1. HLT 220 Concepts of Disease

2.  Distinguish between the terms endemic,
epidemic and pandemic by identifying the key
characteristics of each in a multiple choice
question(s)
 Given a list of infectious disease scenarios,
classify (sort) the diseases as endemic,
epidemic, or pandemic

3.  Term used to describe a disease that always
(generally) occurs in low levels in a population
 Examples
 Malaria
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

4. Map image obtained from http://facts.kff.org

5.  STDs on residential college campuses
Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

6.  Term used to describe a disease that occurs in
unusually large numbers over a specific area
. . . Outbreak

7. Footnote: The transition from endemic to epidemic can happen in days, weeks, months or even years
depending on the disease.
Image acquired from www.dhss.mo.gov/EPI/endemicvsepidemic.html

8.  Age
 Geography
 STDs on residential college campuses
Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

9. Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

10.  Term used to describe a disease that occurs in
unusually large numbers over a specific area
 Examples
 One STD on one college campus
 Food-borne illnesses (Hepatitis A, salmonella)
 SARS in Asia, MRSA, Highly resistant TB
 In the early US, infection of Native Americans with
Smallpox, measles, influenza
 Two more . . .

11. Graph acquired from www.waterandhealth.org

12.  Water supply in
Milwaukee, 1993
 400K infected, over
100 deaths
 Worst parasitic
outbreak in US
history
http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-cryptosporidium-
outbreak.html
Image obtained from http://animal.discovery.com

13. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990, 1999, 2009
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
1990 1999
2009
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Graph obtained from www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html

14.  Term used to describe an epidemic that has
spread to include several large areas worldwide
 Examples
 Spanish Flu of 1918
 Bubonic Plague or “Black Death” (1300s & 1600s)
 One current pandemic??

15.  “According to world
experts, pandemic
plague is inevitable.
There were major
episodes in 1348 and
1665: another is
overdue and could
happen at any time.” –
Fitzpatrick, 2007
Image obtained search of Bubonic Plague from http://search.creativecommons.org

16.  Endemic  In US, initially
impacted gay men, IV
drug users and those
 Epidemic requiring blood
transfusions
 Greater population
(heterosexuals, particul
arly females, AIDS over
 Pandemic 50)

17. Map obtained from www.unaids.org, 2008 report on the global AIDS epidemic

18.  Distinguish between the terms endemic,
epidemic and pandemic by identifying the key
characteristics of each in a multiple choice
question(s)
 Given a list of infectious diseases, classify
(sort) the diseases as endemic, epidemic, or
pandemic

19.  Centers for Disease Control. (2009). US obesity trends, Trends by state, 1985-
2009. Obtained from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html
 Fitzpatrick, M. (2007). Pandemic plague contingency plan. British Journal of
General Practice, 57(534). Obtained from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2032711/.
 Billings, Molly (2005). The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. Obtained from
http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/.
 UN AIDS. (2008). 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Obtained from
http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_
Global_report.asp.
 Zelman, M., Tompary, E., Raymond, J., Holdaway, P. & Mulvihill, M. L. (2010).
Human Diseases (7th edition). Pearson Publishers: Saddle River, New Jersey.

20.  Infectious disease precautions image (title page) acquired from
http://search.creativecommons.org/
 College couple image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com
 Endemic versus epidemic graph acquired from Image acquired from
www.dhss.mo.gov/EPI/endemicvsepidemic.html
 US obesity trends map, 1985-2009. Obtained from
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html
 Endemic malaria map obtained from http://facts.kff.org
 Elder couple images acquired from http://eldercarehomefinder.com/ and
http://www.lakewoodhomecare.com/
 Images from Outbreak acquired from http://tech.mit.edu/V115/N14/ots.14a.html and
http://www.flmboynt.com/2010/08/just-be-tv-films-5/
 Waterborne illness map acquired from
http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/spring_2003/waterborne.html
 A global view of HIV infection map acquired from
http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_Glob
al_report.asp.
 Bubonic Plague image from http://search.creativecommons.org