the distance appear blurry. So a high f-number means
things will still be in focus a long way away. Having the camera set to a high aperture will
mean that there will be a much smaller hole for the light to enter when taking a photograph,
so a smaller aperture will mean a larger hole.
A higher aperture may be used when images need to show all detail clearly, such as in
medical photography, or photojournalism. A lower aperture may be used for more artistic
purposes, or for portraiture. Using a low aperture where only one certain thing is in focus
could be used by an artist to represent the importance of that thing, or could be used in
portraiture as the photographer will only need the client in focus.
Another way aperture is used is to control the lighting in a photograph. For example when
using a fast shutter speed the photograph can become dark, but by lowering the aperture the
lighting will be improved.

3. In this first picture the camera was set on
f/29, which is a high aperture. As you
can see everything in the image is in
focus including the bag which is the main
feature and the background.
f/29
In this next image the camera was set to
f/11. Setting it to a medium aperture such
as this has meant that everything is
mostly in focus, though parts of the
image are unclear, such as the corner of
the book at the edge of the image. The
bag, which is the main feature in this
image remains in focus.
f/11
For this final image the the aperture was
set on f/4, which is a low aperture. The
bag remains in focus, though the things
surrounding it are not, to an even greater
extent than with the medium aperture.
f/4

4. Shutter Speed (Tv mode)
Shutter speed is the length of time the shutter remains open after you press the button to
take the photo. A lower shutter speed captures movement as there is more time to capture it,
pictures taken on a low shutter speed will often come out blurry because of this. A higher
shutter speed does not capture movement as the length of time the shutter is open capturing
the image is much too fast, only capturing a split second.
A lower shutter speed will be used for more artistic purposes, as it captures movement but
details are blurred. Using a low shutter speed will mean that a tripod may be needed in order
to take a good quality photograph as the camera will pick up any hand movements and image
will blur more than necessary. This makes it impossible to use a low shutter speed in
uncontrolled environments. A higher shutter speed would be used for something like sports
photography as when the athletes are moving the camera will not blur the image. It may also
be used for fashion photography when photographing models on the catwalk using a high
shutter speed will mean that the image wont blur. As a tripod will not be needed for a camera
set on a high shutter speed, paparazzi often use this setting so that they can take fast, high
quality photographs.

5. In this first image the camera was set on
1/200, which is a fast shutter speed.
Using a fast shutter speed for taking this
picture of a moving person has meant
that their movement hasn’t been
captured, and the image has not blurred.
There is not much time for the camera to
capture the light, so to avoid the image
becoming dark adjusting the aperture to
a lower setting will allow more light in
can make it brighter.
1/200
I took this image with the camera set on
1/100. Similarly to the first image with a
fast shutter speed, the image is still fairly
clear. Though there is some slight
blurriness beginning to show around the
moving person.
1/100
For this final image the camera was set
on 1/10 which is a slow shutter speed. A
slow shutter speed has made the
walking person in the image appear
blurry. The background of this image is
now much less clear than it was before,
but this is due to camera shake. The light
is much brighter in this image as more
light has been allowed in through
prolonged exposure.
1/10

6. ISO settings
The ISO setting changed how sensitive the camera is to light. A higher number means it is
more sensitive, and will create noise. Noise is random variations of brightness or colour,
which makes photographs come out speckled with random colour. Therefore a lower number
means the camera is much less sensitive to light and there will be much less noise on the
image. Noise is much more apparent on larger images than on smaller images.
A higher ISO number may be needed when taking photographs using a fast shutter speed
setting. This is because the shutter will not allow enough light in when moving fast, so by
making the camera more sensitive to light it will make the image come out brighter. A high
ISO can also be used on images intended to only be small. This is because you will not be
able to see the noise on a small image, as noise is much more apparent on larger images.

7. In this first image the camera was set on
1600 ISO, which is a high ISO setting.
This has created noise on the image.
There are quite a lot of random speckles
of colour.
1600
For this image the camera was on 800
ISO. The camera is less sensitive to light
than before, and the noise has been
slightly reduced.
800
In this last image the camera was set on
200 ISO, which is low. This means the
cameras sensitivity to light has been
reduced significantly. The noise has
been reduced to the point where there is
non visible.
200

8. White Balance
White balance refers to the process of altering the colour of a photograph so that the things
that appear white in real life appear white in the photo. By changing the temperature of the
photo (temperature meaning the warmth or coolness of the white light) you can make
photographs look the correct colour.
Auto-white balance will work for most situations when there is good lighting around, though
when the light is too blue or too yellow then sometimes the setting needs to be changed to a
warmer or cooler setting balance it out.

9. Daylight Setting
Fluorescent Light Setting
Cloudy Setting
Tungsten Setting
The daylight setting appears natural, and seems to have made the things in the image that
are white actually appear white in the photo.
Fluorescent lamps are slightly redder than daylight, so in response the camera adjusts and
turns slightly more blue in response. The fluorescent light setting has cooled downmyimage,
and made it appear more blue than it needs to. The things that are meant to be white actually
appear blue.
The clouds on a overcast day will turn light slightly more blue, so this setting compensates by
warming the photo. The cloudy setting had warmed upmyimage a lot, making it look more
yellow than it needs to. The things in the image that should be white appear yellow.
Tungsten bulbs emit light significantly more orange than daylight, so the camera adapts and
turns photographs very blue. My image using the Tungsten setting looks significantly more
blue, even more so than the Fluorescent light setting.

10. Original Image
Cropped

11. Levels and Curves
Dodging and Burning

12. Colour adjustments